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course slides/week 1.pptx

Social Movements 2016

Protests for the indictment of officer who killed Tamir Rice, Cleveland

Black Lives Matter protest at Mall of America, Minneapolis

Protesters demand Canada cancel $15B Saudi contract

Fort St. John RCMP arrest Arthur Hadland for mischief during a Site C protest Wednesday

Social Movement

Collective, sustained, challenges to powerholders, values or norms from outside of existing institutions.

They combine

The social movement repertoire includes marches, rallies, petitions, public meetings, leafletting, and civil disobedience

Protesters behave in ways to display WUNC – worthy, united, numerous and/or committed

Campaigns that involve multiple events towards the same goal.

2015 Victories

6,000 Keralan women teapickers blocked a road and laid siege to the Munnar, one of Kerala's most popular tourist destinations bringing trade and tourism to a near standstill. 9 days of protests forced the multinational plantation company to reinstate a work bonus and negotiate on pay and working conditions.

In April, Jakarta was the latest major world city to join a gathering wave of communities taking back water services back under public control. TNI released a report showing that 235 communities in 37 countries had remunicipalised public water services, affecting over 100 million people.

Canada's Supreme Court agreed to uphold the original decision of the Ecuador Supreme Court that demanded Texaco-Chevron pay $9.5 billion damages for the contamination caused by oils spills in Ecuador. This victory was a result of years of campaigning by the Union of People Affected by Texaco (UDAPT) representing the Indigenous and farmer communities of the region.

2015 Victories

https://intercontinentalcry.org/15-indigenous-rights-victories-didnt-hear-2015 /

Baram Dam Shelved

After maintaining a blockade for two straight years, Indigenous Peoples in Sarawak, Malaysia can finally breathe a sigh of relief. The Sarawak government decided to shelve the controversial Baram hydroelectric dam.

Commenting on the surprising move, Sarawak’s Chief Minister Tan Sri Adenan Satem stated that they decided to put the dam on hold out of respect for the views of the affected communities, adding: “If you don’t want the dam, fine. We will respect your decision.”

Had the project gone ahead, it would have flooded 20,000 Indigenous men, women and children from their homes.

course slides/week 10.ppt

Week 10

Global Justice Movement
and Beyond

Lesley Wood

Emergence of Global Justice Movement /Anti-globalization movement

Collapse of Soviet bloc
Neoliberal ideology and policy
Increasing influence of international financial institutions and corporations
Globalization of free trade
Increasing income inequality
New technologies

Roots of the Global Justice Movement

Nigeria – anti-Shell human rights activists
International feminist movements
Anti-corporate movements
Anti-sweatshop movements
Canadian anti-free trade movement
Labour movement
Student movements
Zapatistas (EZLN)

Context of emergence of EZLN

President revises article 27 of constitution allowing privatization of ejidos in order to get World Bank loans and attract Foreign direct investment
Passage of NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement

The goal…

“The universal need for a more just and inclusive world, in opposition to the commodified and exclusionary world of neoliberalism, is the great event of our century; it opens the possibility of joining together local, national, sectoral and class struggles, in one single struggle for the formation of a Planetary Community, the self-realization of civil society and the construction of a world “where many worlds fit.”

Local – Global Identity

Yes, Marcos is gay. Marcos is gay in San Francisco, black in South Africa, an Asian in Europe, a Chicano in San Ysidro, an anarchist in Spain, a Palestinian in Israel, a Mayan Indian in the streets of San Cristobal, a Jew in Germany, a Gypsy in Poland, a Mohawk in Quebec, a pacifist in Bosnia, a single woman on the Metro at 10pm, a peasant without land, a gang member in the slums, an unemployed worker, an unhappy student and, of course, a Zapatista in the mountains. Marcos is all the exploited, marginalised, oppressed minorities resisting and saying `Enough'. He is every minority who is now beginning to speak and every majority that must shut up and listen. He is every untolerated group searching for a way to speak. Everything that makes power and the good consciences of those in power uncomfortable -- this is Marcos.

Upward Scale Shift

A change in the number and level of coordinated contentious actions leading to broader contention involving a wider range of actors and bridging their claims and identities (McAdam, Tarrow and Tilly 2001; 331)

Grievances + new, shared targets + new networks + new technologies

= new frames, new identities, new tactics… new movements

GLOBAL JUSTICE MOVEMENT

Is this a new repertoire?

Post-Soviet Direct Action Movements

Horizontalist networks and organizing
Emphasis on public space
Emphasis on autonomy
Emphasis on pre-figuration
Not focussed on the state
Less emphasis on WUNC displays, campaigns and Social movement repertoire

Ya Basta! Italy

Black Bloc tactics

Reclaim the Streets

Critical Mass

Radical puppetry

People’s Global Action

Hallmarks:
A very clear rejection of capitalism, imperialism and feudalism; all trade agreements, institutions and governments that promote destructive globalization.
We reject all forms and systems of domination and discrimination including, but not limited to, patriarchy, racism and religious fundamentalism of all creeds. We embrace the full dignity of all human beings.
A confrontational attitude, since we do not think that lobbying can have a major impact in such biased and undemocratic organisations, in which transnational capital is the only real policy-maker.
A call to direct action and civil disobedience, support for social movements' struggles, advocating forms of resistance which maximize respect for life and oppressed peoples' rights, as well as the construction of local alternatives to global capitalism.
An organisational philosophy based on decentralization and autonomy.

Global Days of Action

Number of Events per continent

WTO meetings in Seattle - 1999

Horizontalist organizing
Creative direct action

Banner drops

Blockades

Puppets

Costumes

Dancing

Counter-summit
Labour rally
Lobbying
Property destruction – Black bloc
Successful disruption of summit.

Diffusion of Seattle model

Attribution of similarity/Identification
Deliberation
Adaptation
Experimentation

Change in Repressive Tactics

Move from Negotiated Management to Strategic Incapacitation
Tied to neoliberal globalization
Changes in policing field
Breakdown in trust between police and protesters

More militarized.

Spatial control

Ferguson, Missouri

Militarized Units

Less Lethal Weapons

Less lethal Weapons

Strategic incapacitation

Pre-emptive mass arrests
Spatial control
Militarized units
Less-lethal weapons
Intelligence led policing
Public Relations

Warnings

GJM only a minority of protests locally, nationally and internationally
Avoid technological determinism
Most contention remained tied to local and national social movements

Since Seattle (1999)

1999-2001 Massive protests at most summits of WTO, IMF, World Bank and G8, G20
2001 - 2008 Decline in global justice movement in Canada/US; evolved into anti-war protests; ongoing summit protests in Europe and Asia
Many global justice movement activists become anti-poverty, anti-racism, environmental justice, anti-police brutality, immigrant rights activists
WTO negotiations stalled
Free Trade Area of the Americas negotiations stalled
Bilateral agreements
2008 Economic Crisis begins

Movement waves since 2008

2011 - Arab Spring
2011 - Indignados
2011 - Occupy Wall Street
2011 - Renewed Quebec student movement
2012 - Idle No More emerges
2014 – Black Lives Matter

National grievances + different national targets + new networks + new technologies

= new frames, new identities, new tactics… new movements

Key concepts

Waves of Protest
Scale shift
Transformation of repertoire
Diffusion
Repertoire
Breakdown of trust

16-

May-

June,

1999

30-

Nov-

26-

Sep-

Nov-

US and Canada

Western

Europe

Eastern and

Central Europe

New Zealand

and Australia

Asia

Africa

Latin America

course slides/Week 12.pptx

“Does protesting ever change anything?”

External outcomes - changes in policy, media coverage, media frames, change in leadership.

Internal outcomes - movements on movements - spillover, diffusion, waves of protest, changed frames, movement generations, changed repertoire, changed organizational form, capacity, resources.

Outcomes

External outcomes - changes in policy, media coverage, media frames, change in leadership.

Internal outcomes - movements on movements - spillover, diffusion, waves of protest, changed frames, movement generations, changed repertoire, changed organizational form, capacity, resources.

Outcomes of movements External (elaborated)

Policy – to change, establish or stop

Process – to change, establish or eliminate institutions

Rights

Laws

To change values or culture

To give power to less powerful group/to remove power from more powerful group

Change public opinion

To change distribution of resources

To promote a leader

To establish a new identity

Likelihood of External Impact affected by

1. Political Context – Opportunity or Threat

Limited democracy

- timing

- relations

2. Nature of issue

More difficult to make change on:

Issues closely tied to structure of power –

Where high levels of political or material resources at stake

Military

Strong public opinion

3. Capacity of Movement

4. Tactics

5. Organizational Form

Internal Outcomes of Protest on Movements

	Individual	Organization	Movement
Emotion
Skills/Cognition
Relational Ties
Capacity

Patterns of Protest: Trajectories of Participation (Corrigall-Brown 2012)

Individual factors	Initial engagement	Intermediary mechanisms	Outcome
Ideology Biographical availability Resources Social networks	Organizational context Level of hierarchy Issue scope Relational context Intensity of social Interaction	Social ties (type and number) Identity (type and strength)	Persistence Transfer Abeyance Disengagement

Outcomes of Contentious Politics (Suh 2012)

Individuals, Organizations, Movements, Authorities and Public Perceptions

- direct and indirect outcomes

- intended and unintended

- internal and external

- short term and longer term

- perceived and actual

Summit Protests

Relatively large

Convergence of movements, demands, tactical approaches

Attract outside actors

Frequently involve highly visible repression

High visibility

Summit Protests as Eventful Events

“Interactions within these mobilizations create mutual knowledge, trust and friendship, and feelings of solidarity that facilitate shifts in identity, networks and practice… (della Porta 2008).

Outcomes of Protest on Movements

	Individual	Organization	Movement
Emotion
Skills/Cognition
Relational Ties
Capacity

Method

Pittsburgh – Suzanne Staggenborg and Rachel Kutz-Flamenbaum

Toronto – Lesley Wood and Glenn Stalker

Participant observation of organizing process

Surveys of participants in protest (N1=300, N2=320)

Follow up interviews with organizers

Ongoing participant observation

	Pittsburgh 2009	Toronto 2010
Demographic profile of city	Industrial city, 305K, 66% white	Global City, 2.6M, 50% white
Demographic profile of protesters	10% in thirties 58% local 17% POC 23% never attended activist event 18% had attended more than 15 protests in past 5 yrs. Top 3 movement identities - environmental, human rights and peace movements	30% in thirties 67% local 27% POC 27% never attended activist event 34% had attended more than 15 protests in past 5 yrs. Top 3 movement identities - human rights, global justice, peace movements.
Summit protest organizing	Generational divide - older peace and justice activists with Thomas Merton Center - younger anarchists	Central organizing body – - - Toronto Community Mobilization Network

G20 Protests

Pittsburgh

Multiple days of protest

Largest march 6000

$50,000 (USD) of property destruction

180 arrests, use of less lethal weapons

Toronto

Multiple days of protest

Largest march 10,000

$750,000 (CDN) property destruction

1100 arrests, use of less lethal weapons, infiltration

Samples

Pittsburgh 26

6 months after - 26 activists

4-6 years after - follow up with 13/26;

4 years after – student research on 17;

Ongoing ethnography on the environmental movement in Pittsburgh 2010-15

Toronto 20

Three years after - 20 activists (2013)

Shared perceived outcomes

External - changed public opinion on G20, police

External – some influence on media framing

Internal -

Built new networks amongst communities and movements

Altered the strategic and tactical preferences of activists

Increased skills and capacity of the movements, organizations and activists

Exhausted and burned out existing activists – increased fear,

Mobilized new people

Bonded existing activists – created a ‘movement generation’

Affected new campaigns

Networks

“Certainly people like myself, who were newer-- are way more connected in the city and know what organizations are doing what who to contact if you need to speak on this thing or I know this person has that skill or whatever.”

Changed Approach to Activism

I've also noticed that because of some of my experiences of being scared by the state and seeing their immense power in being able to remove me from spaces that I want to exist in, I have done less--how do I put this?--I'm much more cautious about getting together with people to talk about doing actions that I might have otherwise done before. I'm much more thoughtful about who I organize with.

Mobilize/demobilize

“So something like the G20, it raises people’s energy and it consumes people’s energy”

Differences in perceived outcomes

Pittsburgh

Relational outcome of bridging pre-existing generational, tactical and issue oriented divides

Toronto

Centrality of arrests and legal support in post-G20 context made repression, trauma and burnout central to perceptions of outcome

Fear and Trauma

Speaking of the effect of infiltration at G20 “In the first year, people were really afraid”

“So I think that what happened was really, really terrible and really scary and really messed people up, … and we can really hurt each other when we’re hurting, and I think that happened”

New campaigns

“We’ve formed a politics around emotional justice work and prison abolition work and radical support work that I didn’t really hear people talk about before.”

Changing outcomes through time

Pittsburgh

Immediate Post-G20 Euphoria; new activists, new collaborations; new infrastructure; conflict; burnout

Year later – decline in new energy; some new collaborations collapse; recovery from burnout

Four years later – collaborative relations endure, ‘movement generation’, models and tools cited.

Toronto

Immediate post-G20 trauma for existing activists; euphoria for new activists, new collaborations, new campaigns

Year later – fear abates, some recovery from trauma, crisis abates, more demobilization and conflict; new campaigns start to falter

Four years later – collaborative relations endure, ‘movement generation’, models and tools cited; ongoing work on policing and healing.

Main Outcomes of G20 Summit Protest

	Individual	Organization	Movement
Emotion	Fear, burnout		Enthusiasm, Fear
Skills/Cognition	Changed approach	Skill building	Skill building
Relational Ties	Increased friendships	Increased alliances	New coalitions, alliances, relationships
Capacity	Demobilization/ mobilization	Increased, decreased	Short term strengthening, medium term weakening, recovery and strengthening

Implications

1. Internal outcomes need to be understood across scales of action.

2. Internal protest outcomes can be disaggregated into emotional, cognitive, relational and re: capacity; at the level of individual, organizational and movement.

3. Internal outcomes change through time.

Rameau

“One of our political objectives in taking back the land was building a new society, one in which people were valued over profits and material things. Throughout the existence of Umoja Village, we wrung our hands and gnashed our teeth over the thought that we had not done enough to root this ideal in our portion of the world.” 126

“Even with the will to fight, the truth was that our power was significantly diminished by the fact that we were off of the land. Our leverage and power emanated from our physical occupation of the land, with the residents prepared to fight for their homes and supporters willing to help.”

“The debate brought two movement tendencies to the surface. First: as the opposition, it is difficult for us to accept victory, even when we win. Virtually any settlement between us and our political targets can be interpreted as a sell out simply because there is an agreement or because those in power no longer stand against the demand. Consequently, we as a movement must clearly define what constitutes victory.” 134

Organizing -

Short term, medium term, long term goals.

Identify challenges

Context

Capacity

Issue

Identify strengths of organizing projects

- context

- capacity

- issue

course slides/week 2.pptx

Demonstrators hold banners to protest against the expulsion of the families and farmers from land that would permit the construction of a new airport in Notre-Dame-des-Landes, outside the courthouse in Nantes, France. Photograph: Stephane Mahe/Reuters

Site C dam protest joined by David Suzuki Members of Treaty 8 First Nations have been camped out in the Peace Valley since New Year's Eve

Residents try to reclaim community garden despite homeless protests

Writers join worldwide action to protest Palestinian poet's death sentence in Saudi Arabia Hundreds of writers in 44 countries take part in coordinated readings to support Ashraf Fayadh, condemned to death for allegedly promoting atheism

Hackers attack Thai court websites to protest sentences

Social Movement

Collective, sustained, challenges to powerholders, values or norms from outside of existing institutions.

They combine

The social movement repertoire includes marches, rallies, petitions, public meetings, leafletting, and civil disobedience

Protesters behave in ways to display WUNC – worthy, united, numerous and/or committed

Campaigns that involve multiple events towards the same goal.

Theories of Participation

Grievance

Class struggle

Relative deprivation

Interest (beneficiary vs conscience)

Personality

Social Networks

Political Opportunity

Combination of…

Informed Consent

Information

Self determination/power

Avoid potential harm

Informed Consent

Person obtaining consent initial each completed step in the process:

____Informed consent was discussed with subject for the above referenced study. Copy of the consent form was provided for subject and/or authorized subject representative review.

____Subject and/or authorized subject representative was given adequate time to read the consent form and discuss the study with study investigators and/or family members.

____All questions were answered. Subject and/or authorized subject representative was given time to discuss.

____Subject and/or authorized subject representative signed and dated the informed consent. A copy of the consent form was provided to the subject and/or authorized subject representative upon conclusion of the consent process.

____During informed consent process, the following questions were asked by the subject and/or authorized representative and were answered by study personnel: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____ Consent has been signed prior to any study procedures being performed.

course slides/week 3.pptx

Cycle of Contention/Protest

Mobilization phase

– increasing mobilization, participation

Increasing innovation

Increasing diffusion of new ideas, tactics, frames, identities

Increasing coalition building

Signalling to outsiders

Peak of Cycle of Contention

High intensity

Expansion of goals

Increasing confidence

Challenges at the Peak

Combination of:

Exhaustion of resources (energy, people, money)

Conflict over goals, tactics, identity, form of organization/structure

repression

Demobilization phase

Increasing factionalization

Increasing institutionalization

Increasing radicalization

Coalitions fragment

Declining participation/mobilization

…. Until new cycle emerges…

Occupy Wall Street

Occupy Wall Street: the story behind seven months of protest .

Collective Behaviour – Chicago School

Symbolic interactionism

Emphasis on how actors construct meanings when existing systems of meaning have broken down

Sometimes emphasize precipitating event

Critique – doesn’t look at context

Collective Behaviour – Value Added Theory (Smelser)

Conditions of structural conduciveness permits or encourage certain types of collective behavior

Structural strain create real or anticipated deprivation (relative deprivation)

Growth and spread of a generalized belief makes situation meaningful. Suggests possible responses

Precipitating factors - dramatic event, can provide a time for action

Mobilization for action

Social control may act to prevent collective behavior

Critique – irrational, infer strain

Collective Behaviour – Mass Society Theory

Collective behavior as a response to social isolation

Mass society is one where there are few organizations, community binding people together. Anomie, atomization

Kornhauser

Critique – irrational response, not political

Collective Behaviour – Relative Deprivation Theory

People rebel when conditions start to improve, but expectations do not meet results

Theory popular in 1960s and 1970s

Critique – infers psychological response from unemployment rates; not supported by evidence; doesn’t pay attention to organization

Resource Mobilization theory (McCarthy and Zald 1977) ask:

1. How do different levels of resources correspond with different organizational forms, tactics, strategies?

Rise of professional SMO

Resources for Movements

Moral resources

Cultural resources

Social-organizational resources

Mobilizing structures = Hierarchical vs. flattened; Formal vs. informal; Active vs. passive membership; Big vs. small; Networked vs. centralized

Human resources

Movement entrepreneurs

Material resources

Political Process/Opportunity theory

Highlighted features of the political context that facilitated or limited movements

Political Opportunity

A feature of the regime that facilitates social movement mobilization and success.

Regime = Regular relations among governments, established political actors, challengers and outside political actors, including other governments

Political Opportunity

1. Increase in number of independent centers of power within it

2. increased openness of regime to new actors

3. increased instability of current political alignments

4. high level availability of influential allies or supporters for challengers

5. declining level of regime repression

6. decisive changes in 1-5

Critique – post-hoc analysis, tautological?

Synthetic approach – RM and PP

Political opportunities

Mobilizing structures

Cultural framing

Critique – too focussed on the state and visible action

New Social Movement Theory

Movements in a post-industrial society

Post-material movements

Movements as fluid networks that can erupt into collective action

Goal to express new identities, alternative cultural values

Group work – Mobilizing structures/cultures

How are you going to organize yourselves in ways avoid the negative effects of power inequalities and achieve organizational goals of

Maximizing participation

Making good decisions

Maintaining unity?

GO AROUND:

1 thing in the way we organize that will be important for maximizing my participation in this group

1 thing in the way we organize that will make it harder for me to participate in this group

Group work – strategy and political opportunity

How will this project

Actually make change on this issue?

Influence the target we choose?

What does the target want? What does the target want to avoid?

Who else is against this target? Who might we build an alliance with?

course slides/week 4.pptx

AGENDA: OCAP Annual General Meeting January 18

Time: 10am – 5pm *Start time 10:30am SHARP 1) Welcome: explanation of what is the role of the AGM: Kelly facilitating 2) Go-around introductions (10mins w/ #1) 3) 2013 Year in Review (20mins) 4) Finances (15mins) 5) Reports: Organizers, Staff, Committees (Membership Development and Education, Internal Membership, Accessibility point person, Fundraising point person), Campaigns and areas of work (Raise the Rates, City, and Casework) (1hour) -LUNCH- at 12:30pm – 1pm *move up item 6 if there is extra time before lunch 6) The landscape: context and predictions (30mins, Sarah) 7) Campaigns - Small Group Strategy & Large Group Discussion: City (1hour, Lesley and Richard) 8) Campaigns - Small Group Strategy & Large Group Discussion: Raise the Rates (1hour, Mel and Wendy)

The Whole World is Watching (Gitlin)

Media frames movements through:

Trivialization

Polarization

Emphasis on internal dissension

Disparagement by numbers

Disparagement of the movements effectiveness

Techniques of media framing movements

Reliance on statements by government officials and other authorities

Emphasis on presence of communists/anarchists/wingnuts

Emphasis on violence

Delegitimizing use of quotation marks

Emphasis on counter-movement

Coverage of OCAP

http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/20/ocap-threatens-to-take-over-metro-hall-if-city-does-not-address-shelter-bed-crisis/

Stage 1 – Normal times

Opposition gets more ridicule than support.

Powerholders ignore issue.

Hegemony - Possibly only 10 to 15 percent of the population disagrees with the powerholders' policies.

The goals at this stage are:

to document that a serious problem exists,

to maintain an active opposition no matter how small, and

to move to the next stages.

Violence Against Women movement in Canada Key dates

http:// www.tuac.ca/index.php?option=com_multicategories&view=categories&cid=12:women-in-canada-history-timeline&Itemid=0&lang=fr

1909 made illegal to abduct women

1960-85 Second wave feminism

In 1973, the first rape crisis centres in Canada opened - in Vancouver and Toronto. In the same year, Interval House, one of the first shelters for abused women, also opened in Toronto.

By 1975 there were five transition houses in BC.

In 1978, the first "Take Back the Night" march was held in Vancouver

In 1982, NDP MP Margaret Mitchell was laughed at in the House of Commons when she raised the issue of violence against women. The outcry from women brought national attention to the issue.

1983 –rape laws were broadened to sexual assault laws and for the first time, made it a criminal offence for a man to rape his wife.

1983 Ontario police were directed by the Attorney General to lay charges in domestic violence cases. Before this, men usually faced no consequences for beating their female partners.

1983 – sexual harassment prohibited in workplace

1989 - December 6th massacre

1993, Canada's refugee guidelines were changed to include women facing gender-related persecution.

STAGE TWO: PROVE THE FAILURE OF INSTITUTIONS

Goals

Document the problem, including the involvement of the powerholders.

Document the citizens' attempt to use the normal channels of citizen participation and prove that they did not work.

Become experts.

Build small opposition organizations.

Powerholders manage issue

Opposition grows

Public still not aware, but some growth - public opinion against these policies to rise from about 10 to 20 percent.

STAGE THREE: RIPENING CONDITIONS

Powerholders – irritated but unconcerned

Public growing public awareness of the problem, discontent, and new wave opposition, primarily at the local level, quietly raises the public opinion opposing current powerholder policies to 30 percent, even though the issue remains off society's agenda.

Goals

The purpose of this stage is to help create the conditions for the take-off of a social movement. The goals are:

Recognize historical conditions that help make a new movement possible.

Create, inspire, and prepare the new wave groups, including the formation of new networks, leadership, and expertise that will spearhead the new movement.

Prepare pre-existing networks to be concerned about the issue and involved in the upcoming movement.

Personalize the problem.

Begin a small prototype nonviolent action project.

STAGE FOUR: SOCIAL MOVEMENT TAKE-OFF

Trigger event, attention, controversy

Powerholders and public upset

Goals

The overall goal of this stage is to get the whole society to begin seeing, thinking, and acting on the social problem. A movement take-off gets the whole society moving on the issue. The specific goals are: Create a new grassroots-based social movement.

Put the powerholders' policies in the public consciousness and spotlight and on society's agenda of contentious public issues.

Create a public platform for the movement to educate the populace.

Create public dissonance on the issue. That is, force the general population to have to think about the issue by having two contradictory views of reality presented to them constantly.

Win the sympathies and the opinions of the public.

Become recognized as the legitimate opposition. Getting the powerholders to change their minds and policies is not a goal of this stage!

STAGE FIVE: IDENTITY CRISIS OF POWERLESSNESS

activists become depressed at this time is that they are unable to switch from protesting against authority in a crisis atmosphere to waging long-term struggle to achieve positive changes.

Organizational crises, identity crises, burnout, militancy

Public confused – but 50% still support movement

Goals The overall goal is to help activists become empowered and move on to Stage Six, to catch up with their movement. They need to learn what the long road of success looks like, and how far they have come along that road. Some specific goals are to help activists: become strategists by using a framework such as MAP,

form political and personal support groups,

adopt nonviolence,

adopt empowerment models of organization and leadership, and

move from protesters and long-life social change agents.

STAGE SIX: MAJORITY PUBLIC SUPPORT

Powerholders on offensive, will try to demonize movement

Public increasingly supportive of movement goals

Not protesting, educating and empowering

Need to propose alternatives, larger demands, and a new paradigm.

Goals

- Keep the issue and the powerholders' values violations in the public spotlight and on society's agenda.

Switch from only crisis protest to waging protracted social struggle to achieve positive social change.

Gear efforts to the public to keep winning a bigger majority opinion.

Involve large numbers of the populace in programs at the grassroots level.

Propose alternatives, more demands, and a new paradigm.

Have activists able to use a strategic framework such as MAP. 32 Bill Moyer

Adopt empowerment organizational and leadership models.

STAGE SEVEN: SUCCESS

3 possible forms: dramatic showdown, quiet showdown, or attrition.

Goals The movement's goals for this stage include: Wage a successful "endgame" strategy to achieve one or more demands.

Have activists recognize the success and their own role in it.

Raise larger issues and propose alternative paradigms.

Create new decentralized centers of power based on more participatory structures and an empowered public.

Continue the movement.

STAGE EIGHT: CONTINUING THE STRUGGLE

Powerholders – drag their feet

Public supports movement

Goals The movement's goals are to assure that the demands achieved are maintained and to circle back to focus the movement on other demands.

What is Success? (Gamson 1975)

Acceptance of a challenging group by its antagonists as a valid spokesperson for a legitimate set of interests

Whether the group’s beneficiary gains new advantages during the challenge and its aftermath

Possible results of SMs (Gamson)

Typical path to success (Gamson)

Unruliness

Centralization

Bureaucratic organization

Media and movements

Ownership/control

Different types of media/transmitters

Characteristics of media technologies themselves

Different types of content

Each may affect

Recruitment

Impact

Organizational dynamics

Qualities of a good media soundbite

Why are you protesting?

Comprehensible

Head and heart

Short

No new

advantages

New

advantages

No acceptance Collapse Pre-emption

Acceptance Co-optation Full response

	No new advantages	New advantages
No acceptance	Collapse	Pre-emption
Acceptance	Co-optation	Full response

course slides/week 5.pptx

US Civil Rights Movement – Background Context

1860s - Slavery abolished in US after the civil war

1865-1876 – Reconstruction period.

1868 – 77 - Redeemer governments that passed Jim Crow laws

1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson. Separate but equal permitted

1901 - George Henry White, the last Southern black of the post-Reconstruction period to serve in Congress, retired, leaving Congress completely white.

1890s – 1920s - the Progressive Era (1890s-1920s)

Formalized segregation federally

US Civil Rights Movement - Context

1914-18 – National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People argued that blacks should fight in WW1 in order to strengthen their case for civil rights at home

1934 – 39 Spanish Civil War, communist anti-racist movements

1939-45 - WWII Double V campaign

1942 - March on Washington campaign to desegregate military industries

1954 - Brown v Board

1955 - Murder of Emmett Till

1955-6 - Bus Boycott,. Montgomery Alabama

1957 - Desegregating Little Rock, Arkansas

1955-6 Montgomery Bus Boycott Demands

Courteous treatment by bus drivers

First come, first served seating

Employment of African American bus drivers

Response

White opposition

Legal repression

Federal intervention

Victory

Movement building

Civil Rights Movement Organizations

National Association for the Advancedment of Coloured People

Southern Christian Leadership Convention

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee/Student National Coordinating Committee

Eyes on the Prize - Ain’t Afraid of Your Jails Video Questions

What tactics, language, or ways of organizing in these protests have you seen in other movements?

What surprised you about these campaigns?

Why were these campaigns successful?

Saul Alinsky, Community Organizer

1909 – 1972

Founder of community organizing

Worked in poor communities in Chicago, NY, Michigan

"American democracy is being altered by Alinsky's ideas," Time Magazine

Criminologist, labour organizer

[t]he job of the organizer is to maneuver and bait the establishment so that it will publicly attack him as a 'dangerous enemy.'" According to Alinsky, "the hysterical instant reaction of the establishment [will] not only validate [the organizer's] credentials of competency but also ensure automatic popular invitation."[11]

Rule 1: Power is not only what you have, but what an opponent thinks you have. If your organization is small, hide your numbers in the dark and raise a din that will make everyone think you have many more people than you do.

Rule 2: Never go outside the experience of your people. The result is confusion, fear, and retreat.

Rule 3: Whenever possible, go outside the experience of an opponent. Here you want to cause confusion, fear, and retreat.

Rule 3 - Whenever possible, go outside the experience of an opponent. Here you want to cause confusion, fear, and retreat.

Rule 4 - Make opponents live up to their own book of rules. “You can kill them with this, for they can no more obey their own rules than the Christian church can live up to Christianity.”

Rule 5 - Ridicule is man’s most potent weapon. It’s hard to counterattack ridicule, and it infuriates the opposition, which then reacts to your advantage.

Rule 6 - A good tactic is one your people enjoy. “If your people aren’t having a ball doing it, there is something very wrong with the tactic.”

Rule 7: A tactic that drags on for too long becomes a drag. Commitment may become ritualistic as people turn to other issues.

Rule 8: Keep the pressure on. Use different tactics and actions and use all events of the period for your purpose. “The major premise for tactics is the development of operations that will maintain a constant pressure upon the opposition. It is this that will cause the opposition to react to your advantage.”

Rule 9: The threat is more terrifying than the thing itself. When Alinsky leaked word that large numbers of poor people were going to tie up the washrooms of O’Hare Airport, Chicago city authorities quickly agreed to act on a longstanding commitment to a ghetto organization. They imagined the mayhem as thousands of passengers poured off airplanes to discover every washroom occupied. Then they imagined the international embarrassment and the damage to the city’s reputation.

Rule 10: The price of a successful attack is a constructive alternative. Avoid being trapped by an opponent or an interviewer who says, “Okay, what would you do?”

Rule 11: Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, polarize it. Don’t try to attack abstract corporations or bureaucracies. Identify a responsible individual. Ignore attempts to shift or spread the blame.

course slides/week 6.pptx

Rubric for Oral History

Quality of Oral History /25

Format – names, dates, location, biography, informed consent /10

Perfect 10/10

Weak biography but otherwise perfect 8/10

Missing info and weak biography 6/10

Didn’t follow format 3/10

Quality of transcription /15

Detailed transcript of appropriate length, all questions asked and answered, use of prompts and follow up questions

Perfect /15

Perfect with a few typos and mistakes /13

Too short, answers asked and answered, but no follow ups /10

Missing questions or answers or sloppily transcribed /7

Reflection /25

Thoughtful and clear answers to questions listed in C /10

Effective and correct reference to at least three concepts from the course /10

Three + correct 10/10

- Two correct 7/10

- One correct 5/10

- none 0/10

Grammar/spelling /5

Perfect 5

Small errors 4

Black Panther Party 1966 - 1982

BPP 10 Point Program

We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community.

We want full employment for our people.

We want an end to the robbery by the Capitalists of our Black Community.

We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings.

We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society.

We want all Black men to be exempt from military service.

We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people.

We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails.

We want all Black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their Black Communities, as defined by the Constitution of the United States.

We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace.

Community Organizing

Community organizing is a process where people come together into an organization that acts in their shared self-interest. A core goal of community organizing is to generate durable power for an organization representing the community, allowing it to influence key decision-makers on a range of issues over time.