for professor anthony
wan113
billings_warren.pdf
B A N c ROF t L I B R A R Y
-uul Ca-
uaa olarrrd, apuw@atamcnrr .u& altmg th.~irtvr2.k~
and armvdd im the r i a h ~o f b p i l d i ~ @ ~ , Lirat
BtdairsEur of the p4srQda U d alftmdy bsllgrpa t;o mms6b
m d 0-4 vvrr r ~ r r b l w ,vha r b a b w p l d e d a%
S-rt m d m l . r , iril%iagr h parplt, family gmr, -4 bjtm5- Eertj @them.
h o&tedl this a t r w t ~ y.sd a Y f f It m i @ t
aaad pap%% n-r PrmmtZdu11had met bEol~rtn iz&
aEWr htwmm$bm 9- Pxwrt&me WtZasa Z W
step- ifoowlr3. ~WBWUHW te uh ma- -$, ia 19281 ikt, &* *-- .ad tb. wwId, &mi4 gat#mtaru tor laoeaay's defwe -a: iatc
a e H m . 'ELH&: t b l i f d u 8t;atiet hdezat;S.iom s9 W w d
~u irdsrpttim oe -JF c d ap m k t a h .
bscm a 4?u1.r. ~oarpiaaaur@&gpmbia 8aa etnctma.
A'iao, Be h.( 13J a t F&%10. ba prior pri.oa r ~ ~ r d b
ui.r kspe iapl-Lw(go f o r rmoz pun. Br agmmd
tht &i~ h&1,W x m y earr lhortlA tdta pmmdamm w=
*- IsQ, t~~~@*%il%d#aYftimlatep
mtmdlfg the t@@mMky-SlILh$s.ibooe hi% %.abm
vrf. cr CO-~ of typmfiript m d nmprlar -- 3aayex1' brfefs, trriai miw~r&,rn- am-, samrpaa-
&me.. inV%#$ig.8t* LtBdtt~.npwm. ma e t Lhi. 4imwWnatLga 2. cm t#lepBs2* a@kganu**dpt Ditv5oioa of tBa *.8ereFt Libraq ef dt. Ikrt*.mity of C.tUem&e
st Bemkaby. But m o ~ t *he em-o f i f u w a m f ~ ~ t t ~ ~
e r r 1 itpre of Tam )boa.~r. r e t e l l (Ib. of? rhc
Porgottsa ua o f tihe HmmepEliltiqga Uu foltmtbg
i a h ~ ~ ~ f e wa4 Warren E, B$Lli.a$# w tqpe-~mza*d as
hi. tiny .~wmQnoarliaw&lmk%[email protected] Cm h*.t bef-t
near 1P.n h.acrf.ooas C i v Z c Wlxtx a,d-ry 9 , Jmmary
16, Jammrg 29, January 31, P d s r t ~ q1, Nbmmzy 29,
mTeh 12, & !&3%!% z9, kP37, % %#@JrV&r&erW a 8 a%3t
was al~eadyof rmord. f t warm not designed t o
oeae, but t o d-mt ~ i l l f n y *a i d e of the .tory as he
F @red i t ; t o abed e m light on hie peroowaltry,
o b r a e t e x , and valuee; and t o a c m w l a t s n w dater fez
Library a t Berkeley and Robert Ilni@t a f the University's
Xastfmte sf lin&srrial Relatiom slupplfed useful back-
grotnnd infomation. Thta was one o f the first of a
or srpectallp tepsesemtative people %nLabor-nagmeat
relations tn the Wart, planned, eonlkratetd, and edited
by Dr. Corinae 6Llb for the Inmtitute of Sr~duatziarl
Pelatims Oral Hbetorg Project under tbe guidance of
Dr. Margaret Gordon of the Institute-a ~ t a f tand
Dr. Irving Isrm%einsf the Lps Angelee s t a f f .
A t the tfm of the intervtew, Billfnga Paaa 64
p a s s old, emall, wiry, h i o grey hair e h d n g mZg elight
ro oitfm, awl em& m e lag ~ W Ifb. ur of hlr shah,
Ilia bZtw gr m&&'liag, h.wiimld amst t o Cil%*ith
WilUa. ~ v l l w i ~ U @ q t Elar uroal a9 hamxaprt-,
o c s u I t c f s l X qua#Wm tra Eh. inar*tmr, fib aoida
o f 0immr md (yi~muh5Ltkyoa #.*a% brtea, .d&mi&
ern srcrauhaax v%?B&efern a44t.mWEs (u-lly 5ra,bs&w
a m o r m m 4 ~ ~ ~a f trh. t.W.W, o+ ~onrrp a i . c r u + u ,
WL* wbum k#a 4laEdkmM -4a- a w t Itfe a*
Folaem wLIh af X t k ~ st am ol& c w P l q p pwl
rrct.llhg MI anrirrgzdwt~~! Of hLo s r ~ X yZMre,d.yr).
ha a p p d te W e aXmmt t c ~ fraoclll -- dara Ec #%metaddzwmw, tmam, ma0 acrarrtertw%tuw o h o e :
~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ I Q I P W I &I& htt wasl ar&dd&ag%y,r W L ZaQWS1.
nor aoqrletclp, hralr about hi. early &#dmmmwm,
tt ru aaly f a tba p e r t 4 %Old tbt Bf$ mawqr
f a ' l ~ e d , T?m Zatm! hi@ f i l e awmta bser%W,
maw aridsea o f v u r i w e a , bat r g m h .Pa ( ~ s l ( l l ~
my@,a I d b * 5-g* rar; no*, m*il hi. o ~ r t * ,
Be WM a qmrt%rqga m at: the rarrr~eeraekozr astang gentle*
and a tnb w&&I~r a r g hnd+ mrioa uo..LEI ISSB
H i e ~paatammmt~0mrtIveew%u!+#m e g h f
inrarwt* p*l-~gZeal detail. tb aedd .ad
w m & t . d a htapr'r . e m t t n r , aPca i f L t E e th. 1Eem
of d~.obpl&aa. Re i(ct tbt k i d o f r t t e n t t r m o a e a s ~ l ~ j
was emplca~mttmmd that wr:gr%m-- #tcre gentxina*
I t is tc megoor dwt th.rrrtrix of &dr %@Logy urr
p m t o g t e a l and lraeLl ac -1% t o aemanLC aad tb.t
b%XIpi~# I WPI X893, Ln MddUknar,I b e ~ aJIIZJ I4.9
Pork, an amX% O a m ) %bn ratbe#% Z2a008 ~ g u U % i e a ,
Itn %lw ~w$hm#%em %b;l$brpaanttan &' FJgw YOF~
4%C b tLm %ha% $ wadi hQm8my 1[*aC&sI wad^
%hm aI$vea a ~ a e p m W ~ +&y gmbar*w+
f a % & ~ r aisrthw, stPare bsm a e % a s , a % %&
, ~ ~ W W W Q B ~ Fwae a bzat;ive a f &rrara@ha+stW*
fa*h&51, b@W?.IB%6 -b%S h@S S r & L I r&$L%8~
EUWP~C! w%BWr
T uae raarwerd dltmrslXy iWW q gmw3tfiro%M&~*
Risk nwm WPB % m aX ~ Q XB t X l b g s , Ln b n @ raf
hiw =el@ 'tasamtsm Yaasa who &#w&eatwar r d%.m~sQ
BLLPtagest l;bW F a b b p a X den'% @@@a bo emi ill all^
p b a b l y btlohm ysarr later4 rrMn I uru
eixWrra and went bmk g;G) PI$Q&4b9&mmB wwkf ngf WWB
la bkm b W J , 8 8 a beUbeyI mad s f C m ? bad m ~ k * 8
~keozeBWO or B b w t ~ , f~X3.wQ ~ WW a s and
mtd, -'he b & a ~ t r t yauI down tn bh.
brlltebn* 80 f went; dawn %a %bfff23mba ttaa@
bakwz) was % a b a ~ f i .Ha ~~(3rntndad QS theme
tfw when Q[ had Pive& jrn kg28 home a d o m fhhm
EL& mdthetc, an& we b s c m qu&%e f31.9seP.t8ma
a 8 h ~ thim ~ W P IZVB~I t;lrt e~ M U Q ~W@ s t L G f b Chs J a b o o m , we anavsd %e ra b ~ a o ea6 55 NkZbezqy Stmet in H i & & X e % w & Fh8 HcnmX1*
F31rna- and h ~ a a L w g eTmmfng W q m y Sadl
%araewt b p e , m d QQP bask f;Wwas W a t
the % m e q f@?3&@*W ~ L Lthe vPrnffO bXew *he
k%d@t m ~ m%D tbw ~ ~ P B B , got quike an o&r.we,
BuB It%wa& a akteap p%aos Zm 22vltb# em2 w@ ZLw@d
0kr~speup ts the k % m t b t Z war @bout fdw ysarss
old, when q y ~ C e m ~f " ~ M ~ u Ibm$be!?&Ed&
C ~ F O M ~ ~ .
Bk&J,%,n,grt m ~ t b ~ * azsllMmr ~ l a a . i l ~aW & E n hMbZ*%c8a#t
m 4 6bjecs$&d 8b h i e dfldk%rgg, matt fbbswarn b t g b ~ i n gabu8 iQ ra Q& deal* tb f3mkLZ.y %a
l$w rly gma&~tWmrweat kc4k bo 8tmWa Bmh+fWet#
B t l l % % ~ s # W rrr#mbl jehr FOP %ba Plxa %w Y Q P ~C W r r
The aX4r8brrt sner of tzs Qhtwa*qq I w ~ % i h b ~h W a p
gaw QFQ P I Q P ~PQP E M ~ B F B @ * % ~ @tmw&sy)
I WU..OS was s w ~ i n gatwa* 65 W t ~p#r51b t d h V e 'WW ha@ grrgjrb ~ % w moe8sgwl en@ q BmW*W15.w m e &g2w~?&ta
b.@k 2% $UP m ~ n d i p g£WM';Brr Ag
'brm%he)s gx-adarcg-d~ P B fmm pta%lfe r e l w t , &i@ka
I m@aaroas %n b v or F~l!kmmry, 19Q6) f b ~
him rs jub lrre a eepy bay Per BM liaZUba
B t n i q g s r gg~td~en rfar;ta~,mt of v a ~ k , Hy ~ s s ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ d a 5 b \ f
JaUr, b r husb.bl Oh*rlis, -8 r MQPWP~% ~1de.t bl.oIttb~p,Bill, WM a h ~ ~ b ~ c hBLZ1# ?HM&
in 1&0§ e~ t%mi~ba*., war. a ~ F L N~f $ZW
in a f'ooti,r.c~ in P m t y h L C t .tpd ~ i b bh b el00
hs rsgatmd n &&~QFa b p LB MddXe..bb~f)#3 % ~ ZSP~)
w h i t & ha ~ ~ B ~ ~ I ~ Q w I B % X ~ tn rsbmf;1909 C#. ~ 9 1 0 ~amid#
fop ~ O ~ O O O *1s tks mmtla IW W MSlt ib
it;@ wbm b W a *)Jab~ $ x c ~ O b p
dL% m b 5 ~ ~ t '9- jCLW .tap*
8 X w w t i Ce b r a ; n , abmt; p#awOBSBta\ mtoh@Zan*
Bf11lags t & mvolu*iQa, 1m ax1 ~ @ ~ l a 8 1 4 ; i ~ s *WUQ n@% a u ~ a a a e f dthe ft& -9 OP @kw~eC b m 8 ~ ~~
%WQ OP B ~ W B A* B~idb @bfdkdl-8)
pmmew!ibag~- 3: maw w h C y a w $tdorage m m ~ ~ a b a t ~ waa - X d e ~ i d d%a m y ~ P Q Um a fL %ha.& Sla &he m r 8 i m du-~'S*xag~rasatkoxr* Xkwiqg t h b
IDWWSW&~BIB b o % b r o r % . w ~ %a WQum&
aXa%bia way f m ~a&, 3-ies give n8r a pa* e%
a v e ~ a 3 , ba d a t,27as shirk am6 a atvm ?a&+
was d l tka a ~ o t l m @we h d , +%@@ptan &m&ay;,
%#&a we" Crrrx* 8tu%%*t o go bo tbn&i&y8cb-1,
LE t b h t a h B@fcpmfllxweh, beoaass Pt; waB alu~esG
a%t;~ h t - e ,3 %%aweek &ran sxmslae bag. %iw
B i U h g @t b m fbni.*.imZdltw a d k r DBMF p a Z X e ? ~ m@am@
af'tier m and %oak rre, haam &gaga. (latqghbud
80 B u t mvs1ut;ian d &&B'B p ~ ~ t a a%%hxrh
Eht $he -x$ OW, V ~ @ B W & U WZm V a F bJC
o l d , that am ma33.y pmm.e& % j w O
d e f P b ~ r r W ~me%# ap ay I-t b b f PPW=%ge-
%o waipk nap Bc) a t IPaw @@aJeak9j.m 4 b
aamiag, wMa &?qmthar Geld BW ts gsf up, Z
Os%& UP1 ~ r m a t B@a- t o gat 3 . p ~ Z
d % & ~ ' t w, f%lllraPlra W OU rn@W~*h-lrn* &s gsf arsla %Be *a@& rap
%%ma IM Zobb&dt tssa %2m 1(400?t58 w w m 4 B
#$@bBg$49 give m 4#xg%h* %a $.a%* lie: ti&&& *hat
IM#WFMlB2g$ZdQ #tHMWlIw lW f;M &6X% 4 ~ 4
x 8 w . x r a @ * d got q, s r t tn IW~Isrw ~~
Bdl~iagsl as th. Ckym E I i t Z df#tRri*t. Dn tho o0rml?
asatr, h m w mlsl w 4wla~h aesr2- S* 93-
h o a h.~f'-£#~&WR#r'P)*M WHW a w * kOO oh51dhn1 MB $willwraC ho %be . ~ l l bsabam2 I did, Web WWI M~UC P S I I ~B o h ~ l
thepa a* 1863 &BUR EiQxrlsets@&.ng P W &@ *o'P, and S;hw f n 2908 we awmbd m b3,43@% mQ a
h.1I amp. X i%cm iublio @ & % w ~ ~%.bb~ u ~ & ~ Q B c Q i n Fabmm-y, r%PwPn91: W @ &c, WmIr*
fS1W. Fhab jab W b m m weanred For me Bgy
and sm $Es%n.g$)P B ~ ~ B W F ~H. Ju#&b d R * $ pa%d
at%t?reat%anGb k t *
q a - t caM t M y t ~ ~ e e d l 8%t ~ 5 t h
the prabQPcaso f f l a s r l o sake m b%%%avaO h &
f -8 sol. ~ b & k ~ € 9 2 , ft3IAZAd a&BS%2ly$4!9WB %&$dr"
tha%*Inem wad ae~~rbaXl$ t b #&@e,PO mcrord @I
%hatX waa gat on gmbat%cm8t
5% bi~'9Qblsob-Eavwmt& m $0 %%a1 uarsr
on pmbsb%Zanhw%Me -8s 6oaId sxp2.o%t -a&
onae mare, arid t b b 8 s w b X ; 2w3 4%&, 3Ek $?mkrn
@I& $0 Qfsone Pmk, X s W p w b m b
$%vima$ that %im+&xi4 wbm he wa8 as#%@ne6
Blll3agrt 'P&a I mn* 60 ~ D P Lu h.I0rr+*r ~ P W F ' ~
I rsas tMB-Qpittqw m . 3 % -4Bb m iB ?pwq!g i 4 & i % ~ Z O ~00- WW I E L P ~ B ~ W ~ W Q wmaema~ ~raaik~ x €&a&wa& mt l , , t W W % M sIsan %&th *#X*#wmI oa-* 5 % ~DaraaP X aa4 ~~ b q l t taa t b a- &-I ta a- %3;b9pie b W ~ B ~ I Wiga45a aP &swd~ller+ A$ % W b '.$dmW a &rg & ~ ~ t s
hlwl not beacme v w y w*# and tw. ethm oPjy&?3iscltion, th* I h r i O . 8 by!#*&&.a (Sr AarcLo.. had X%tL%& p m p m m % a & % l m mfa a gmed
f;bPZW$@S%U#~! ~ m k 9 a - t3w-M *kt%$ %& asatSsxa, Law$& W m m d X & mom beyas
we go* t o g ~ ~ t h t ~ -t we IPQPWB~Q e e e b~ 3 4,7ta ~l(rl~t-nt;oi ths ~aiw or
dkmwLw* @apBrbo f %b
mmpmy and 3: uaa 4kp$&hter A%& m d b&Ua%%a
'k~ggmt*e~,M@F&Q %hat;) X ha$ sb te**ze
axpefisnaae W x l w ra33rg W engagdl h m few rlgk-b~
%n pmzs- b~.t;4!4~ $%*aBI Z l q ww4i (be edl.2
ten, fWtwgg.nwdlr m a a . w a m % wm n ~ ~ ~m.4s, 6-4
%n barnball. gamead and rs ars ejlld BQ fw&h- b.twa.n the i+ma51s~ok&khat s f eorp.e* 1 WB
ae tkwe tiiresrrr rbuub l7+ Ant3 I ~~d lare a empaa-rer BP9Zpwr I%
wasp rsr%branotwdl,E Wmf 1 8-4 b&4 &d Bptib
owpentzq- Irtaa%nese,rbsr 'qgmmkkfatlms 6U
f&thsrvers bo%h oaq3am%eil.a* In t a & t # a t the
resg f'aWmr m w ~ i m lml$ tlagt&arl gMaBshb~
t ~ r $ 1 3 $ ; ~and 6$mk&iatb~pM%5ttba Wut* asrat!
G t f %b4% 443348 dw $h@ ~ 8 & tbWZW tad @ B % ~ ~ X % # B S ~ 4Utd
I m U B f u m S $ m far t;bkm?iter Wmi I
was an &% bopy I W P y st%* $P i?wP#a,twtn ib
w&& b t s mda ~ o a t aIWBM w&* ,MWMBP
eaky mpXej m wXmk*
While L was wa~Lhngaa a @m?p#aWsb B w ,or
X ~ 8 ~ ~ a t b ma%y*I a$ WM.WM& 81 4~2.2,- a drs$9
a dayr vhiah was $9 ;P waek W I vof.B& a
full vwk, oad t pat& 66 r week b o d -=+ The 0%- 63. WsLde. vhrt ZiWZs 1 gmw ta tihe
ehwah* X spent Par* s ~ ~ p s n $ e r bt991~*3 had
a paw nib@mret oT &twpon%@r*a teal.#, I
emm 1-w 't)~;Zb&q # e W 1 rnqx~%w
box, Bought ttom ~mta'ZPi%b%=%xgate pat; on S t
mil BQ OR. P: made 2% a w f n l l y gat; it a13
f i n $ a b d , nBti493.y mwaZs&ed am3 sowythbg, andl
I %wk %t OM% %Q the 30)s 8 %aBWay+ mil
besMB+ Ant!! ax1 $Wg % s i t rn waa aa P
- 3-
otaZ hm meh aemwy w d d b P 9 4 ~
51~a-a f s l r ~ + b ~ d n -ts&ef tU&, phaB wag a
Wcan.af.acp ~Ucakm I Chsa esriht ~ q g & a h wtn %be m~
%he- %he lm@!b~1~ fib&%9% p&l#W@ ge*
and go* US% a@ r)lgi ma Qnd .Biw nmm waraa ~CBF%&
* Ba~lcndZ%la w U e b C b
glbm~eS. ar m W d BSB IfXJ. whEa& &ei drag13 tr-t
x PtlaCt w?msa47 t a m s Qn a daartm~9sof a &re a t b Ra3.h~~ Z%nekm-@%we% Fmmk%%n
~ v e m uanti ~rtat;bar~maa as. kjr ~ P . W B , *IBB &*nraMxaamger f b e d m, & #kf'&ik~$ssP ad, 3
wen* oat be ay bmtbp'a
bm%Mrm s away at k b %twX ge& % B ~ P ~ ) x
he M d &om 4- %ad m abwt a deb en t b RmmUyxt
&pid ! 3 ? m x a I B g+ -tBy s-a B I P ~ % ~ F
ouaa tW3m5, and bs oald "I gst a job ar a ean8wtcsr**
h kW?k mp@P%tQ % ? ~ F ~ o @ &d mp d
put i t rm M m ond .aid, ' A l l rSgh%. 'P&mfr
&a tm wbrs&e~ 3 gat f i ~ l e c dp+%wd.srrOP txmsmww,
a+sn book 6) 8 a ~ r alwayr was inalhd k,
?,wt bee^ o~a3.lload. W h m X uoP.3Ped as a eaM#*ra
X vorktrd F o r 212 nn lamp. A t that time % b y
paid 214 an hnur far the f b s t tlwee raanfha,
224 on b u r f o p tb aert b u a n b y ~ m e i a o n t h a and
be*& hawe %a 8a.k~a ww W B em@d5$w&w&g
*he r%wthtaa4 be rss%\2ls&i &a WJm t b ww a*.
& QwwM 22% h%ah 4 g u m& tbt YW exad
of B1!a w m k t m g ees 43 #P&%-8 3W.b
@%XI¶x M'?wtibppezlf&Q -bo y m **-bm@ym3 @3b %m* @LX%%qtaa 1 W I tbw2
For a joP, and I wsu%&t*C NB&a jab d e w #.~h
B I X I ~ S I at' tho @mby ~&SIB(I* f =at a4Pmad rad rQs$Wd @ ~ # - pgwmrrs irrslaa$ sne W m W b P
m d t k e i Q y a ud Jtvt k*pb % @ & t r d ~ , lad
P2334kPxy Z @at &@MA b t&am X war bmitW, mad f
hoalad r a m t a g I awm4. .od f i i n a Z % y got
se bw3Xy %ab a k -44 B* m ~ h agi5?nSl* k$ *batt f ~
T bl w g h s e 1&etbg+ f b d pWtk*tl BUS*
garare wW3ta w h t X -4 '15,&%$ md %aka $% ii:t~
%aw b ~ * M r c hW w -4 L e f t i B t b m * m d P waai ~TPssptng3a aa larmr%w% pm%lmdiZn as va~%aa.t;
%at, en4 ssuuia2myl41 mwwif 9- P8r m w m C h . ! b q g 4he
eat, and %$ m a gatttng prettp fmgbc PMI
FPmaXQr (91e%&dQC-6 5.f 3 w.rta gpgxgg Ba be a bum
~ n p h e ~ e ~it; J U B ~aa Y B I Z a&mwhem#Zag
thl3 W k Z $ n + fb t h % X W Q U ~ ~d * ~ W @ d IO@k
fop @aagpwWnS%y%o ou& af
t i we- vaand the aeaQpmmt.l~~ =db
&rOa.b~w YBX*kl wb5lh LIY thfp& W e t ) HQM at? tb Z t a 3 . i & a d t # t ~ i & . f wen* -P %o %hi*
X U b a n agenq raz@ app22sdl Tor & 30% ato ssmst &x%t;or~a g m ~&ZI&,pittk-W&-~hO~~XwM%b$8 W P ~ ,ttrf
@ Q M X C ~ , rand % vaa naaeptedt wa# aastgmd t o a
ah&pmw;t;td' mm %hatw6rm %& g6 ba h%awtt~,~ew
b r k , The p~%na%pal~eramnf tmk %War rlxkpmerst
wra& $BaQ X b$1p%srwadt o gee a t f t b t ~ a bewl
go ever t a the ~ W K I *@o f &t%b#ter* tm tie a dub 5n ~ 1 2 y ~ r2 3 p B O ~ F ~ B % B F ~- B Beg I&@ %astern $Mm* fbw~m~, we gat W Roaheatse h n a t h ~ ~ ~w b m
k b two x tdtaaxl~sash0 w m $A3 c ? or ~ eh2g.c~ mnt art#& in %ha ~ Q O - ~ B o f % h i d OW Y& warn
fa. T h y r W b am %aaaoh ~ Q B X W ~ L ~ ,w%%li.s tb9r
l * ~ P b s d ,~3eLh ~ x % & B t b % ~W S ~ F ~ m l )
mxi@abt@dlgrw i t h
BaSd us %hatwes
sea$ 9n %he e a r .
$0 k t a H ~ *
s% p%r*e;oI a t i d e ~OSmrerk~ amtar and
aou%dn*t pt off, we had ta
We ~%rayet$2n %b&w m& 11~8-al't
On t b $Pain rsam%ng zap %hamuSCh wt shfpmnt
o f gome $ o ~ t p o b d , X rtrsas% a yaw f % a l % =fe%3a;rs
8 $hB 3+@22&@8%a%%4Ekl%he htBr)~%%&&+ ?&Xi& I %@&It!B't
fiaQaaay of Masl, m4 3: weat t98flak %O
end %pled Ba t;rass his &am, md crodldn9t
ha& my % P & ~ c8%P a a t alZ.
F b &a3 X & I % & B ~ %b &a em %Q C X W * ~
W i y ~ q *by w#sI,fl w f mb W % ~ T f # l m X =$I ~Q%U&I.W ?W~l%a~ W e P@db& f ~ * & @ % -
bn*e CrevesZt~~d*
En CZetvelamI at f;h& %$mt W m mm f'aw
9~ f%weau:$fDmbtl@pIrp1#%@# 4 b%$2 ~a51 al@w ~
b & m s %!e at-8 a3 ef' %&a% 8~uBewbPILe
@fa.a*a an$ app9%&8 P 6 r Y Q F ~ ~and we m~IdPk*%g+%
a jpb, AM $a%eawe wenti 2 ~ t aOM kmm and we
a- %sa q &'tad. @f 2&~#*?t&k t3P
mufas%~,w$ngoozapa~y%batws ~autZdP i d , Vies
wme ImHq ax% 8~ m Q ~ ' U % & W%%a4 a
f3@ %&a we &@sideddo l a w a %be@ ga to
FaleBs, Ha fPnaUy bin&$ up sp job aas a f t m ~haad
~tzt~liihT Q ~ @ & , $0 $ d@@hd%d$ f ~g~ b)igi Wet%+
f mt up w S f h WSB~WP f@8'Sewwho aa118t%
M B I W B ~ ~&avar &ft& And ki.ts weas sme f a t # way 2;0
hrrzpe~)b said* bw$ be ~ , . s l gg a i w %;o bt. b t z i , #
b%ft%%fs3Xtlar# atPout; 9 L ~ r G m tb~P- Q-
t;W &met ~ 1 %I b%g pkdlbl ~Q;raigWWBkjt@ h Z % r
P wsar w%tha m8~btt.tIadfa n - , Jmk.h y s l W k
3C: MQpieked up Iln Karueaa Q%%y+ f i@Z* IW we
w e n baa&.d SOP j a g % * T b iiar~hefuaid, %zw
g m gaSLnwR #3ht r ~ et w dwa %b8mmk
lolesktng POP a m t o a1eep in. 'Ckms a.3.a~w%*h
raaB, he laid, *I'.re got gwd. place fab yon Oe
sl.epr" I ~ W F W Wat was the Jafla Ro ho t o ~ k
oa~bo t b j s k b IIWW~B ua wEnem t b bXwe$rsr
revs, a h d us t h o %ax&., maid, %ow p a e m
d~Xt4~p&bP@ bet"& E f YOU w & B ~ %kais%O (a~~St;eh M P X f
%pain %xi 'kcbe mming -- ttwia leaveas at 6430 - I W . wake yatn upo f S pw N ~ t twant t o eaBcah 2 % ,
you aara sX@ep*' we W b d L t an& d w kL%
sat& h I P ~ P L F ~thme was sow ~1%~1%1ef, baW Q F ~ #36f~g
Zn &alcebXo emd ?@ t;h~q$b-t&b seu%d w6~k% h e m *
9 w a ~p ~ ~ g t t ~ p;rro%tqt$M;5 1 6 been f~rsvel%w
Pa@&, ss Z Bse$dsd Ttd ~ a 4 ; h r~Zeep,%msmrakan
%ha~ B ~ %aZbe so f~iend%y, 'E BOX& $he~ e i x ~ &
iotul day8 a# a p % e k - ~ s ~ v d r ] Lnum~m4 tWf%
Z gs% a job a a waiter# tn Xthe dtgtfag ~ c m a
AMI j~ % ~ @ F Q & e b bram c w +~ f ~ k e t ~ U D ~ ~ I rims, Then J gu&t b h f ; jab and want in80 P ~ k - d ,
X war is P o ~ t l m dfmm the BMom e l # % -
tms ~ S i fMas$%gagt;lanraBiPa;Mtay, W 5 n g f;Mt
ti- I fr2ed ta WOP& arrow4 PO Uopk w t ~
very kcu*d tw gat* 1 worked am BaP,v Zrs s Weberloil
4 t ~ 1a b w buy fop a d a l l w a cllaaf ay m t a l d , f%
w k e d Welve Pzouple, f a r a b % I wa day. (3Rat 4ay
af t;Wt atas m ~ h ,e~ X UP% t h t r 5-n 3:
&%ed 3;o scslt elt p?~gt;cagrsrph&,Cs # e l 1 gsS:%~%eg~eaph
t$ake%s wwmd towno I walked ovap lb8*%fT3md
B$l%iagr: t o r tbcso OF daju .aB &%dm*% .all my
t i e h b s , kb X gmw &at tip* & fbdLEy I
& m i d d 3 J 6 b v a 8a &e rsem%hbqgI;and X
%W** st% ltrd b ~ n a dd%dL~BVW. PWMI-
&boa8 %he bxPean faaw33ut2&33 a t 3 emliarea
t%XZa, srs ' X fi.mL2r dw32dbd X4d g@ ts
W41:iea and JaLn %ba Villa &ooXtzttas+
@PIb o Did any- %ar;2jbr %e reu a W t $Mal sp d3L%
JuoD; mad sbwt LB 4s the paperrP
BtllSagrc I hQd 42mou0&ed i t w i t h ' ~ ~ F Z B U O iellovr I ( &
mat iSIn wawr-law -1 U 1 8 an4 h q g m B # i t t
PosYit;Pslcned, Wed %ama b u t %he Wva,1tltlm, %??I&%m Pea4 i L b Lh8 WwP~sr, tWtWba)m
A% an$ ~ a % a ,Z ;PPnaZPy 4esb&@df r r f g@ W F~~wcLw
$ i ~ d40- %fag ~wo%%%%$.QxT* b8@333%l2#3Et tt3
W- il i b % bPPt* S 2"-(~d %t W U
ea~ughfur pnas $0 R&W &t OVQP Pi- 8i~ktylpn
T & * B M oaf an 119a45hXagf;0prjt1
BJtrtiM&rf 281jt of' %bBabsW L%&%G@dt.
S got aa 41M trlfntl s f C M @ms%aL Z d W
W @PEG&@P&8a9 oNit8Wt9 M d @d pLI@tjl
off %he b l d d fa @&mtiis f%isrtl, Qmgon, 3-P; Bmaccp
BJtZ'l,ingi%o rltLiP, rn $aim the P Q ~ Wb ~ k #%ation,
rubbed q band$ W %eat with mew, an4 Ikrmug'lst
ma tm, X wab aan@c$ma4a%B M %%mabut; was
m b I %W I w b I + t o ta3.k 'Lss&&~@#
f'ese WM r41*0~~?nc,fh$ b y n b b ~ g b f
w9%hanew m d got 3m 810 bhwt 1 ~m3261mk,
The eMaP sf polfce p2;m l r r the ~ m t s * e
Faaa gabl, aml h p t : ae t h a w ovckmtght.+ Ela
Xefit the &@or s p a , 3a wet mrsniw he @am& np and lwmxg3.6; m~ my b ' ~ ~ i 4 W w k ~The daap ~ 1 9 4~3$%%1
open, Z sw&pb up Bbe la%%an& foX4ud up t;b
62% at2)@9et* E ~nrClxak &!hxw€mcgfor a Xi%P?i'dl.a while*
end bidnet fsom back #a X took the dishrsa
OVQP Og t b X W ~ % ~ T ; ~ P L % ~ %and a a b d t b fa23aw
whetM3a f waa slzxppbasd ta &%ayin jai;71. f
a f h q e ~ I X W whether X W e p M @ % OP w h a t + F b maGauwmB auggae%ec! t h k % go
d@H3'3%€#td1f€Ulb &V" Bx@ O$~ h % 8 f )339%@1$*
% wen% &melbe main bZj~eatof' %he tmm &
506kieeb m~aaLd,mil X cor~Icfa*tffm3 B h tb\h%efS
R%1%tngrc ma $% was p e t % ym u weathw, $0 f got ZatijO a pot31 h l J , -4 af%w awhSPs $$I% ah%& &
~ Q X % @ Be w %a* 80 X asked M a fif'fu,tb~f wa#
S U P ~ O ~ & ~t s b b 3ai3 93~-D, ab m e a asrM m *la$ X. Waa ga%@g%m 449.) and f @ 4 l I Q ) *14m golog $a ~ a l t P e m 5 a ~ "H. mUL, %ell*fau
w a n % a;s a %painauB o f ba~rra", 4% X aaa@t
fb~tgbtBm%uand want 43wr %%wbump. 081-
d m 5x3- 0aSlaJFmab.
f hQqwiw a 143%at' fnn p~kr9ln$t k a s b P d enti a t 8 h s b @ M % W t Vka ~~n m w w
w a i l & $ti%#3a nm a* a ~ n mrtikeabien ant!! X*4stay
avm tksrs %t;f'&lW e n@s% day w M - n tb %bibl.fla
Pnnalrao oa the W iamqr. prra*iding M fh. H,
.ad $blrbad ba beg $?!ti@pt .am## tb 2- w i t h .
8 5 4 b ~ tamit -a ma& & *barn dwetng Blab p&leG)Ulm
etwika beelaraw X war l 2 v h . g $a €ha em%laqshRa war
ths, I % F % ~ P @ ~'P31H, @@d?n~, E&WUil ~ d b d$6
WB%he wmwa mi P a o t a ~in Mra &a643m3bIX4~and &%we thea ta t h e i ~f210WLl, Tern wa$ Wyiag %mf t h d
out f w the union wh%&hobeX t b w women w m s jh.flag
88%b P b2a yau 3$s#m&ID %be m m e ~%aim?
BZTXfqqr 8 X m w ~&zww~mm41p&b if: W ~ B ) i!&oipw@
a.taspe4~~%& , p ~ % r a c i p a LaroW~Bn +ha a&&X was B
fe13w mmd L3~y-n *a ha8 beet9 b m e f GW a r B ~ i b *
b m a k ~ s , QZay&mW ~ Bwei.kf hg f a t b p$m%) d IUB
b d b~~ke)nformray a pie om^ fort .mag ~ e a ~ a t O b
JefPspgwa City, E t a erawPI SCtaOe W?mn, wtwm b b ( S
b a a r e w t ~w Xifs emtorma Famb k%Llixmgh!Le u%fe+
Ysv oae, %n 3@PFws@~tC2Ws M2amm~lk+2 % ~p~%mwmm
rt fib* w i x s d w tkma~rs3~4~s that G X ~ ~ W M %beew! -st
who was ~rBaa,dLn@%Lxr &Q w % . d B t ~ r b t b ~mplw~?
Bfl.bfw& 8 I a t;h eb~pfiBw d%d'h4%'fmrrtd MID f WaS, W%WWv
ruspasW @fit; C U @ a m m a b2sr@wim@ wfaa M
mim ms& &@Ch*m ppf i f m d . w 4!m%wdb*m23? p l m i a ge%eingChytxm f%mlwaae eio m2;~ $ 6a$ th W s t a b e ~lne&m%e L a %be &egg, Zxr ~H%*P%e@~%ppXa
kt%&fm&qy*
b l l b Be wan a genoS:zm r B~t'htieOsmnjlr@r~,t"hmex.fr Ib was* t %n
4mbxm*s*
EsLZXPngs c Oh yea* Yjir ar&r a gcsbm2s~aa t f $ l m b ~ m b ~ ,&!%#I?
CIay%enget f$m,dJ h us# akom r t %he tmiplaye~
I.# i m d i % t r ~ % yw a d rstamm %be rntsctmt Qwd bald tih@
mion m n that Bm wm*tld %eJegn the T b
m i e n txmk U r n l a , m8 2 % ma ohta~%&RP$~PtW%Ghat;
th TaoQag m o ~ F Q ~ MZB+O Utd tt#m &%3 p . % ~af
r h ~ a a OW$ P5pr
~ r r b6 %W d i d ahe mt p ~ fa t e ~ ~ i t a ? -
D53ltwst T b ~ am only guaw3 on &B%Ta% n%g&&* A a Q P ~
Li"@l%awrwm%?tdB r s ~ b e , ugli~bdDQ h%mJ&B* Ikb
#la@ &k ~ $ 8 8b I@& $(g &t3 a bf' & & B & ~ % ~
Pn t;b pk~;ila$, h m e nfgh$ we )m28 a l%ttZea m p gtww
d ' m gri %!aQI~?LQQon P B Q !:aktit;tgp d@l~gjlQ~m d 3 b d a
&fJ&ilng.sr hsrs.* go I want bra& up#+ia&alr#ita balk with m e af
%he 89~2s19 %ha f2tf J n g brla~aea %hat 2 b 6 h # n fphl~r&ky
u$tsfi$ Z w r s l LWqg ta gat q d t 4ib jab Wjrfh
m, %ha wis~o Q # b e dPi?mm, t h d isr r pwit983m
put8 %Pa U n t n g and Zkw % @ ~ + Q I ' ~ P *U P ~ F $f#a
t b a t n , ;&hewa& x + c a % b ~ &aqpetant6 B ~ Owe WWID tqt%ng
get; hap w'I; a$ tib pXmd5 h a * !%P w&s
&tit%&,aPId ~iSla19I b b l X k I q %B b P s %M8rt-tka
.g%aP&% m a t;hb~(3h!@3%8 A4se@ia*k4#~,Mf%%m?i*wwm
day ~Mft,~ m minLo t h e f'3t%ingm a m d 1 thmtgM
&had earn tn ttl~r9,m t h $ ttm boaels qr *- m~dy*1 &lmas%JTb d ay ~lttfteimfsmeked m d waa
ready t a ism, sad .a I mid* We3.1, I've
got t o @a$h d n emawr8unnrsil.a a a h i - a%." ma2ae: bh.t
'ig#& qeBQ B d . 3 . m Wt fty mzmg wab ~@arlQf*&B
I s a U & hi& m $1 mt M a bn She i m a t s ~s;$
f2106~~I34 #Wid&% W wB%h hi4 k%r$&. b 6 W b lef'
s@awas4%,$;.hat;f 1.- mr, g b b l 5n my pmket* Wsua%?ar.es1
expate4 Lo a- rrigt apabtsass wBOh ay ~ Q h t?ximi%, 1
had ptt B b p i a % ~ f9w :w b a d ~ a k ~ d , Cbe p8&a31 waas in %I %32bs.t;a~*Vhen S w a aQ m*
b ~O@W@PW! X & C t I b , b%%;*a d ~ B Q Eh6, mbW
BrUwg. t by both vrirt IE m d fw a ~ !m b.aW- a n n a seat af a @tmb e~~ ars~s- faUm &+- *wee &a& %a&.* gas ~~ me+ IKWm abw b+$%w#%a*mer, Q-i,rr *3&S+srg Pt;p o$"f 4i w%&&%ad@* am.& 1 was ah38 es gm&B tqy M1014~ gwb a b 5 B @f
b b IwwtiZ* a i t)ul gan, W%I aaal.ikntt get 6$r ;erur
IU9jmg~t rti the elllpe laits- b#hW.!qr &a@& smliaX% OSf%%a WM
g w ~wrs* rls,s91@8 am%aae P
sbsk b b B &&@ m 2.a W 8r- bzrM$ Chaw%#&
OW W Q ~ &%?#adr# -BE '&%3Ldlial%zigas# %at b PkobplLdL Ba ~ ' P T *
WB . t ; b ~ e ~~ ~ & # & E I w % m & ~ l e k'bb*X b & g $X t c t
b ~ 2 38i&%~bilf~4t%t@t8 u ~ W Chi% % h b W&aJ b9 @S%
ark@%in %he w.3 he ahtd B b P ; hrs ~ W W XWWR$
1 m k n j t ia$a&sc5 kjbp sheet hX1, w ~&m@&hg+ 8ie
mqwiqrB &an vs usas %a@ o w t WM mshk @am%ilr$, S W e
&%at!& 1mukM ra% m a M %banZwWQ t f %%%%a~ # 2 3 ~ w
C13Wwie& clad hs @tMt"ROst t.21 .re ;TOu* ** @ ~ & 1 ~ ~ ~
' P S t e foot nine, yowr kmjag~~ .Hau amh Be ytnr vrtgW*
'f vaigh r buDdrs& ud fiftprona-dld pWho JodiC.
Wady i w k d a%S m m ~ ~ b ."Xlw tall a~ garr# HP.
BmwaiwrVW ffI*rafirs Post e2mmn end a k X f I p u p
kwna~,~@An&haPt m h 40 y m we$gh'PW "5 w&gbenar
hmdb~dand nimtp-air.* Ws loab.d I% MP. t8datgar#
who m a eas ol the arre@%lag an& MM* '~~crii%a.c.rt~~ hal'l !Emf3 yroa,m. .2z feat om1 ymwIluBdrn~P* *I%i%
~ w F . "' B b w amch gau asigbt" " f weigh ,hh e &
W aa~en+'' Tkaasa tarP L w W b a$ im, ovsuz" $M Wp @f
%he benah, ead ha . a i d , *Mow tall a ~ ayou, mnl"
I &a$@, " ~ r af % r a ~QuF,p u p W W P ~ " W ho . r i d ,
*W mrah bo you uei@P1 X s r i d , ' I vsL&.M onr b e a d
twan%y-faw gmmwb~ask$Kkxa ?t&s3~$%f%et$imBWLPLP~%kLa
par. w ~ a hrt tlllu war & a d y a 1l *-V w m '
*
3 4%&#t w b B f.4ag .boa* %bFpau) %mdL% @&
ap md isLd* *wrl2, pa^ baorn, I (I-#* 5% 2.5 Inaatllbw*
lqmk thr DL.triob At*-*. @fS#. f9 rSp * g~Mm % h ~tB%r euoa M d$maba** b thss mm wa* &~m%~r+b
jlba urr mQim+ @*Xb3 A31 d- B k s l Wse p a w m SB $a&& b%d?4m u a k r ~ g
fra14apf.a emm and rl#i*
'DiZlingar b m q y - = T e m e a m v % s a W m %adW,
M ibarwa a WWOM =) ~ b tm- lg$ w -pa& fma *b8 lmi4Mm erraglb -43 VLlitiBQa 9 ~ ~ I ~ k ~
b m er %b#pwpsl) %#%aRa& cna WaPkaSw an%- aaaaa rstrear*psWX~ One @s? %aim, rlrb -mM-+ I% %m* tw %b %hat %h*g bd -4b#W& I 31-F
b$$I$ngaa Yes* b 2,- an B h q f w& pa%%cr$ @be
~m~birn~,th*$ paid tbr Unit& Sh9. J&&&dmqi w
%Ma & $ ~ X ] C , ~ * Palt;h %&B$PLL@ 2 ~ + M ~ f ' m
~ f %ef t k ~ SW Mm!W2~rar*%f 0 bb4W~am%# T?~%t&i
iF tba frrasBairc$ wae &%e#m* ikFlIYBXT %%11re arlg&U#@;l
W%%% #a% Ub%r %bV n % b d S h X ! &@h%BSw
DiXXLag. r (pu%ting@tat a-9 300 pairr of rho.# d r j ) ud
trlaab fSraitad WwkSa$r;assn' 8 r k ~ #iaetalrg waa tha
rane.%. IC only a#xlplot.d, I bhin*, 46 i ~ tit.
P*
@fXb 2 WWn you wf; $0 tdg~k11: ~ d P E S n g h a man8 &~kh?i,d i d
f b y a s k S f p w b63.sqe4 tce, th* un2sn0
B 5 2 l i t 1 g s t Me, tPsey d i b n @ Q + I bsliavs %ha% %bat; oTar QPM b u n g
tsMQwao fin $he =.an dsl~ntwabk. X$ WPI hdnd
of ran rsy#bn-ab.ap ( Q @ B C ~ ? ; I B ~ , amdl X b n v t m($a'22$wk%
w&s% %he wwd-1- wasa. f thsnk it war am%mm%a
t b sotitmat, for lkkr miployen @ar any inq&Laa
OP b ~ a u ~ i ~ 4 J % m t t ~&ga&akxma%men bea45tfar~r~iG b S r
mmbrsmkbp b the e2~13,axs~
QStDr Did thy have a wrdtCen c e n b ~ c $ t t
a r z z a a ~ t R It win8 a e o a e ~ s a t13ka t h e p m e + ~ %~ k r ~ h t ~ ~ ~
w d ~ kIwrr %ha$ kP%g$*rs %;P%f%ngtcs [email protected] ww s
esnb~a6'P;wbieh war m p p m s d t o gfvt.9 $hr9 W C ) P ~ E ~ B
%ha right te belong; W %he m i a n tar mf; balia-ag %o
t b mien, Ghay raw f b t .
WIG) 4raffed tW e o n ~ m ~ t 48 e s M e U k s %he eapatoyezcm
dl&.
Wtlliiqgr t then m i l w m w e ~ r g i ~ l a 9 0 w m ~ b b 1 8m%81acrllW
B o o t and SWe, sad %M Unitsad #ibqmm~ke~a~*Wmn
I w ~ b d f Y W ~ BIn &wakZrn a t E~WUWB~ r P ~ b $ a ~ ~
W!M##P g ' b 'Ul'&%&d &$ && h W b ~ k # ~ 4 1 * 6 & ~ % @ d
@lard in %!m b%@jle,aB ~ w Q E * ~ ~ P ~ *lPsrP,@rW lkh?l g
bLd W Q P ~ ~ & #&#P Whd .6StPP%4Q[I
e M Bb W8 ~laW ~ECWSV ~ l ~ b C r n r &@ & a $ a X p f i~~JIZ$SS*
w h I asurss W @aStfemia, &%tilwngh3 war d*X%ap~tr#~W
22%b & A tm%a;as, 3 had rro.tuaf3.y bean c J ~meP bath
tM b e t axRd Slmbg W ~ F ~ ~ F C I UTtZlat8dmnlen,
wiw %be ~mx*k~~lan sad Wm a ~ i 8 + dBdrda~ablaa@f ~ W P , 8 k m a w w ~ b ~ a ,whtlsh warr iadzspera$~ai&~9 % ~ZmU 2ro
~ 4 W aP~rn#i-~).utam s tm&lWllg w i % h 'kb rra$ war wh-cesa .t;h Dn%%srd1W+ W i ~ f k ~ d iW Q P ~ P b ) d tb;Ljt#
Bast land 8be, so &ha% a&%ho%h tihe nm~bd9r~bme
b ma6.t;~lctGQ.WW, Z W U , ~ WW&- f~ at'
%)aaa a f f k c e ~ s fA6 BJ,~etx?%ealQF Local 351 t~f Wmkm~a
Vn%sado%% Lnvede%igabingmrk, Pkmltag a* b w
m y guasrdr wereb ss%tsa%tsq~mulalmag arsx4ala hkgb$%;mr%@n
Xfne~eemlng tnbs %he ebty, baaawa %km #%FOL~FPT
IrOQPB W&kkw@PF#U&f$6rnCl~tl ptdk !5b118I ~ ~ I B W$& &R#$
4- t23;lb X5jight by 6bwlng a P Q ~mv'la tW 251's
w d % b n tym it lFsa tW back of fi ww awdt & ~ X ~ % z a g
&way m d pw%Llng a ~ ~ w a b i nup oms, the b e wLz*sr
La g a t a shoxcC o r i m ~ i eavsri. t h $in@$hat w q t
SQ Z mLb&&%omkh~dlbh%gZ;Z*%m~~%maXhmara and
fd~utfdOU% ~h@3?43'kb--$ W W b , P a 9 ~ %?M#?@W 8 m I
wkte~ra% b y WQW sb%%0sr44, mad as 4671 80 P o ~ t i h ~
B%Pl%agart %he %beem a 5;a ba Qm;iLbw w * m gww4@m&
Z d % a t c r t % ~s L f % w P;b%,$Irsgnra@&WM f&r.Mby
P & ~ ~ l ! &D B L ' ~ Z S % $ , V ( L&9W7* W%b#m#lB6IW
tbrrat tmw mrai, bu* Awieamm he 80% WWM a t a%+ (Idkla,#bCo)
@ i l k 3t AmW1n q w a t h n %ha% J ms aak &bmI& Wl a4wthje, I &v* P X&Q%Bt h a a t Pr& W O m B b
U ~ Q PO&&Z wilbm q&tl9#%*he ~*~1Xkasdl S8g~aQ
m%sasraml# W t l a ~gebabr~~
biS195~ars W l X , rsslglna3,%yat,t- warn I ba&us~bp a #!ma, k b n
t#eZ*e f & b L Q w %&A tba El*i&WtaaZ Y & P ~ * $ 'v3!ia*xh And B'Ur -a%;.J*1Wixaa pu%Ze$by ' b e hCW%QQY fa%%i~zi*
5% OJ@mhn umwW&~lreQs % ~ % k e ,what- we xww-
tt.ma W%%d@&%@%P%ktgr
S i I b J Mha%warn ti- @%?&Wag$@PO
i@&Xlingst @ e l l , they we- r+slktag fop hour8 W 9 i ~ d i t 2 6 t u .
But t t m 1h91ke @a#a @ % W I yg~ne#t~&oboBb';$
B%sc;a%~%aa7h U W ~ P ~f b % s ~ n a C %t~1taa3'Cbkt3a
W$?3: h i ! Z h v e a w%e,t ~ o%ha% union ua+d E % r @fl¶.s+
ots an mplajamne affics-a P w ab=lks b m b v a . XI
thlr t-rrf
a au$taam. W 5 q g %he aawm o f $ha eama~aaf;S@xa, rn
I arked* Wbt'ir Sn 2%)" % r f b * ' L X a t b a t $ A
meld M WVwha4sqr t a St;& It denfib mb
&iffamnor,* I . r i d , *1h nab O * L k l a g about the nt5tcorr. I. man w h a t ) # 5111 i t f o r mi&?" Zb #a&&.
awa*ll give yata $25 *od c r r f a r o hO R.4nwBZo.
Wefill st943 gou 4.n Orlaand racl @$ wZI.n B O ~$at
UP n
X W a %Uamantg~bm~% X b19euiatdQhh b
tWk waer on Tkw~dajrraiGamwond b p 8 m & w ~23, 3923,
WSre %he day 3: ~t~i41~0&8a+WM80 $tWk UP ti& iPb
b r f m ) gevd a~ d%r+aS%araaCP6 awe8 a m m at %b
B,Pa &ape$ l a ~ ~ ~ a b o r m t h t %@w%+%IQM%e&&
n b wars t o =st mae mid ba ~teandiagLe MI&&' B?m
b w q e ~ 0 4 ) m WQMU u w rnr%ep~ t f *whm b
@ t i c k&a%MUkrnd UM# aw, *B.aZo ;Irld, b# m p % r H
*@~%.d' k l k % 8B& *@FB 60 g@ W%$b%b&I'~E%%@&B~)#4%
i t k w w d out, when Z @ 4w &tk@~mwa&a, walked.3t
82ltiags: I kwe! p % . t a l i n aj ri~trt-badmat; ~?a@b%
a ntmibsrp, a f a b k l r Irralare ah %hs k#.f**hmd
and mma de*3.*- f
b e l i a ~ ,lea;r S M QWMP ~Wb&-r,B&Z$ &M P @ Z ~ @
0-6 X Ibn a I i b t l s t > l t & ~ t % ~daOaa&m%%aP W ~ ~ P whtrZ@
a: wa3~%D B I B ~ ' W Y B M ~g ~ % ~ g~ e a wF R ~ L ~ P ,- B$a%s Fair war 80 bag&&%ha% &g+
~ $ % ba Bta'b t M b man4& wtur it?
BkBliqjnar o e f 8 a m d t i n ~ ~ l t r t nr p p s w h g ~ P m n ~aft*-#
I ionad oaB was W a n h a s e a , Bbn ah%?$!LL$tho
Pinke~w~ Mwmg, r~alB,'b%mtt&vre Ww$ler &mw~;n
%%*a thl) mf taw. .jX ~Zehta* BI Vlth R s a ~ & ~ v t w i Xrr falob, ha %a# bt hum* Theaaawnt,
Che ~ f f i o ou & d . @Walll a t m ucl go- %a do
rbmt ih7' Ths a&@r g*nblamm h . p p ~ dbo be
Bfl, GmtmXl, p m p ~ ~ b jagrna* er %W ~rca@Sfisf h r
Pnd Klssfirla O a a ~ r * ~ r rA d @f&, U ~ B m s 3 lr i d , * Y # ~ x ,
w%+d b*t%*rc t;abM m kin auJd Z9ak h%aaC)WP efml fCA31Wl
out wbrh h a t # dlling v i t h &hat suIbca#r." O Z n i ~ W t l f ~
twy hiit€! ~ k @ %@tn$%~&r~ BWkr8UBd b b W$?QQg
wra slum Zf. waje %ha~Lgh6rrw%bczas+bssaum &% w r a
a &*B;25&m QlallltzaIt;i~a wkd had1 ~ & % M r
new bri$h% ywlkllov f mrnk rbmw ~ P W t w ait, abeu*
i n ~ b aori4ey yea aoaldt ETQ* aa far ctrr y m
aafp s @ B angtb*, JPm 4 3 ~ ~ ~ 1 4 3trftsrn%%i'y%he stilat-e
by e b e ~h o simps* H i@WM%@mm&s a%%%ha$
~ ~ I S D BOW B-RZWW~~ brl mt ~;pae a) t;b t ~ a h r
TW7 b d BbQ;I'Z *he a m %am t e m $hat bad g%wma@
I- th* M M W#B at$taali ~lwwPBXMW with red b $ 9 c ajM wmMng ik bUak 8es4br @ b b#hh&*
B(krgngrt Mhdr, &;~B-O' Pfi, u l d , * I d l ~ L a r r ' I:
X d@n(bZ.noW myWr bJ ~ b . r ' Eb
QWeahur tie W e M#= wok on4 a m Wbing aP -*WPr
herd mrer do mpbhingq Jw%M L ~ O r M a
bg$, r e X N 1 gaxt,g& ad Mh w h a a * P L + ~
-take f % ~ @ z y ~ % a k r r %m#ucl)iln abha x a J l ~ ~ i t ~ @ a ~ L # z h
I ma* ra, g m w.3&& *rab* whm BW w?m!&4m d w n Qn *b% PLP4b1.t I ~ 6 - @& Pqp 9-
the -33 day@ef $he M@%m$*;eajflf ~ l a s + ct'mm%=I
X9gt6 on w, p-b&iy t o 13M1 f $hi* blPs alib-rvd; ta ~ 9 2 ~ vuWI*~.a ~ g t 4 ~ ~ 3BQIMMMBY~~
. ~ p # p ~ 4 ~ y ~ k + ~ r b r m q ri a dra~mwn%el a 19% ubaa
&mtwy 4~ ~rrmnmtmf l B e z r hE1 Bis9lieaihIk %a
H a ~ % h r ; *Fkwy r h P ~ g dM a Pfi%hWiag a WM
w r t g p i m % a ~ $.# *hk% @ ~ ~ % t # w&lr trwsxna-w
Nrrtfn ~w-immmsllcl; FaXrba uud r . k . 4 ' ~bs
b&nBS%p Rmwp ale k;Iw am$ m a* W a
bm& 1: toEd Mrrr, "Ioo bring Hwmtj tlp brrs
%at F R C ~ aerssr h%mj arad %f lm8r &ha ma, f j X % %M.ntify
h i m $ X don't k n a w vhs8b.r b ' r th. m m or s s t . Q f ~ ~
aou%&i*t b&qg Rwamf &a 3%33~rat8a,aa ksl r L W 2 y $a%
la. #@W'$ WdW b %ah E& W &@@@SWhtsre f w W @ ~
h $a M 8m~amm&esbesanba, when Z kt!
Polsm %n%he i i F W .pbars I bas% w%t*mq y smllBthw
b b $ X en iawae g e f q up 5n &'la@mun%a%~e, p a w * p ~ ~ t & a g
3 M bsaza a'~;rssgt%ataf ma- by fiw mm Mwnay ccam saam up $a B~lmaw*a, #ad &t# 5 wmtad
h gsb b a k W) b&smmM@to ream2 e 5eCCasr W sty
mI;Bepa, 91: & d ~ $ t ~was* b~6a ~ Y Pl & a Q Z ww 218
p a f % * n t Z ~ o
b &@F@&W&@~ &3@itlcndl &&SO &3 6a)
.nd raid, ?beg%# t.gtit you an Oh* ui%mrr
&wu!t," I imLct, *AX% r-, WaC., W C do y m wws%
ars t r p do &mrh i f t w IBo a t i d * "Jurt &mW mww
.sf purllion# .t a x * " 2M X t;ml h$.122Wn-2ly. Yhtr w ~ r ba lwu4.agg
in hhs pollee abt r I I W ~ P ~ ~ F . ,< >. ' ,
ha#% I-
ud th. pronm&iw rLkulrlle~got up, rad hr, n f d ,
"Yo* nrrv t s Mwmn 1L. 19iZ1Sags, $8 1%as$?* mB
S mLd, "2 rriure bo ra.va~.~ hs *riBI,
Bo rau ~ a i % w r%albt~mmt* YaZL1 Haae @g.%&a& hrd
%&Pi!!! w mt $0 mmrw MY q u w b b ~ l l ~ ) md! %U+e
IgTZ;tln~~e;l' guarL14na3 So wbba khrr pxlersou%tag a*$o~mpteaidl,
"why 40 pli3 hue &Bww?' I Ukfda *I rn,fw&
u u w e ~ ~ . . " iarn,Tbn J w e ah*iatiemmn mdAl
& y m hm tkmC w a w e aom92ilsing m wbm, *e ~ 2 % ~
O@X~$*- @X' & 0 ~ f P " @fOQ%?P&4brC Q QU##%%@P~.Tbatt, Wedl
Mat* o a i d not %a mrwm upr. So I .aft%, "I mmlcar
t a anmuv*" Sh. rat&, *I% p a kaLIv thlrt I em
putr you bn jall iiw th.ttM And Z #a%&#'X mfum
t a aanucl~." (laagkte~)BQ t h e prar.m)iing at&~mg
jumwd up urd #;lid, J ) H o ~BO-pr & M a M i n dWm4.y
so&&med *a B ~ U B in F Z h d~ew@%ate~ P % B Q ~ v ~ ~
w%%han WZ&M$, aT law Beek~sW wen* GhwqgB
thorn and f l m L Z y twmd a~sura4s;o m m.d
*Y- ~ n ,f Ffn& %batI not on- oan 8mM.nee
you im%1 w'%X% 841~&+82%4%+ elswt h#9-b~YBQr
aaJw@,es ydna p t l f b y aSb aoatmgt; and aien.t+ama yau
ba pay the arna at fin@ w i t h Chs alB.matiwe
a i l l i l r $ ~ r asva ebu$ ~t a#pea4 iab~a*Lt *na they f a l t m 0 h ~% t L m d t r t o &iff%=%%P-F~I
OM, mW"t;,Byww ~ O @ ~ W B + B&tI a t U 1 i g t ~ t * i ~ $
3 wsla hnnsoeat, % h C S aB&qfj: hw %ha9 Qhmm was
rry byrawdtr &a &be lia%Pc.m* a d ttut T wu N N d
t s eamy B k w suSNwsa fm War fblit pXmd* b k b ~ ,
trns prabrblf war b ~ r n m i5 hail nfturd %@ i d ~ & W y
WQaQlras t& @aaP %S %bWho k&%s~M %
am%, tsxersgt bo geofP a gbw*a'k. d g ~ ~ ~ ' k p % i mBrYrr-f @ ~
An& * b m a1cb *b$%%&ti %%a%W&* b m k t $9 ?haX
pMasw Bg Ch* xm&kmaM.aiIf @ & d m a b a W B r O Fmmk H ~ P o * vim ktLd fammrpfL.y Ibllw a @wml~ t %
~ o ~ a m $LQ t b ~qm*a*tona t b.iw *.ilP ~ L Wa ~ d fm#gh w.bd t e r n hw?d @El *he 1pa*?tl~P1.*Z?rs m#Mi ehm, b ~ u g h t- pigeat h* wfi pt a w e d ir#fz itrh Map %rnbcUatd n a ~ t s m 4sf t&%q kha WPs akf 1#3aa~a
we got L~artdethe m h gats, WhiPa Z b d
hmcl-tmffed fi@~@*hw rtwsina%qg I n fmmItand *pjr
tihe B L s u * e m b f s arPZoa wk%%%~.g f a m k
Za tM PFP~QB, %b# win Xdm Q$ WB%p ~ t ~ a f i
8 ' ~ U 2 ~ sI inka t A E t dfnimg mas4 W ~ # % J W F ~ V Bkam!bml twh
S R P ~ M ~ ~ nlsyand tihe$ warn 1x8 mtmbM~~~(i n jtXP
by rn saw rn ati&%q %bps t r n d 4 ; ~*bg u m - tbma we- h$fS,# tcawaalae aXX m d fsg* $paw&#a r ~ . q g
GWre raafih d a r %W* amm, urd b a * a X war
a&at&5n($ %ri %b&&db of tlw y W rwbth hewks%@Wlr"a*
tWaa fdtkowal, % b y a 3 l lt+aLe&a%w, m.4
hb2jr F~aw rrXBc ~ * a H # i $tQW U
The). &%I jre&ledr*Take bh. h4LB&4Bep8 aEf thlt Maq
h ~ . b r * SIZ 6b.t nad. lob aF t h sl#a is.1
&-a% ma, f~%9nI9a%wwdaras, wid #Ma X gat sro&9g3a~d
$0 ~~ #tjm4byw md *,ay f b @at:~ t3ue~ r 849%errdab b@#&Wla! F#~W~II&B& -4#"%fp Cf%@@%%@l#
f m s %ha wrdaa8 wlqr b b n # $My wgm I(.1P%m%4Xyy
Ikr rmm of bhna, ths a l d - $ l a n u gar. car gaed
alvlr~llanbm$ hew tm &a %fm,an& *?say %kt%& me h
aaZd t q own bulbiaesss~ md no% m%n %p m y gwg1
an43 at;p milrk sad f9am 2mt 4443 d~ a* $la* *a*r m y , Bf etudflqg roak wad 3 * 4 ~ nhw &a m*
s k ~ m'&b W W ~~ t %c) tb@&3 Pb*
@fXb4 Wd yc~.umm* azs~ma l a Pol- a t kMX w - b
B A N C H U ~ L I B R A R Y
Bl$kl$.~@8 a d k i % b db- (thrt %st h. &%.dN ) ~ H ~ X U W % ~ ~ *
Thb # h . ~ % I ' f ~OF @EMh @I!' %B.d4BrnrBo~s W W P ~ P I ~I)P~
%haWan rsad kt%Ssd Ma, andl i$%ammw8#l,
@u.& B ~ P P B B ~ ~ ~-I 125~l~~hebe&&, IStI &B#O
X+ft t;bmJ &.heyull)~enek mscrlt;ed a%B b
kalbt Phi# was %aA a g ~ # $ , jwt a m&thb&em ytm w*aC
be Sae~amaW,m a 1 % d $ t
I L P X l ~ ~ t 3b: b ~ l j l ~ ~ r l b ~F+C, bb WaPi t YM, 5B W L&%WF
Aqw%, br %ha F w ~ tpewt at' SepbWbe~, $wk bef*+
J ~ # ; r J ; ~ . m b O d ~
5kbs Pkd yszr hwe any Sz4&;1li wkm pparrs ?Ema109rLZJ,n P ( t t
i;lriztgst Xta, X BL&% WY ~qfbm%yw h o war- inm%v+84n iQ
a% BW & b m g X @&* m q t a ~ ~ i E ~ deentk9t~3a4;Z;~r Mbh
ma a t w , wm l;hsry ~ ~ ; 1 ~ u a z wu sr-rsn%ifa@aii 91443 X mm% ?m l % t i ~ ~ a i$0 fn Folm%
h4&&sr,19a. Gas of the juQy#ad aa %hayw%Xr I
quitr m a g didtngt rrk. r parole f was +am mwh
m%a$sw e l a Unim BmB, SIWP iMHs'Y
Y@@r
P u r 9 s l ~ ~ t i l f f n d . %he yatl.,
Wm ma X'eXXmf I n b ~1188XIa2ivelf
Ip,, b 4 r not; ?#ll alive, but i f 4 8 r r b b ~r WF&W
iPPdllatm@!i% b make+ e a h k s m @ n t ag&br%a perem -
,w,#wg*@ ..,. ,x, :M.&#,,q&f%.$&$@#jaJI&$.,... ,&&amg&$m-$ m.&ep:.&ma m,w&M4#
'2
MW;La,@fit$m:m p e ,w& QIQa&.&*- M d a,=&a: wita > ~upulQ a~ gp-& a wax;.
I was gima & n o t ~ u c t i o z ats eb a W P W U b%lQ2t4a1
%&%3F4bl 2 @@* W b W4L8tb #$W&%LB~M$~
&bmaw& fai t;~m&%su8 $0 be Pmmmnt Q%&115~* %%=&a
he gntmbwei2 ma %o Wvi~H f X d e , %ha.t a f l l ~ ,ma Dave r o t r u l l y dfdn'h haw a job i r isr, h%hs a~pe*d
t o taka rn auP; a f p ~ % s @ n * h a MWBbk pwak~)a $ . ~ 9
ck 30b 86 @ 3 ~
Cgrlbs W t yaa n e m ~dkd WQF& fa^ hrtw
B i i l L r q g e s t !% ram, f W F ~ ~ B ~ Rk w Mil&a~~A t FirrO, ha didaW
N12War aaPmIXy h a n my jab fsr. m I W t X aLb- onr tw
q a r l i awamdR L b pUacs awlby m s p . b t g #w f&&rsrr
wf4 I t%mf;Bdaha- MEW b @ > b * p * ;tap M'~BL,#X laMv a l $ b t & # b i b abeub i~ixqgl~~itwt,wWdiwp$w. Zrr I 4-i.6 tt l%tZL1$ b i t WW~U J u U h
ud I tVbgPy-tw~ ~ l t $0 &tX]rJdky. 4.- *fh~ 4th, I cclSlad 8btmtiarn %a the i o a t tfi.t T hrd
3 waa tga&%ep e ~ v s 4a t %ht, wad f Bsa%d+r%ttab
m I * b Z r ~ ~ & d l bBb PW @ W i bUrn ~ i t % ~ @ & B # w P ~ . * % ~
Xrm 80P.w sak ~ S ~ M B P *awt~s b a b @ern
I * Y w V p a% C M B B$.su~
@SXbt W b * wa%Wr b~@g!kgmmMlt
B i Z l i n p $ t L t a l l , I dear$ ktwv rqllW%#qgabm%&mMre b m h
gpmad +s@spf ha YI~ r %mqp%im@maibm r s t
hb. I*M*Y* Z %thinkOM,@WI,F4~ v i a ~ V & W W
Y W ~ I P , f CpB &a& 4BxmlDu w t%RwI##t b X,Y,W* -%SB& b$' % Z % & * # ~ % U B ISMUMW 9%
r a ~ ~ s-&PU Q L ~ %fl~@d@dmp% % ~ & r s r $ p ~ 4 W i & b ~ ~ i
W e P b m B * pami% ma@a m
W Q Y ? ~ P B &s4 sa en a d m fBFtEhj 5631 #PUBtap P1DW
a @ft3.WJ k 8 ~ ~ l z r fb & l b ? % a lWX&OW!B
#%lb t JBt %ha% B h werae m s i y @it' %r)
BiZlfngs: m b e r of t b A. F, of L. eBorald stay La t b A.F.
of L. and work for in&str&aZmfgnima, It wes a
program diets we called a t the t : h "bozbg from
within." And 80 z OPB8 OlgC of t b barera. I
Qlilb: Potr m e a borer. krt you wur.att an I . W. V. mmb.~&r.
Billfnm: Ho, I never was II d e r of tbc I . W . W . , elchou@a Z v v .
always been -11 retcquaintad d t h them, wwkeb with
Billings: P%e, rpuiEa well. I got acquainted w l t h h m n through
an a ~ r e h d e tg r o u p that f was aseoetated ppjttb, and
thrwgh Mooney and Idolan, ICeltg Scblberg, thore peaple.
AZexmder was well ooquaimted wtth t&t ernae group, and
we all waked together and m e t together oa vartaue
oeeas&oae, Whenever the anarehtsts held any sort sf
meeting, whether i t wac B e r h w or &ma Goldman or
anybody e l r e , we uraually attended It jurst the e m .
Did B f l l Raynoad and Bma Coltban coeae mt here fre-
cploarly?
BillLngs: I don't recall Bill Heywood ooolLag out here, but
,
BILlinglt Emmi dolbun aaame crut a amapt. of t i q b g , me. t o . :8 i 1%J
1913 elme X r e m l b . \',
i'I , i,,:, \ '
QSZbt Raw krlrua utrriqg hie l i v f q a t tb.t the? \! 't ' , ,
Billtngs: He kad prbliahrd a book prtor +a a t , hl8err , \ , 'i,'. !I \ '14
Hemofre, of an Aaarehiat, .fear Bia r r z u a e fram '$ ;
,. \
I, %
!\ , 5 , .fzua the book, br war o2l;g d t b g f s l r .va+iuaa : * '
\,'%<?< ( . L ~
,)',
it a t lemst paid Ear iterlf.
B f l b : I hawe P nut@that you helped rube b&t e finme+
B i l l i n g s : Hci, not ezmctly. I may have eold t%akrtr far a
ooliaited ssee funds. Of leouces, t&o k m t and
S b w Worke~rUnion had no capkml arhatever. In
a letter t o B o l t o n , emet%mer I bad ta pay for the
P(08
t WX!5-%6
@i%bf A f w re^ lsZt th.Pord phi, tkar a t d i d pm b
4oi: r l5v!L*?
1 U 1 h q p t t want (us a t tbrt. lao m, at
thr t i u I left tb. lord jibat, 1 u l a v i a $ In tlcr
$ha h d betin held u e rltnem la be j m t l &atcur
t mr #t., iffLa, &dag IPU, I bel&.rc, lara
ZLma'Itly oolnd iato beg roariag hmm a MrrioP
8t-t d urr 11vfq tecm. A t &at tt..r Matt
B a M d t Bad btwa rrrerted La Ijrss malu d war
aa trial 6 t h 8.- Ilrrplan, &la the 4klrsadt-lt.ph
care, T b t war a pazt ef the Wiimu~acrss aliw,
B e f b M s wnar be* rwght r witaasa -&a,
a d ah. ereaped .nd w e n t to 0.mrr. WsbawpmatXy,
.he weot. u and teld me ha good -4aga *.a Ln
Denver, a d after Z quit t& job irt th.Fesd
factozy, I wmt t o m r , and rtajrad in bear+
fh.a f but q W.J b& *$a h m 9 ; # ~ e
bve11liry geawel. had tb.t 1aat.d hls n t*ru
b y * , bLggb36 &rave1 mat o t Llw b a t t a o f fib-
cm&. Tht ru a litel. tau*. f *hk rr got
$2 a for %mahoprr, a-f 2@f .Ihmg.
Th- P wmn* Ira tb8* %na rw.ku+rrr&r e r wa&*:r~
o e a X m c l m m j o b , r e d t b e r r f p t a j o b h a p r l e t i . l
hmu, fear hmm a b y , at 2M an harr u a ~btpphg
SlllbqgiB! sl.tlr* 'Ibc @*gigin Pn.l urr &el M11 o f bt. %!by
a d to 40 all tha pricrrlng fir tbs ?hmmr.ad PLe
arm&#U%IiD.d,I mrkd got a m a &if a d r y
eve- &y m p p * p o w fir .Bfpp%tl$ md so
forth* f mrkd sr xresmummt P m a I t 3 0
a a *atcar, .ad Ltrrm in the d m g I w u l d p
m aaathecr reamweant 9tratd we+& f3blg hcmm l b l ~a
diMsr T Q i ~ e t * X SOL a d ma hour md my dlncuc.
1%the atbey pll-c I gor 2% horn: d I-.
a0 vrnlttag ap three Jobs, I avde $2 a &by .ad mm
-1s.
wafeers mm wtoqpiinSmd is B ~ X I ~ ~ I I : the
tW, B &ad wslAtd ae 0 wabtw B&em, &a ampa mad
me th&ng and anuebar, and one of a e zwtwm~E1C%Btt Z
weat Co # ~ l f kfSIl . s ~ ~ u r m I athere waw B&wmm X
wbg ta o~cgpzt%wthe Fhe m&taroh
MPW W b~ M a&mi-8 butb d *t GI%&, only th.hi*-cEau btel Walter@ beroogwl t o eME.
X t FaoP ?UPf: B tS!t$.r3~0pb at W U 8WL% of azil ~163IiMSlt
asemf.aIttian, Wa& 0afSi.eUle hotxtl.$ imd t b hQgh-
~ P P B S~ e m r a n e s~ m m m 3w;abters w b a they a n t e d
for * o r * i a g ~ r m . Swy h.a a Wl, a u t i b g mum,
-4 a15 elmy d%d wm p l e y uumk, g d h , rrad
ono &tag cmd .oo&ez. t o X t-ght thy skoo8%dhPe
a b a u fldo mkm, br aEf'LiUar~ar9ale ma dme$rhma
Fde1:ath ~f X-, X a;a%ecdite W'E:i 1 t e ehd
ard talk Up uaLm ot~.nL..fLaa* 1 dolr't hwnr if L t
did Lgodg -+ i t dLd* ~~~1~ it eqpnfi&, arrs x aa* h t b%@,
Mmr P h m t ay jsb &n ghe pr&nt&mg'hotme,
I .ta3Aw 3dmkiq Lor th?im~thtngEo In tb.ooZSLn&,
urd L ran t a m a prmpoaik%oajhrre, f @arrfA go
w m m W d uhopr md pmm~hoptaad prarr mit. st
e19&%t~, A ~ P~mrr~~em.cla te b+ ~ t wc2ottmg
e l - d bdbra i f -Id be resold, aweeraag f i e
l a w csl l3m rm.t:ate% ~ 5 d o .Su f t& amera-em
t o pram ham g*mmts a t 3% pr w L t + f -14 b
at s a e c s n r h l atore a t s ee-n t h e a d I # &
h p y ~Ebe prop~&atmrbewe everyth9ng T-& m that
rera arm sc E gsst them, P cm%dgo I C I t@~ w%kb~
~ ~ t
pub4 2t .g.Wt &at f n a .ndk W a big re-
&%*&&*, mXCmS@ *W d a8 ~ ~ ? % ! k ? N e @ # t rat dsoildl tbrr I &auld br dub0;ged Aar t k b ntlt.
Wall, I a*s $petireg )li . ~ l X ~
x lr@bm4 to pJt am!it. n*sh f ,w$sd tb.
cigas #tore, wm &a: and s f the pceolf ~ ~ a r t
h a l f , and the 6~mal:ef the p-P Mil weat $at@ the
crigar atare t~ -LC ~n the e~st-. X t d g v e l ~ p d
rnbterwaxd, of emzr.rt I d?Ldntitkntw i t at e b t h e
that &e ouatemer bo13g'tat Q ample of c % g m ua~dhad
bBve ~ h $ e t m dollar& Tfiie C&WF
cmar ha$ t o dfg up rbe mmmy he ha hidden oahr-
neath tthe cgsuatetr: in ozdez e~ chawge the tem-&ller
b i l l . lhn the baok ef the pool h a l l -arhiet?eI
Bil.l%ngar: stari&b$,there were &me &airs te a r9w
taarra faasrte~edt o the fLmx. 2P you mt &m the
loeater aa. yotr could LbOk th;raugh tha c k e m y Lata
th. fkmt part of the;-stdre--~djm bmfd m e in a
m B r r o r 4kaytb- that t@& p u c e isl Chre stem, The.
awwr had 4mw that purpouiy .o that he oould .it
irr char a b i r m d wawh what bappenlbB ;QPt%a atam.
So wttbmt knowing aray-thhg &.out thSa, of course,
after IMB want i;nta the scare, f 4- &IQthat
psrtlaulsr chair, But I wl~ot&PIrItn$to o f the
E a l X ~ o o swho wetre eritegng m a d : ta m, aa e**br
8 . Aadl aftexwards tihe c1-r 8-m tamer a t m e
back and 3 got s v t t a%the Ehrfr mad wa~~matZlau%d
to Calk unrtl -- that had happened smectimc bQhMarm eleven and twelve, tiad we e ~ n t t a a d talk until
abmt tmlve s'al8c:k m d thm we crlsad up the
glace and we a l l verant hum*
f cwmone broke i n t o thr pl-e t h a t night. Iha
emex to18 the pol$ee stmat I t3mum cpi! w ekmt~ B
mra &are, t w o elkat he knew very wlX, &adf ~ l l o 9 ~ 1
~ h ~ ~ b ~ 8 t t f i J t W C m.1m,t%W f e t . 1 ~ P I # t Z w W ti9 hf,St.
Ra damtribebaare, a d he tald &sse d!elPmm earre X
1 Z d , a b l w k m hb &my. 'Ehir psol ball rrr ocl
t!bmpa wad 20th a d I l i d em €%ampa end d8Eh.
T9.m r9Bbearp ha4 b m Wedaes4a1y w i g b , drsr niplrht
kt%f~=%Wtka&'V$Zi& 3%$t p0lh~CarPs (ta F M
an !!haday nmmthg. I was hbaa, m d thvg 8168zc?asrtl
the rmm, surehed q tla&&tag. Emmd O e n
Q11an i s my mzwat pocket. I domwtrmmmhr
n w what eart QI 1%=a, ookrther S t *P .ta
B i l L a ax a m s i I t ~ e . A t any zag*, they ri.+srecbd
w ma the r?tPasg~so f burglazy and held IBB un~il
Wdajr ==Lag, when I wmtt before Judge B P P ~La the
porlier ocntrt, I d m d d i.sm&cm b-rSag, but
jtbe~C O L L ~ ~ ~ X K ~ &J Ul!b#L&lUP8a fe- to h y
W e c h m d b g t mm%ng,sgaiast ssy pmtart e m h tirnr.
On w*terday ~ a a r e 3 a h ~ &ate e m r t *WJroeat m4
, ,
t b t~8g-t~ t&& a t tk. riikwalk .ad ao olr d WB
tor&, and I brarght out urwn tact*, tht t& offlwz
hL, d p i mbi e l l f o u o h h e 4 ta idmat1f37
s l b l l c a r o ~ @ a 4%*ttell the & f m e
BblL%aggr2 ast,wretC:ebkaL&rc, That e j f ~6itxmem&hmd the
artutim&o i t i e r r , .a$tbra r poiatmil cot rn tho judige thug LE W Z M ~ Phat @Us YABrwe-p,
n@tPJ3& ~ff&e;z)kh@t $t-d m tk eemea? @i$ 2Q?h
$tree%, but aoaobocty elm ttu~f$yEglng&r tha o#!i!24m~
jtd.Mle -# am.
T b judp thma e m 4 ta rulc out Eht t-tLuwy
u heamm~,aad thea they put thr c-3-abkag vL~ae88
on the rtZ.mil, tBcr mrr: BE the pew1 hall, And SP
r r r 9 1 s ~ ~ l e ~ ~ i i ~ ~ ~Z ~ k 6 dfni;ma why BB bed elold tba
pelice &at he slurrpsrctad IW. $ta eborfd, rwpmrd
y w b.satlu gou mza a a t r a n p t . I didn't traa wbe
jar m e or rrh.rrr g m cmm &an. '* F e a of the
rnemtpr 19 that d i d 'knaw I tad w3me h l p 9 a hr3rtsl
Ploneisco, beams. I hact t o l d his ro. &r a&&tebd
*T, bid knew that me o f &C 0lfbg0: fdtZlQwa h a are- a amrenee Pn lh-maV i a 3 t a Eedc~zmBeLwl aa cr &-
04 b r g h r y , aa8 that elm other one he$ m m b t h a
ta t B o t%.nyr)nCity PmitaatiPry for holdfry up &La
same a r m & mmar, And f asked h b t e a s p U i n t e a EM
s r r q e r , satthm EULEI ~ ~ L t i h r~ ) B Bef t h d ~ emaI bath
On dareat %sadkmt5.-, bad ael;amptd
L&mt%& %be trrar &Plazu in a#aatsy tbt #ra# L d Ita
p0@@*86$,W&a8 St@8B%Ptht h i . pJ*o.* 'I
rake, yem W e m y aasb ef S&stLff~alt%maaa
w ,Crr & FQlb &tdWW &CW e f m y ~f
#XW@B, th@ id-8 of the b&lld#f" h shittd
he didn't. I raid, "Pha h w Q yma i d e n t i f y i* u
mmey tb.t ( p . ~fm ~ Q I D I . plmw?'' A d ha mid
i e was kind af Bcr 3t mltd, Vim,
It'8 b%udIWtea ~ t l ~ r ~ i i s e g , Lk. mm%o1ytnmid a s IgRit8d ~ ? B E ~ C ~ D eu~remsy,~Heia Ua3htsd Se-%p
was vary ~au0homftuP4~4'$7 tbir , m d tha judge by Ebt tiW W B bgieabg t o &et 81 rc&the~i8vra~reblc
retLm& e ~ ~ ~ a w i i~pspe, b e a w e &t b- appwrtme t h e
etl ag &lie ~e-mlledmibaa&Wag plremned
o-%;ahiltmt ww I8 wi.de=e whatevet:*
Ullia$.r b a o f tihe ~Pf%m'~~jielahma/ WEX bad teld Q&IC
of the bo)n UbD aud tsaetp w&am in t& pool hll
c&r Z robbed th p W , a d I b d g i v a BLo #'LO C@
ktmp hi. maatkt a&.Tht, ~f C(A~Z.H, u@ mr&r
rmru.earrble, io -7 tb. leaat. Vhih % r r in th
jail or Mm&y and l b u & y , witins t o be hum%,Z
h.a gothen ia traoh wiCh .aotb.r prl.aarr dm haw
&me bq., Bc got mat am d ha #at r m d
ba@k t@ ma a t tha p o l b e hrla tots EZlh ga?Pgr fiZ3-
tbt be rmu'ld hrrr. t o o s u %amlIMmcL .nd tr.+tfy
agdrnat. U( ifkm dS&*ta &w *mat4 HIII B i r b.rL
lzio eke +ai0~390toslg, Ha m a en pa*@%* fxm tb
~efosaa&cwyPI the alf,lltll. SO 'X 1f~11-ised %he
urra~+lLagotfksr abmt 51; aaQ pahate4 uut Ge the
craurc t&t th.boy WP. premamt &a tzb. e s a t m w m , sad
thr bo). rt.ad up a i d , '9eur R o a ~ ,Z b e thew
--%8$1$ dMM8t it, offiff82 &&SU 83A b48 %€I
C- dara hest and w e t * ; t r I diaaSt, &ad tors baek k, Bums Vtots.'' 80 tibat 8or3~uadt b entire
p l o t of t$m a-tiag olficatr, .a4 ths Judge, o t
L . O g a h . 1 ~ ta d i m fb
A L l r r elm mm rru rS?IndmdhQ,I ttLd w
bdr my mamy vakh h d bsra luXd &a wil.aoa, #XO.
'X wu ro3,emaB Szm ae.91:30 t%wnwmdsg ptba
St iarir td%L&att drW !bat: ai!emmtm wa me sy $a0 bcdr. Zh. pe2iee *.r* vaw b r r l co w t away wE#h it,
a&t au elmy hm .ylut ymP JIur &%a b q g b m r p &uw ef imzgbxy.
Ib.)r dihr't bm 4bqy Zulioa to izqy so (Irr pil?
llet as &at t k , m. Slhw cUhqrbra M+*
rboo* u r *my a&*tleoow tlvt 'Ihad fmurt imme8 +t. La ~ ~ I W H R I tibag r l u .M a o n bt Thy
dtbmtf l e d eht wr 1.ttr. Agiiur that:, I b% amr9dssJb5r -la rod* trss an4 Wtran, dw
o ~ m B # t b A L ~o f f f * a m ,
a,* urt Y d a . l i o b n y ~ t T t j ,I *u 8 L t t h - g ta -3 h.11
GHB 18th to tba 8.mrtsur -ear, mi-
Co .paus$ icllar r&iai?ec$&&ex q. .k t o r e b x e is
I l l i a g s : Ilroar; rn hrd botb be- XscPLSng for m&r Lb.t day,
rod we wt in elm pool h.11. In E m , r h d u t
them ~ w e z a tt k u e . Va -8 a i P L h $ t3t-e fu%i.a$
aed I ru t a U a s a o a q a p g . Zh6n m a hudlLuil
is r?u DnspPprn &at&e Qs+na #pi## %I- ap
p a $ = plants. 'Lhia war, prtcrr t c Vartd V u 1, of
ooune. Ad there u MU attiela, f thi.lt it *U
&mar 6%t b e k Tassl eqlmh~m&a ESm S w n y or iaae
e+b.r ptrvd.r p l a a t th.t h.d beam blora up, pzammsblg
by tbr @emma#pis.. %air pmmg fa32m rrrr u f i a g
h a hard i t rrra t o g l a d us& Pnd vonbdq what we'd
k.m t a do i n o r b r to 0.t a jab,wd I: u % d ,"t p a r a
w'll h.M +b t o we dF0r thC Oenrul r p i s s b X e
up p&r phew.?' Aad $rut a I r a i d Lr, &ad
W a ~ a aarepped in Eb. &x of t h e pool ball. Timy
beard arp xeaez%t+
se t h y tnra a d .rr.ru4 Pd thi. och.r
ycxmgg tal'low. They took \ra car, and thy tmicld t o &tag
both of tas inec &a alley betgsaa the pool ball 8ad
the rhmtrr. But Z -pad nry a m rrolmd 4 t!dag~apb
b d . t t p e n u e a a d ( n j t a r v i l r r t u l u l r e r - U n l o f
e confwatm ro they owl$ put &crs ktnd ei a a b w
a e h # r me. may did t&a sro t o jafl anyway m d
* a d 439 v&ehb* fgmnt:&a€isf bf4wh$ a#p
a p&z p2-t &a the af L i t t W s n . Me&tbr
w m&er- ~ ~ a t ~ o plletra i a1~08a wz
t4mQ sf' tittle~rn.
P& goLiae, o f c(PM.l), P.h aae om.&@%ia
mrlsiag rht c m awmt urn, bemad~e W d
be a fedi~rrrloh.rge and p2y bad t o .call Za t%e
Wp.rtmnt: o f JwrLct. X t m ~ ) tu l L d the 'hdarrt
the mprxcmmr 04 Joaofke~. 80 an opesafbme ge* &e
Thpior?mmtoil darn mad u*.d = Jhn I wu born 4tnd who P was am3 rrrad a ~ ~ t & m z ,*bag and sf
calrre in the ~ o ~ n t i z u d QW fibartLh. pcliea bad E
my raoozd Erm Caf%fQmfabefrsre &sl, f~fcmThe B I ~
60 than that beau o ' L a W *Lr other P ~ l l a vhad, aa%
1 BillLagrz b d r aXwva wttsaout o i it. l\u fir#%~~
propcey PP~,auvhg smtnam$ns a g e d , m nalld
to call it. rnrr p 3 ~ y b . ge a l d - * u t aha
oallwi 'Thr &ma&qH and Z smm@~Qm a job
a8 th.asatatant property b w w a s f G ~ U
rsyrerate thib old-Spashienad Be%Iing ~ g t 3 nW a g ebe
beteta s-6:+mas, %k B;B rn o l d Bms~eaamm lib
Otwt50 a d Champel, and t grabbed a t a l q x y , h pole
yraial:r: ':and .Urrtsd holfsrtng. mn l t h y uw UHJ
aaa14nBt gat tns $ate ~ba 1 2 . ~ , t h y mdr me a r a a d
tbnt nsulld give t%wa anr oppwtwadv co put m y
chaw sgaimt m, but thoy t w k es ~o Lh pslLoe
I had my rent paltd, I h.d a oeal tiolut ia ay p w b t
lilltqpn MIroca p a i l Lor Por k b ~ ~ # ) n i n Lase, b.W
#u rrpr 4 0 ~ 1 g Q F . a a tQIgwm3h olldrr CB. ter. so r hd p m i a o . * ~~~d dsltrh q IWbd eh.t ii I
did g.t u r . l e e d fcn: ng-%!mmy,dut lu urrulll cwu
d r n a d b @h.a-8 h.dw S@@Wh FBRt patd it)^ thmm wmekis iSL a & m w d r 3 m l p ktd
it paid for anr *, klh h.uu *il1$0(l to @Ml*i&? e t w r : r m i r * Z r l P 4 t a ~ 8 1 ) - ~
lie war aotitm*a#! dOOtH, .aa8 nest slmmh$ b . ~ a M U L i a e a ~ r r r l h a i . u r r ' b a r ~ r i d s r q p z w y .
And ha msUfL.d e b t f had q ~ o a -4Ldnat La, I
tW B. -4, rix UI&B in &.dIvaxbbe. A a p m ~ ,b.W
%t @dm!BQ11.8221I 4 3 ehrco: $be #mn!% ?ha ebr*
ya-r u .ad I u ial-ed,
M e e t *P;, I W m B t t@ we* #@z r;sND -I
the Jorlia Dry O o e d r Csrpaay, ja8t batam adilcbu,
ar 4 p.cbtnp mappa: aa whr *U tPnara u fbr aasao-
h t ~ mdrh, W ~ M tor d l ,p - h g p ~ w a r m I.
&me, t%am g e z oZ tb.Jorlia IWy OBd. Cmqmy,
hd g O m r ?%mej&, mil* 3 r r La cbzm o f
llflliagrr deiqa~tmmt,I bad sac a- te1149w WB*&W ria m,
sad thLasr bpa tt, Dra tap dsrw. Orircka#,as t i b e urn wrrppd oruttxmm rurc w x Z v h g rt Chrix B..thttm wLLZ\OUt myehhg iP am, m reuWhw
else ia tbtm t h e h 8 3 . i ~ a ata tkl, se &it
b a a w ~giu~srrnteh.t a@* ma a w l f a t ebitqp i r ~ nthe sterr, Cbi o-N., $ s n d a g t tb.t X u~ a
ex-o&et:, Quy tl~~h;trallyror.pmttd u. 80 thay
aaE1a.d pa h, ebe h # r e&taat%ve and t;b8 m e -
i n e m k t : rad tha peaera1 wnager rad f, rr a1X &d
a 1- r - ~ t t m .bare it. Iha-lly &L vu
wpcmd it d b t a l y to Hz. Bl-, .ad ?a* crrl2.g
ttm pel%ee~ ~ l i . s l ~ $ m aaPld ah@afisaaf e i p d 5 w a d
polis. drtaatiweo. *ad ha get a l l s f them LpOB
h%*o f i i o s , md mpxaiaed Q whole .&hut* eu
ebn, waq%hLng f bd mid hia, md had m esplafa
tt ta am!&*'$hey sa1cl.rl.d ehr eve drtwtirclr* Zmu
%adRetoon, #itad Phe ekti.eQaf gsll.U+gmm
@we o#?Pitamdrdbm that if t h q bsm#he w h
# B p & Ed bdB me@ ehey had ps~it%wit OL@ahetw5Qcwr-
.a. rlr rckird ttrrrr t e I..va aa alaacr tdrst:.fil ttEIJl
bve ev&bm* agaaaet ma,
B o m a r , I * % L a a d t@ thiak Wit: jbrt
t of J u r r i c c f%llcmrwad rc2a pu, .ab r h p p a ~ r $ ,to run %amhiol ~sarrim&&g 3a.sma.l.
If. raid, nl*sbwzpri.std tiut taac .ad WI- lammn4f
OW@* rtth wdwh d X ~ f 4 , ,%w bid mteh ~p rLth m e a rrwplc o f t i a r a , bat B f d e * ~mce& tn
getttng is taco m alley." Bc mid, UThydl%.Jtuc
845bck enram&," 80 I think It was tk& gCiwX mmazk
13111fw6: *nr trwk. r w oa en crr;mwe aad a ~~ cPp ud a p a p .of
p . i r oe G ~ Q AM$, ad .g * ( v ~ r p%*on- ts, 10a43ae, mad f ~ 9 w ' 3 s r f a 9 ~ UItm IPD f e-d#tamd OID
beok ap tha
wae a EmP&t treLn fn the ~ ~ L d i n p ,and W ilagsm
of rha @ ~ s i $ b t a a ~ i ~ irhr f P y p mia w.idiog,aod
of &M ftt&&tEzatria wu bah%adrh t m k , bade By die
ruit&~*stsad- thore in ghe snav trlD a l m a ~ e aun&?
hFs am. Re om auc ~aa&ngrlang on my &a& d k i w ,
and I hed g h L ~'atfZ0#4 *(iP w i t % . La%$ p#ak csa it, -4
rrhsn he Pfrrt raw m hc t h m e g I ru a bur. r)lp
fime W a g I knsw he &me eat !%ma ~ n & g h i s c ~ a t
w t t h P p i s t o l . Thsn ha held w 1,oatm.tup aru h&s hasd ao hr @cu24? em ro $%E a oh&t st ah,thtnlrkq f
was a bsar, .n$ f hsllarcrd a t hLa, and ha twlfkq!M.t
X mm9t6 bmr* #pa took ate te the admiwe e f
ne inro Craagat: and bit ro o f f C h a g r .
PSZW fraP O v , T b b l i w ' i r d w .Ma1 I.m e
x f ~ o s @o f f *gain i n C.re;cr, aad I . m H ijG r m P ~ ~ ~ p l a PhaJ ha8 aazlaads of $4c f & J T ~ . tor rb..p
eana &a &era, a d the rmehlsts wnr'Sd e a u i a t a * ~ n r
md pat wm&ody t o help thm .co%cadSt, go f w e d
o few h o u n aaeh thy on t h a ~ U r a r bet- ek.m ia
Gorrdr rt o o u p l ~of day@, I Pranr t a BVUZ~%-. X vast
t h r o y b on rbe Worlond LWPitsd, md itq@o e t &mt
~ Q ' I C C ~d.&, %e &?f&US W B r b U S # b9 &
bh~t: forty a&¶.es, X t w m a t a l l ~ ~ z T , w & P ~ ,
f ~ ~ ~ k e b sh-ltb$a l l day kp E v M ~ ~ D ~ , MWW,
and ma& thsm at four d431Um, 2343 mmt &y Z #(u
around t o m trygng t o f Pnd a kSrad .f B ~ B P & ~s ~ wdt, t
f i n d m p t h i n g . By tha t tll~ce=st of a e mcpr hJ br*a
elstred where people wantad i t ~larrad. Se Z betW
PE 8-p dvrta+ OWE mcwe a2gkt B L Z ~them & ~ & W Qa8MIL Bey oa o fratght tram md ge Lntb
aight a group cpf udi rraapo were slrupinp Ln
pmmrhauw, We mgtnear would allow t&e t n a p o t c
pl-. t o vr hilwa .bout fus IdL.r, .altha
stopped rta~fa tinb pa&ma utta f.r a Ere!l,$h12
t n i m f o taaa .&Bag* . a d *r 43-t fB. *%*t maia
mad rodEo t*tt4) o$&n*
X as* mothex 7- h l l m *PQ, a d V. mt out of Ogda on fh. hud clad eL a paw- trata.
11glliagr~ We 3u.r brrlr pt a e r c ~Salt inlu, On &% u t h n
r i b rrf dm idtr, aihm it'. a wry arLd #pat, a big
..lt p ~ r h*r:%@ rb.oluee%y aoQW cra it, *r p t
dimk.d, a14 than ru no*&- -*. l?hnr trr r -tan W ,loaa a 29etXe &a& umhxma& tt;. ¶!he
~kMtrmar W i l t aug o f rtagh i.mx&, iusd 'Kim apaeaa
~ & & U ~ M L D a ~ th e h w DL t w h d#he Msdb = o; ksiolig WUQ,And &em wata aa U t t h q t ~ ; - e4s &e
shiibk ma& out aL @ Itrere pmdesr am. WI p r in
4ib sbriae'br and ~cwadwma wad mid buflt a d t ~ t 9 . We
h.d gotten &me fur* &bmedayu$ght* we e*t.d La
$at rcmathf,mg t ; ~ d mt j ~PLImixld bO:h w. Tbexr was roilrwd u r ~ t Z s n$sag thu.. a l l
l#&~L-ar, UMue aLgbr of Pa4 OBI #bzmamwho
rru Japnrw. Tb. trsremm eorrlba't rPrd
ae$Ehct oartd aap o f thr 8kmtaams. I m ~ m b 1 7
uUrd tho ~ ~ S Q Mhlio a*, a bm-3, o f tLm
.nd littXe t..,rrnd rc e l d a a r crrm art .si
put tihe r l o e oa8 tea: irn, t b m tap &e I)%w;Q,
We get ehc rise half ~&8rjt md the ~r€&&*C ~ a h
ttharc w m m opsa boxoar. Ihi.rroo a he&gbt,
-4 a s ?!ma1 AreL&k t h y hDvo oara ep.ow#r fm
loaal Q t i v e r i e ~ ,and a t ~ M F J ~ El# 'bdcammatat&-
hr. to pat off wbateper padcages go o f f d pLdr up
~~ t h a ~ ahs C;a bc; t a w &ear&, 1$@ &hmhe had as h b 37~1% EGPZhh. PxPaw #ld -1-
fml@t there Ot'i b 2 : 0 ~ % % ] L P , *#& g@eb & 3
#.XI$, and hs g&Mus raeh n -1 t w e t . The
m$lraad mm s.t t h a t t%aa fn Lbat amunm r l d W
w?mt they ea1'Lad p i c b o c b , a bodc o f b W a t a 10
a~gcmY d eat tip aap eating. hwae at-8 tb. r a i l -
e d . Se we get a meal en @ells,a d &en irr vca\t
t h m g h to &f,ko. Than the other i b l X a v ? I o#b Oa:th,
be get a Jnb iaedtng sheep out c f &&a, .a b.vrat
ta work and 2 w e s t on by myself,
I grot di.eched off tha parsseqptt train h Qwlk,
B F X l i q a c .nd %besat-$ 6 . ~ . c ~ i a murd k.Ft~h.m
ro efF it€^ Wrirrt. 1 to strl in C.zlin tbr
#?wmr*lhalo:*, bt.a*-, batun f kirpmd
oat a w y of ?make* ttut R ? a & L W un. -;kxy f
E q p z d cat a o f Q%m$ tt. 8. WmLd *€ O th.
~ r . i n & r t b r & p o t m d t . t a a a Q . f P n r b . b i s b t b r
~ . r ~ d $ ' ~ a r i t u ~ ~ u h . 6 . n J .
Lb. maia @@te gelat ek#mm ar dlu .e
kmz, hag$fcq a f t + beamma br t-xw? if br aeq@
lt at, b I e#wI. Z 'IP.d Oia .Ch. timsba wbm iL
m a g* &@Due m i s t p i 2 n r or €94- d W & m ttaxe,
.aa it Y.l .li~tt. 610##011., b e I VU ymtitg lid
.cci*r -4 pmtw rCray at Zh. eL., ro Z B&(htc
Mwe etm mu& t r d l a ,
Thca I m e m t b r w M t f U Mamrnb and oan
into R-, X gee Lnta t k m a d X U&*C hve m y
amw#y, .r, I (pt out m the .fme md #lMw- i a
38lbPlbqp r 7U, 80 X geg Il u l far nrra bit*. Tau
amla g a t a p~etw8 4 1111 ior tlro b i e ~ia
dayt, SamXrpas b & i q p m m B , a d t wraud!
tB. utir- illen$*Ldr r p i * ~ & ~ ~ U O g lma& *mB tbsy &3 r 584 rtrQc pkew gama. Se I gat %at@ t%r
P i b r d r ~ ~ a r ~ , ~ Z r r c l q S 9 d c r p ~ o ~ b U . r
aria P &IIf, *an f ts01hd la, sot ma of tb.
r b d pb-dt pok- p+rtlsally a11 PrLf@e t l ~ma rbr d,BB x a~ez:at?EZQSl rrrelu w ib. rdng hauo Jhme fh. x d a m d rra
uwd to 8-y and gut a rmm uatll th.nat nigh%
m d rlept rn d.jlsnd gp&up Ulrt rsccaiag .nl wmt Mek mmr tt@
aa&het ya+, I had a dalhr tihe Use. I( ge& SR
r b dc1t.r 3-k .nd I th.f to .bwt as* I rwyd owr m9tAmr &y, g o t into .oatbuo: $am,
and r.a that )S up ro .bout #?0, a d i( ru dew
p t e t ~g d . I ?h*r iit elm gat 68tmgh rarer
to f.re & mires urd h.4 $tBO opar, l?d wie
o phae tbara a@'llad p z d t
s a u * n I b d w m t h a $ M . b r l Z u t a a r o i ( 3 r r r
speasleb ~IXIQYJI d & m e t k!%a% ?MU¶ bwm tn &I
brfom, .ad w $at: taro a-mamd PeLar
gaM! b&'t#*LIrE:& *f. $0 L c-3.e @tt l a r ol,
ap~2nltMa brr b w b a g a &fd,m d Chvf iavitd me.
urd va get up 4qyIin.t kkm ha=, i r f € ? k ~ *f brd
r o ~ e m lQslaL. oad t3tm re ~ t . c t . a pdmz gas, kut I $at t o ipl&y&* pob* r* a tikwikm =&'tor by Chrra, and S w a d ap at P & ~ & * zb e . f pl
dfrprutd wLtb r ~ y ) i l fios laatfag aft q pgley, a@
P cleofaad t o g@ to Sm m8w1sho myar*
FbP Otr~rlsDdU d t d oorc ~ ~ t v U @ lMsta jmt
@Pear &W&ht, So I o-f %he ~ d k ,.ad I
P p'1SCS Bd O o p @I ID^ *aLfwr rdvrnelm o i l twdk *a
I cctald oXsap up w e , r-t n r x e tze Jhst -11
bu ctl h.a,*=fie thop pen2 t h o t l Qte th. etl
-I&* 7~ 'hm;Ma Lti &mt ~f thiOr baMulQR PP
md ti38 aybr cub, it'& n i a .ad wum, 'Ck 0 1 y
Z just b y mtLt1 a d got otrt a f EolPu, md t& a a r
tkar I #~)hup, it vlu jttrt r Little W M Z I brfers m
f@tmwwwellc,
m tihe wabp t 4 R o e d l b &ts e m b amdtjrewz
spotted ae rmd u a d a pistol a t oc, W X brl Lo
dodge eho ro%lma4!p u ~ sf~ psl&@m ~and fbc ~ h h f ~
&n b s e ~ i l ; b s .60 that riterncroa I get orsh ~f lb#vilb
and went: tfj S e n a m m m & ~ Whm f gp% b t e €brmwnto --
I, rhm$ht, '$Lt m y of rh. owoedah.nd rmnu a n opa,
f get tm or fLf+.m ern+. fa c k b b w e p m r . "
90 f walked mar of t b r l h y wlt* tM#&Lag i t 9
my hand, wadetS,a$ *ether I ' d 3tn4 any sm-d
stage f Q #I pZWEy h35Qb tha X
hat& te fkrtw L t mimy, i d ? I c-lA get car o t f i W a
olslltr foi it. Vh.a I ~ 1 L s dool of thr alley oa
be HV me Yi& &La b ~ xupmer i a xip hwa and h.caw
wag .sld pu$ m mdrr a r r c ~ t.ad ta& r t o Pho pel-
tstatioo .Idcharged m e *LQ W g w . X t .ppurd
tbrrs ghat a burglaq h$b.n. s d t t d ia khe aart
b3Laer% %a Phrs a I f q , w e the bXmk &e 'L emate *F(PU@
betwnn TUha M$ Ptmttn, but the bL04~irtrmwemn
P$~uoebrab F g f e , whisk Z BaQ aca+r g@ttrrxbed,
Th. *apart C D f Ch. bpsrglazy u. fht a .ilm matoh
had b.0 stelm. Wall, t h y diln't find %nrailvex
wag& in my peaae~aioamd them ww no r * i h a Eh*
Z had bwa in e e aIlry when eh.hzgbary hd beem
e&~trdl, and *a the p o l b e Bfma&saal r;be &we o0
bunrglaxy . a d held r on the Bhuy of br-
glrr'r coolr, oenrid.rlry Lhig boa qmmr as a jbmy.
se a ~ herd u .latlp lmtil ths aarf W ~ W .
the arrr . ~ t a & n gthey kook r to eoort -4 the jedga
gave lu a a h m t m t h d CImimt mat ~f 1Eaeransta.
'Pha~fs, he e d e m d me our; OZ tmm md m e me r
.irr aooch.' *u.muunt4mtBe oa t& someLbemtfem
t%ghtiagwich o paUeaun. Ba u ta pWk op
a Ilaos.ee-lad! b t n b z h k , ~ ~ ~ p p e dtrg 3xi a p i a s 4
brown papet bs h ~ dl e f t hn a Jlpaatsr L * J ~ ~ * ,QDd
r e d it a@s o f b b in Wiohfts, ?cetmae+ Il.11,
1 got the bwk dt& I fouad aut Lt oanmllaa ol
rff!%d.w%ta r u t i n g thnt the p % r m a m y - 3 + ~fh.
wns deaf utd dm& r o a rentlt af typiwid fmr -4
was m hLa way to Berkslay, CP1Ffomia, *h.m he hoped
t o go to a scbool f b x m ~ t l u , a n d t h p bh e m s t m w to work b i r way r e and through thir rchool, .dl th.t he
would B@ trew gtseefiE %orm y aoarrfbarisal ebrrt anybodp w m l d etlre t o makc. fn ather m*, tt. wrr
what tho beggers call a brglbhg l&eeas*. Z t w u r r r r l y
an gffT&vif @w~"1rnt a IIePera ino%&rypublic+ This
0 t l l i n y : tell- b.d been on it.
hi.l fmx It.. Tr: Nud t e be #a p n t t y geed @-be!
af it, I crrll*$patb pmtty d i f * % . Z t td b c s , mad
I get LB%B Lka haasd~)oo,Iwtkmd ie .Id
p n r a r r t d du booL tc b.tb.r 4 ~ X l i l g l ia d thf
f-a an rtp dLB a errr b t ~ a t r n3.21 am nar(t a*t I maihd the bbdk back LO Wtrhitw, IluPur;.
8. forgot, X gpms, t h e th. u~mcarmmuhll of
toole. S tar- mtr asid gae aakafe fue* er ghe arrlhm#
warn eolrtbg sff tihe Lisw of Cks iR&p,
H a w did bagat y w tber~La tbc firrt plmd
r k
rarily Rlwri.1 he .mid get a run, .ad 80 our fanua
a wwk, & e w dhW4 tlwrr Z M& st emmp141e1 hmm-aterf of mmprsrtLin8 i n rterexewm, kbe Ghief ~ ~ ~
LWd sly srrrtkod s f doing 2t, so hr warntad am e t ~rh&p
wieh bta aa ~ d s ; b 8 ~ ~ Q I i i O f crsurra at:r ; t o r & e t ,
e b t tiw they paid aa a n p i w s m a t o m t k ~ p . r$35 a
ma. The e h h f wgtneex B i d d19Cer tam $45, try-
t o get u to &kipoiYI bkr, but Z t o l d h k I couldn't
wb up my mlfad t o go t o uo, 6o I eraaped t t c r r t h
S t b l W s m after ha bl+Zkdgte &aa
l
4P- tb.t f uaa ma* of we& fc* r p*W,d
tha, 1 b.1Lmm it was is Hay, th.r r r m i d B L L * m e 4 i b i t u
wan%en $t:rUta agrrisoort cane ug ~tem!tLXfila w f r ,
&38t ( ~ fLk.m- b g ~ P MV@mitll)+ tht ooorb?aed re at* lesx Mlm tPr, a3qy wma
rtrr * ~ S I ymwy, *a mymas u$mwy, t2u €kalka
-ey, 8d car. ~~,r Qa't x%Dmllnar jurt that tam. Z$B autmmbUe ~ ~ OF~C]C:(IIba? *t w
tiw &err ei -IS 68 ef the -data' I W ~ l l h *
.aliol bw&p 68 C I ~ etL*r prgr*8r&vumgd i l o h
had bees in th. ttniorr Ear r m y J . P ~ . . I hd
w*.a wLtb them vpap Fh€#8boPffs4B* d w m e d
d o d y f~ p into ars s t tho .tmmk & O ~ Ito fiad
wat wlm the wmia%an~ d d a d e t am e tihat we- m&%mg
in thm, #k5& me8 wcl#r d % a i r t r.rrd *toh pnr
f u a t fgcmwo:~,.ad rdrs tha pimple w1pe wage
IILllhqpr briz@ag tkdr mza %a far mpdk. Q 0wme m had
vfth Tor Mwmw b . o a u r ha BKM & -em, 3e.a W.
far the ansre wmuicptioa of q p.nm d b w u
'barrrrur an that awt T o r l4wwp r~ b L 1 * p ( 8 met- d or 20-0 -1-had I$@ of Q. h&td
I)Lll&wge: Ile. It *eo m a 5.hrrb.y, h.%&Wt ~ I ~ m ~ M a q r u
Vhe p r m d w Tkw#&y, I hod h*d r TictSa ka4wtaaT
.csid.nt ead had wttan oaso p l a o u caf m t n l ral
piwse of t s & o m h in my eye wkgtb m t w ma tb.
grhderg m d on ~ r r d ~ ~ yI u ~ l rWkm t o tb. deotmt
a d hL&y I Bub ta 80 to t h e 8oetcrr asah, a d ithay
h.d a patch ~tsmmy cgu rad pat
e~raa d 86243 ~o rs+ap $a a &kxk rmm So a41 tlag
Prtdey, ~nlmr&rg,%ad$urad%f, I wrs aE hama %a
Bk1liag.t ggoi,s;g ao &#tmpt a etr4.ki~wz tht 14th,
4 % ~ Z cam bwk BQ @leaB J U ' W W ~ O S B : ,f t ~ ~akmtl
mmdy Lo O ~ Ub.dk w j m y . Bad a @haL4t& Tor
rtmmpocrd ro p o l l a atmntcur rwSL4 a* tb. oomes
of mfaa esa m*t S~NI.~. A49tmrca2rrg Oo dol p l u
1L11Liy.r 'Eb.rpZ.9 uu far Ehr am~~mefnaa d ecm&wlon
i t -8 pwatbta for t h e m M hwr rb. j a m a d wt nrftkC3 l o Q $ .$&a. -h:: m i a*~ 1 ~ 8 i ~
k e t t h 8 t h e p s b f l y hawk up, ars &at Itn slr&r to
billfngsr aova Che ocir, fhs emtibeta: waul$ MI t 4 a l W on
tap of Pbr scr2 EOB pllll 'trolley pale ao*n rad
pug ar: wim an8 W W I ~ a2m b ~ t ~t~ gat .s:k
rope w z t o f thQ zml box mi tiha af tzbe -r sad
tic i t t o h b belt while hr b l i t @ ~ . dup on tap at t i A s
oar .ad Phm t h the repa t08rChrr agt%nr all. sf rhi&
weald cake ao~ai&rieZ,Let h . we &?Q~;P&a t L t
m 3 . d continue t%e tsaffic j a m lm imaq& t o get Q
few men f~gatbor21a &C&niearLy oreom r r t r f i a , Xr:
d t d d c work, a8 I mid, baowsa of tb. prepamtima
o.& by the casp&nr. So thr s t t a & t a z a t r i l u f b l l
thraugk.
~ t s l :$kt, I was F L O ~g ~ ~ t t c u ~ ~ r ~ p
for awhile,
CSiU: P m Woonay was o ~ l i h .P w d i d the ~ u l ~ z rfeel
about bir sqp6%&cqg &as+ @%herpeople9
BillLnga: lor, had been a rncaldot for u a y yare. fn a11 trade
Wan8 at &at tian, a d it's w ~ t sor S r r trur i n r
sfeat m m y unksnr rpe the preeemt the, any psrstm Prtzo
had uorkd a t the trade for a number o f y u t o and b
B:*, Wral judge bare Jtn the porst offtee net
doer. Riga a t i l l ( ~ a - b g a orrl of the Hmld.n
Vntolr, He tiam4t ebrc &widea f a mmldesd
d l h ~ gi z a b h ~f f i f e p a v e , X tht.nk, But: st;911
e a z r t ~ aa aar&
@91bt Wmey warn*t vsrkiag a t ehe %fmaldersF trade a t
tb$# t3.n?
B i L L i q r : Po. He hadn't b a a W O Y ~ & ~ Jrr a wuldn. Ma had
gottm aatld: 0%work s d ~ ~ ~ e t b ab e f m rZUD%j mid h r P a l g
the p e r i d Cbat km was ouC 09 w6&, he had g s t t m
hatereatad bn szpnta1.w Btreemar ram, be had
rpplld t c tbr ti~reaeearoperrtorr* t d m , 1 brwt
the maam sf f t nw, Ear e t e h t t a l s rae an stgmieer,
aab he roo* gdvm evedentiabu a0 an or$tala;er by
intemaat&on&% p r e a i b e o f the stmstefix wntm, Re
l k l l i a y t Well, th. .trike, r~fomma., E l m quer6Llolr of a a t r i b
tb amn bad ~ r r o t d*he rtri.kie, ? b y lPrd faildl tkr
r e r i h a+ that t h e pzt.mipallXy b e u u u !fa*.o w -
a i u e l o l r rru not r d i d mm@. ticr didELWth.VO meugh
apsn opcgamlsed t o really c%uhea ~tzike, IEzr fa*;,
hnn t@ hay8 W b j @ t % C ~0 f q l 0 ~ c Ulhd %I3
arrder te 0,~+mr3Xy$tart an I ~ E ~ C L C ~ % W + ~BZTIJU.
35% : W h a t perarrrt bid ha get$
I i l 2 l i q s t 1 nwese hew ilbsw~:the d e t a i l s ef hie ~ r w d -
foot of IIhwaPQ Itreme+ or i)daam 8tmae-e. ar r o u m
w b m , Qa *ieh t h i q hard a '4f)B . t r i k a w # ,
u t i l 8edbg ihi1l.a a b o b Sn r2u bottcn o t th.
eaurre B b t k Jock J~rumewas alwayrl e f Chs
p r t a Q i p 1 mem ag the e f r ~ k ~ b s t d c e ' rtibe, L%ke &a
FWcezttnm &may. always id +bclr #pima in th. rmlslu
d b n r rh.t th. wagon. mn &ins. Their $pi- were gemraL1y the prawrerrtiwr q p a L s that cmmdl m a t oe
t b u b e e y e that w a dona. Wkr~ma it -met dDar by
t b a a pr.r%watmdetaetLvab thmwaLv1611,Ft 1~46at 311811~~
maggastad by them. ARB that waa of smue no nw
thislg, .ad it'. rtLll not mtirulp aa e'ld *&q,
~ O O . U M X blRN a pi.Oe hare hi trP. vJaborstvi.f WO*,
the J[.tP,W. gapat, oihtet~i . e tihe ir-e of Febmery 18dn,
~ ~ t v i a l ~ & a ~ ~ ~ tths caupmy h t b t e h p h t m a
st;*@ axow34 P e r t l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t k , 8n &a+%d)aOki~. fn AesrZro$a
brought by the ampany, two privatb d . ~ a e t i * ~mmr
~rbampany i n a t m e t e d thea t8 8eE r i d t ~ fehe rtrtb
leaders, prefcrabzy se r r ee make Lt Beam Like &a
@euldeaL, zunntng ows t h m er femtmg &etz adir off
hmd2, tbome jab#, and !tbt the asarpirap had p~ast%oed
ewe tt tby wt ia w m ~ c ,rtuair r a r ~ d
c.lerioa5; a%@ha w@aa;etimrr s f t'iis 1Msmlumte,
M&SU#Wt#33l?*tr8 Wtd -10-rrs A S l ~ U t g m *IH g,
a# we w a d t o call it; .ad ortgaa5tmfiocn I*+ &at:
oeapptsg #e nemmtw~w&&z+ fosr $+elmh g ~a e
b k r l , kt r a r t b m a it d&4 p w w a a f (h. ad^ hrcn
g a t t & q Late tlm bh,m d ematbmz6r i c dtd
wit* a Lietle b i t o f csmsblo. Bilb: ~d th. a p p m of yew b h g ir?
3illLn.g~r Th.~ 5 0 ni u e lt had abm~lutelram hm?Xa&jgesf Jbn
w e ook0:e or a t #e weset &* or when Yb Vfl+ geisrs;
to appear or an).thiry also. B o m e t i s u . o a a c t the
Mlliafrt i)rr eM or tuo cwauiau, X rant vL11eh# n.t.oantr
(bring &lr pdtr%d, hbG. OZ oarrr., I h d b.a -r for a h mth. during th. ti- rht 1 rc.. i m Dls*rr.
Omally I -rely aetmdeb a ~ s s ~ b s s ramaan4 pr-r
O i l % : B a r a d roo aad y w r frimdr fmL .Bout Lh. *rr in
Etaraps?
Billtngrr Wall, we were a l l ptogrr~s%ve-md.a&dpeaple, 4 p p ~ d
m Eha 0th.r. Of mmmsa, thrre vmm quite a m d w
of! !Rammar awmg th. 0:Wroala; thee w m ipim a
fw &SFPP~[~ ~ Z ~ P Z ' & & B ~ Oh h ?h%td -8s%Begl$
a 3!mmb#g hem 3a JISlaei.co. f&*, r 4%mn't doobt but what oi? them 6.aua p ~ o t ~ 9 0 % * . .
?!el% -Xp aboul: +he war t m Eum @ad t 3 i ~ ~ e
that Oma&zrg ur betsg badly aaiatrea+ed by Eha Viai8rd
Otrtarw wo&g a m and aaaaaittaa t o th.AX1L.r.
But v* didntt to feel that way puxtiar%azly
a h t b e ; Q&sw a ~e&t S t WUSI mmtly unfair fox
?&e W i W B t z a t ; ~to uxLsrapreraat teaelf orr bahgI d >
natal while a t the ...a tk. it mu r t f v e l y p.rti*
eipatiag l a tiha #r Bp m p p l y i r y axma -4
t o the AXItelc.
amytbtag a b ~ tit, A l l I had tB Bo wail I ~ ; B
$a ineo betmesa there and be o g d eitimm of
iilliagsr p r h d L r y chat t ~ o u 2 dbe hLs stool pigaoa .ad
twtify r $ r L a t Tom Naaray ia ord.r t o p e r$a (5.OOO.
R m m , I had a l i t r l e .apcri.ace wlrh police
ma vstb w~plao i m ~ t ~ a type, z ~scnr that chrir pronlsws dLdnWr omcsst t o auh. h e y
p e o ~ t a apolt $1,060 Md ero L t that pu don't get
fr. ~f wms @S,(Hlb +o ba ha4 m~pppher;r,Blluraw
wmld ham hia aitrs a, it: he wa..a*t g3i,vbg it t a
~ ~ ~ P Q Q I B ~ I ramset a t a11else it he emld Belp it.
Latareclted in hnaroa'r prw%$esor h i s oftar, . a d
t ~ l dhtm Lslr tp%u~tah n n l l y , and ED^& hSa, tkrt L ha
that be w m twsg to fnar, Tim Mooney .ad t o l d
hLa thac X w o u l b n 9 t brvt mytlniag to do &*k it, Pad
fb*r I w o a l b t t help h h ia ang. -7.
T13tm Z eeart: s message ta Tam Humey by a fe2Um
the f.W,l, h e n &a $mi P m n o Z ~ ~u tba ttm~,md ~QLI
?&mqt U t I n n r c d t o sate hSm, md he srnr back
told mi and a h a aa1: f tax4 $wanma. Them we d&reuca+ed
that f should p almg 6th Bullwm .dmake k U m
it, and r e l t bar w a n had . e a p 1 ~ p aw *Q b . 1 ~
p k m , tkaght it war kdml s f daqp~mm,partim2bxly
OQF m; 4mril hh tried ts mlk srrs @at o f tk C b a , m d
wr diwtuaad L t ta mime length red f h l l y b e 2 6 4
Bur n $bagtat rtur ICd lOoZen had a row* ImIthatbd
way o f lookins a* *%am rail b.4 l o m a a q e ~ h m e . ~ ~rm8
in&-ti- 8b~taC:8k-g~ paexally tt?mn wr did, .lul
t b a t b wmldprob.b%yggirssmab.t&mt i & a , o r a t
lust T a wu in haper W !id aould k .blr ta, t.Xk
r sut of the idea of try&ag La f n r s Swaa;bes
B w m M a kr- P a RO-r
60 oIri;yWay, 9m sot ablarf Ed Bel;an t h r o $~e!Q&ag,
a d tw *a! arattm? up opirtr hLa, w i * *a mMmlt t b t Ed dtd r n ~ ~t a tallhag me mat arf el%#!phm,
a d clr ibaiava &a g * a i t trp*
f h d m qpm&atmnt te mmt Wanrcm wjla the
next day, and Z &dl m t Bh, md wafazr I met h b t b
next b y I t b t 'car Jhan I' %oldh k oif and geld h h
that L mmld have nath2ag t o & 6p;k kt8 plan,
O%l9 t (k, JBIl dl&) t U11 hba th%aa. i L r t t tiPI.
BlXling~t 3 dichr't t a l l hia that tha firrt the, w .
@%I&r Isipi tb9u&it BBwO 18-
Yeah, The f i r s t r j r r j t talkad ts him artd %st him tell ac W r hr w m t a 8 , m d I t o l d hia tht 1%
haw t a thlak i t wer or eamatkhg 2 $ b Ehat, mt:
I'd 1.e h k 'kao*, .nd ho tald u La P.lt h L thr
&at &y. $a Sw rhat m m n t b 3i c m m c t d T m H e m m y
arad Zd S k s t m . T b rt(3#2 day f UWE: Swm1~3ad ZQZd
h k what I @wt@tt ot hfa. Aad tibat u e thr cIU
that Wmndlcm #be& hie f2et tm&ar 80- and tmZd me
mr he wmld get: ~ s r slrfaeftsfrm d -la we am heo. me:w r on $Em 19th sf hrgP, 1916, t b m days bagem
tb.b0.b a3cplod.d.
Tbrcbo dsya l a t a r , *$mi he bomb . x p l o d d , none
of aro the sw~ma&~lt,none ei us wha hold been
in $he trade =fan, had any &&a whar the ~~pb114zl
was &PI n%wu9,
Hedl you attea&& t'he meeting thB8 pretested thr
Jisq3aamhftrr$ M y Parade?
Yea, P hold aetererbd the -t%ag ~ l r nThursday nighe,
people uha were elwiaya the 1rud.a i n eba opendop
Billisgo: rrov-e* Jats w. LLZieat&e%w u sn &?lportrot
psrrcRuee ia tho para&, sod T b r n w a Z l XuhZly wrr
a Ieubz at! ths p a r d , and rtrora people were a11
at Ebe Baa%of +ha qmn-#bop raawmmt %nt?+mFtamef#ocr.
Thaw* no doubt abmt: Lt; &at i t ~rrrsan apm-chep
prrd., r;krt k t was baaed by *I1 the ~ g * o - ~ b p
caaplore~s, T h t w u one of the zammr ohy ~ty.i.ad
rrBor wwufd ham nochisig to do r i c h it* Of a c w r - ,
ctrgmised labor had Bar some tkw ~ E W I C ~ U Qte tW1
opporoQ thr -try cf tht [InitdBUW inta @hewar.
An$ tar t o the pamds, f3my dUBnPt p.lrtioipaet &n fbr
porads Lad didn't b v a mmhg t o Q w f t b i + t &a
& e t a t11q wen &ie&
go llad rec the para*. And h e y figurrd, Z
&at by that, ih.t t h e y -Id d i s a m ~ d g etb%
opposing Porees frm ho1.d- t:bw kind of p&ndcs
and whipping up the mat a p i ~ i t ,
Of oburse, it dlda't WM%, The vPr s p i ~ f t
~ o n t t n a e dPa gat: wkQped up frtm a r l y in jrtae on
mtil the m$rsd $ U t e & finably get i s t o the m u
B r l I ~ ta 1Lttl.a later, I b l h e 80 WM &La. 1917.
~ h tWk c s t m h n t t d f l e 8 -X)@ %fZt&g B?#laT-#Be
and m n .old rithia the peat, r t i l l m b t th.w e e -
reot, @athat *an thC p t b t IW d.S%rqmQ,, the orrnrr
of the cart #auM W i s L t back ts the v g , d ehe
Billkyr: mmL4 bEP. repasat it ar Lta evn qme.
p h , f b.d w d t m t m r d te awlj piar rmmv.9~te
stbso of s s r h a b m~mwbdllleastt3.P =&r mantract
e k e It #d rrtzamt i% pz4uM!uB,aa 4 9 % ~ ~ T Z ~ W ; I
Sa Z s - r d m w -4 a c3n a% pa&~~.k; r *%or
aytiqi~ebdb, rwl I woald ge Lntet fh mcla'r toa La
ariau .rfmna od f i l l t.ha ryrkrg. bulb oacl ge iaec
th. rtrert .ad ul~pthe Wlb ia my awit p&t ria
q ttuab ever tbc .ad of i t a d %oak a e n aC .sir
a f fmmkab -.pa ar9 atr2$s, wr: X
h a w b.8 been .old VithiA fhr par.
QI UM i # ~ yoi tha p.ruh, Sab r;h.. 524, I WWI.B
mmmy%ngth. . t n e b an $ b n e f P h r i b ogmtlset
street Ertm abemt lamv*m@ms(Zx*f: dknm t o e111)aimt
&V-S, h$a (t@!li@ d % ~ % % a ~ # h b $L j % w y
B L X h & r : b w on Val-b S t m e , .ed I get off th.jihy boo
a t 11th md i k r L . e b ~ # u ath. atraet w r be&- rlmmd
at t&e 4th by tk. p 9 2 h s Zag tbs pasa&, X t : WBQ
omatb r i b , So X crossad umx nmr 1Lt?a B t s e w r t t o
t:bSOIF& ad,& 9je M&s$~rslE;a d w&&ed &ma Maspet:
Strrarae f e &mat Tnyler 8tmt.E. T k a , i f I retka'L1
rl#it, oa e m e r ef Taylor a d &L&n @me,
ttha b X & n M a e Tlzwtxa gawv b, Z Baltawrr @here w&8
sslooa there, X weat ia ~ t ~ r ;Pund r g l u o sf bee=
and f%lX*d ag .yrfnge bulb .ad CBcn ratt *nrL .crd
90oked at a u ~ b l e r . Z &%$ frltd hrs o r tibee
sutcmmbi'lcr tn that atea &ring €?.me:t h e between
R-, re t~ m, mtrt m u , r Uh't hmw rhc it b l m g ~ dLo at 81w tbm: X
b 0 w vbQ BZ. lwbas P a w rU*klt f earad olrt
chrrbjg ng +rial tb.e kt *.r tb. perrosul @yo&e2.n
o f 3P&p PrRpak B. lksma, befan jbsa f ru befal
tr%rd, %S?!S~L uu ia Vctr). h..kth .aa war \ELI&L: cwwa-
smat tadhattaco, X, bad llarwarrg a t m a tbm or mmtbr
t h r th.&Leuoioll ru priao&pally-spMne. lbut
.r oar rate, he u a d t a hawe w se ta hi. ~ C O P C ' I
o t f L a r Par t b a e shots that Ba ww Uk*. A t *e
t h e aka$: I d i . O m d h,~ e k ' . wtawbib, tt
%map e e l 4 la mion S p A l l a y &a b.rdr of Liabar
f%rriWs, orZIWh faew m PsPf SL*east+ Jbdga Wumr
b d E m ~ ~ D faW B WZ h*
f d art Quriag Ehe trial, md Dr. M&b& .ad Jut@*
RPoar were ctp Fe Br. ~ a d c t o ~ k ~ as t N a at t b a t h Z
dia~smerttBt2m mar, X ehesked ebs reg%srcm~BsnoS!
paiar f M Q I oo tam ril* of tt,
s f th Qenuo ctmmL,, w u a bucgn. B.Bad p~rmr%m!a
gi*L ira krrlgqpum and ha bad ~ p w a t a di r a h.r
and ~ l . p setti.(l a diwwlls~, dun h~ w a dm1 %a @hepapa?@a h s t it, a 8 d . b w u
Il*- ta tb. S t , ?rameta Betel, *&ah ru mLp a
blwlr S ~ a aDnion S t p a r a AaLarp .dlO r o a t Attamm.
z a a w a26 f J h B ~ L ~ - ' l d ! $ # g$rsntj*emm fn cb.b.r, m d I h a r d the bmadrvr my, "Well,,ao
I - , Isren,w X m l y a s h that k b i a ~wmr Ursa
klm b r i s k t , $a P tamad #zo the bammtdez a$?@-
tb. Batar wetat mt, rad t mid, RPasdim=, i r chat Wr (84-a laarm that we*- beem mad* about Fn tho
newtpapars thrt l b n a up fn &e St, 8f'mrtatt.a
Ebtt~1.i~And ha rrfd, "ah, hell, no, shat',@eoqge
o.% the ssbm e d I & ? , -8 that wk&Xai ke: \or# rraee1ng
orr thtr daor, & MJLE I P . a 3 . q -- a ,m11, QlllaL.B or Remmgkoa loolttw man, almt-&r ta boil4 .ad
poorty &mass&-- rod hc g . l p ~al- r l h h a &it.- pid.tsd-loetr%q m&te4~.rrad ha laid i t down # ! I t
oa its e i & em the aidnnUI ay-t tBe britIdio(t,
And Taylor: m y & th.t he @peketo sra ard r i d ,
nlWht'r .ru, my Se I t u a a rui-am. If ysp *u~L tB
l a v e it thm~,wbydtmBe ut it rsp .yrirut tlw
bui'lding, whe~e%Lwill be out of the q P * baa ha
walkd away. Sa WM a i t t L e g th.se watt-$ far tb
A n y , tb. C i * i l W l t Vee5mw, and the f p o s e t u k * ~ I I o * a
Waevtatewme, and $bpy &w$is, B a l ammptm*w
d m cf 43m.e Ehre&teb~t%ypnt& ythesed r r w d*.re
P:ABL'Jc~on ths $ i h p o l k waitfag for t:haim: rmcfma of
the parade t=e foaa in st wax^ $great,
A fmgtnm-gut-old boy n a w d 3-1 MOD~tqgaL1,
who vlia oa.of kba d e r a of Ehr &g m c o l l E $roopa,
waa a l s o r&ataQLn~garound there on t h ridewalk. He
had gotten there early aad had be- rtanding thsra
for aisite t h e and waa t L m B and m u l m k h g Z Q ~a
platae ts e i f down, and he acBw Qhie empty rvlitrrare
bare* tk &$#*m cru8 he#- h.l~ % u @ S o s ~ t a mLrw
h.no&w~~~ & . p r l yr a g to h 5 r hou is
$-.awrnwiSbj&1 Jrul wrll
.df e d tha tc r & po6~tt1~1dk~tar~.aftUWim -&ug
thrir ma$iWl .tt5&VkL# ia wch tb.J m i l L.r MLOI
Utb thQr& 1 S & m B * mr -@.&1#1:d k k b ~uirth
m w g r a P i t h s ~ : t & ar;tw, 8 firllmagPtQtt;+tiHllor r r r B B .
a ~ F O I P Ya f wwam,a p t i w & m e % - WIB~ b d
b u n r p m m a rLfh Isu 10.Lth %m Ch r h m o i Wmt
P t r p i a i * M. m L a r r t r i k whra bca b&h
B t l l t B g g ~ t b+m
&me J ; end he ware tke one ewmtmsE Ly expam~d
taw & ~ l t h ' srrta#ammt, but he d i & t & it katca-
t i ~ n a 1 3 y . Hs: merely t o l d s ~ b o d yelse tbf he
b a r d L@w &j:tFthsake thtrs: stat&mmt,&nd it ~ d s r
thrma;h the &bed ~r fourth party that we fi~aatl~r
got f t rsmd t~t*&fedi t dma, and ftnr12y got: t~ b r a
#onroe and her Ibusbmd, and got theit statement rtnd
their a f f t a v i t they had sllrpa h a r d Zsw W i t h m k e
thie a e r t m e m t , t b r he! warr the sne who tbzw t b
b d $ram t%re rmf,
G&lb: 'You th-k be m a ?
B f l l i n p : 80 doubt. ? fee1 qaics mre.
We b d other inbanrrrmtisn that eoul&?t be
a u b s t a n t h t e d @Sther, t o the effle~ztt h a t the CWmibsr
of Cmsmr~aL a w and Order Cmm~%ttecctoad carll.rd fn
Martier Bwmson sad ?%adLnstmcted Waa~rnt : b t they
wanted h h tcs get: rLB a f &a! radfeal lrls~rI(.%aaderrs
fa $an F~amcZscs,and that Swanam had named Tam
Pkxm~bgv, E44wa5d B. Wrslan, myself, Alexander BsrWn,
Ir*naisso War Co\a~llu *he p r i n c i p a l raQLul l a b r
Isadrrc I n S r a h . a e i s o o vhc h d to be dispoaad of.
oo that tba Cbrmber af C-sxcs obrp plan caro8.d
be put % n t ~ 80 bteak wp the =itmaeffect, they ~ m l d
%a%&, to oastJtuef the 'lb81Ld3 snd t o drop i e f i o a a the
roof o f the me-ettmy mlo-cm buildfsgr orrteap%bly
onto oh48 eepty wEteasr tvas %a prewekat ft
froe exploding, . n d that Chea *bey were phnniaig te
to dynamite the parad.. I don8t thirpk chat -7 swbrr
o f the (Tturra;Ber of Ccmmerce, anybody elm, emem S ~ ~ a n e m ,
had say Latestitm of hurting aayonc. They didn't
sntmcr e0 40 the b& aef;fldblllgrdad, BrlXlZ tca%!liht
p e o p l e and injtlre f o r t y emre. That was nst their
LntentSaen, The ezr;lrsilssfan, tn gay q~iaion,was cn-
titely ~ e a i d e a t a 2 . The expPosPsa llrrials catre t o h o t
ggllisrgo; &hatthe b d war o f a p1Lec:le of wrought irm
and pPrts'i rrsztiscidpr, the eertri&es b o h g .32
wlLbte of a rrul-nosed type &at war used i a m
f f t t e d the $OM that f[ -tried, P had a -32ealt8ra
Skieve m d Barbor's gun store that be bad sold f o u r
B512ing;r: men of t k t a paxt:icttlar Bescr&pttea. 1 b t a l p
after ttrs sqalssion, the ammpapexs wee abmtfng t o
Eook f o r t h e IBon rAie put tlher rubtearslo a t Stewart an&
W ~ r % r r t tStreet. kid as X m i d Befare, the &scriptiam
g h e n by Taylor m a of a B-diah o r O1Sozwqgbsa-boek%ng
bdfoi8urt1, arhr, was tall. a d s~rtof hZmd am3 peerly
drtssosd,
The asaae night of tha b& expfoatum ~ ~ Q F Q
w m r p the baek msns of a saloon over in WkX-d
-4 a amap'le of fellmm $st i n t o sr cmressatioa w i t h
k b , m d her war, a eort of wblll-eyed LmkJaa ind;Zcvt&aL,
and rather t t n k a ) t lociking, and he mid raas thiagc
&atst- he kad ta get mt ef *erea be bad to get aways
bwzav~e'he was the man that put the b d a t S t e w a r t
-8 Hafiat: S t r e e t . therare him %lka#re that ks told
th$s t o , w e n t mt t o Looh for ca policeman, But one
w e n t miit way md ~ b 4~ t b rwent the other way to to&
for (B policeam, a d 5&iIs they ap9ge game, the t a l l ,
see&-Eoakiag %ndfvh&aldi~appeared,
the fellow appeared tn tbe baek room 0 % a aaPtxm in
Billingett Bbrtbnd. Be wu@eitEing rt a table f n t ~hi.
beer, aod a caqle of fallcv. amme a l a q and got iato
a cmweroattoa wtth h h . 'tis was a tall, 8mdy*loolsfng,
M~rwlB~hm-look%ng t o&nd&v2durrl,&tadwheal elm$ got
trlk%ngwith h h , he s a i d ha WM cr84 lenn that
put the miteaso a t Stmanst a i d Market. So tbearr
txw f o l l m 'Ehmg@t,well, we'll have t~ $at . h o l d
of the po1iee m d find out if they're 'Looking t o r
$ h b *SIP. $0 do@ f i l ' L o ~ rtwnt -4 8
Uh.n the sop mum, they u r r u t e d thir rra rad
took hlaa to the pol%aeetation, esad ha said, " Y e ,
X pa%%he ~uitcaeeat: 8 t and #P*rat ~~ 8 ~ e e t . ~
they a0ked h i s wbjr be dltd it, mad he #aidl '-31,
he'd pivat M five dollarr t o t &tag it." A d t b r y
miid, Who gave you fkve dallarot Who hi& yorr t a
put th. aultcaea dovnPH &. raid, '@#beRaSrot. 80
&e pe-l%ceIwke8 a t t h i g fe2bw and osid, %21, the
poor guy is nut., ka'r erasy. l q b t b a Kaiser hirad
hiaa t43 p u t t b e ~ u t m e s tthem,*
But t b p held him in ja91 sn the thessry tbat
I)&Iliqgrr thsy'd have t o tar,b h bfot. Eh. o e u t t ic~ra u r a f QV
h e a r b g , t (rums. Tiw erwr nlght, t h e DanZsh Coawl
appasced at psZ&aestrtiorr andl asked if %bey b d
tsZs Zellw, O ~ ~ ~ F U Q S T ,W e b $ wer Fwadowt
prst haw h i r r k lesnrul kaew tbt ttaat us war
~ n d e ~ ~a wm-a, -a r t e ~ t mt:a*mdieh -1
in there d .aid, " a i r ua 5s a b.rrcl; be% not a
eitfsen af *be &92t*d Stater, k a o a etefmm of
Damat*, and X ' r se%rrpoor&bllsfst kfla," Re t=3f2M t e
get the om rrlruaod. But th.police r a t l r h r ' t t e l u s a
h h , Ybq -tad m hear er- sm mmcieirro. F f a r l l y ,
&+ msrzl%~f ace &ole thUg wadt that t h i s Ola Lermm iiacrtly -ten before a em* and emm~ltted
Za t h e %asme arybm,
Hew, n&sdy at t h e erLmt, made any d f z e c t @ma-
clusirsn r* r;a what he was talk.Lag; abut wbn he 8rtfd
the Ealrez bLrsda Ua ZB pat the suftea~rsthere. but
aftnemrd, mulling %tw e r An my mind f o r m y pans,
e- te a c~actlushan. Wane oP the p a v a t & rlestmtives,
&a w * k d so rt+ike $t3~r&sad sa on, none of +,hem
1Flltager .vn u r d t b i r rL@t name. They *rr* almyr b w r a ,
~ m g lmiat, by ~~ menUmt, asUlelLlr DPRI mmp, a t
we called is, a- ~ ~ % G ! E W M B ,and Law $Ir&eh,?aewmre
br had rorLe4 fat rirr ( C e r ~ mopicu, Vea 3opp ard V a n
W % l h . b ef Gesmii.ny, hr tatlrisg &at *qMzEaireP
Lew maltla, Thatts hired him t~ put tba ;subtease
Qi'lib: When you w e n a r n r c d and the tri.1 took pZase, 3's
partrieuhrky bat+matlaQ,&mt mmibeisar of the lab=
mweaeat t~ POUS assI~)taseeand me9 d i d
motP
Qdtbo Ww d i 4 yar hPpp.n t o get M&utt a. m a ~ t o r e c y ?
B l l l h g o : Well, iwla?#uhrtt entered the ease upon the appeal of!
shi.*e azr ah, a d be -'&d rorm pae Hotxmy stwy
*re tbay wmel&*thave tc w o w .laor hfr fag usj
r And that was &z;Ln$ p & d JUOC p r t a t&
* l w d a mqBXoarim* when x *%&a n t S-#sa wm p ~ 8 m h . gto attempt dymidELag ?&a para&, for &&6h
I%etia!pe@+adt@ a& T s a I!bxm%p",o e ma-tbq.
~ L L E O K S ~
3tlb: 3F Enom that tlxdei &tadlpr 0 P t h txjEsa1 are all of m m s ~ d ,
YOU b P @ %mt%@%li8d lpe ~ b t 88*4% I-
p e a t 8 o f tlw ~ r h fthat vlraa't of r.sord.
LZPtngs: Yes. C&m af the pr4utakpal a&peet&af &e trial -- of my trh'i. -- I wibo tr%&fhrots, My t-'b be- rra
with smmbr mad aonsp5~1;ttykasr eisaraaFt =rdar. lol hmrLqg
any h d e a e r 8grin.r ila om tb. dire.% t9wsge o f W P & ~
and Esklhg *hat m1pe rrat go.bag t o be &%Pe t;8
i ~ t i e d pts*or]r pip. CLUE they a-la put tn 4
Q Q L C ~ D F ~ ~ & @ Q P&W&#, . ~ t 0 * & ~ &O w I ~ o . $be
Z q ~ s s : ~uaudtlly my, ,en a eoo~piras]rabzge, ycvl eaa
ehruw ta ~ . b b r y r ~ ! a &btat k&&shtbn#&?ale* xn b e t ,
]I thtnk y m eea wtp& tha kfWxtm sSnk in praety
n?teely trr m a t aimaiipf,xioc!g eaew iLQ ym ~ p p . s k h a
l i e r l a tireo and allfort &tap i%.
A t m y ram: f VPI ch.rgcad d Z h c a u p i r w y
=-it F@mhm,.aa i t uos Chs pLrn of tb pr0-M
te tmtmdwa a l l sf tb e v i h e e @&ak&jta daat r3%
*f tho sisbf.8. that Zagd hem doae &ria$ * m e * Gas 6. B1;lwtxte t%mqm~.y$ t z U a la 1913, &ring the
w&r;@+ePoai: e%riSatn 1916, cflttrhg &a atmuabtLZ+
~ ~ olr&bc oin 1916,dead &rln$$tht culllJly
valtrra' 8tr'Lto La 1916. fa o*bK words, they *rra
tejng CB at%septto prcnra t o the e m r t tht I =a
*a my that a d a11 thi8, and that b a w s a % wa31
t b that dgd 111 tki~,t;bt that am& m ~ F l t y
o f mzd.r. In E m t , D l s t r i o t A t t o n e y F%@kert,drar
l i l l h g a : ha -6. kt. ~ p c ~ i a g p z d a . 8aMzeiw is q y teb;l,
ttu o m t Lh.t be tracld p x w e Ebt io ?&a ymtr 1913,
Teari Htmsq and Z meere8 htlo r msu~ptxaay k f r f
alX thr, L rb. erne* o f &liforai. tb.r Ubsqr
agmm ma: pe2ithalqpiahm, l%et wr+ the akWm
man& a t be rsa& Za ths am*, -8 ia 1b1:dar N%-
etmt9aa*s that #t&emaemt, ha tat8gW ke atfaspt te
p w d m ~a11 o f th, cnr- of u b o w e ia any t*bm
& r r ~ ~ 1 & # ? %t3me had mrnrrml a9 $sa Fmm~ilesomd
vhiaitjr f.M Uw eatb put s f tb. X91l up t o
the 'Iseterr prrt rsf * yea* 191.6, O f ' eman*, after a grate pertion o f UIia
~~e b d h i m ePEamad a d l kul brstsn P12d htfsrca
the ,511'xy 4x4 m p wm, than &he P0wpilm mpmmtw
rc, Wrvall M e R u E t , dbfeetd to tair crideme dad
fio.Lly after oaraida.blc as-t, tb. omrt m1d
tba tlm r;~-oaP]Ce4etmq~tmwy&was i r i a U ~ ~ % b L e ,
Amdl cthrmre sf crm#pfmwy t~ tmmLls wr&r was
d?kdeleed, kt34 war held strg .tz-4 t4um m x a l y
on t b c h q ~s f aaamba, A l l of the mWme* t h r ,
jtdzors zmms doI 'RHI UII f.ar Chat om- #am
ycrt s a t .tr%a eh2s Lrm pa dd &mtm*~rua
mmiaf4 So &#(ruZIyr mt #mmitwy W ~ W Q
had s ~t X P-t, oa the O i a r l l vex+#ItetB B U L I C ~ ~ ,
rpiarrt 86.
thzcrra, w?&h wm r~rpl~s161~3imtmlya€ etif C h e tha ha&
4mpld.d.
#E€uw ck.@fB&wmy?&bkEt*r# e2.iU mt ym wax?@pe@ju&~+nd
a&a&asEHal!bte. Ww't: was @he lPrsata Gasp $hat: ~mmzk'P
Mtltagr riut k ~ l ~ 1IM ptLor ta+ubil.plrm&b. my tri.l,
b a at thc d sf qy tri.1. Yeu ur, firfa8 q t~hl,
%hm%mWQmmxgd!ang ti08 j w ? y 1 01Pmmte P B B O \ Q ~ ~ t;2ee $wry m old dioorslaJ8eara, MbRutf: b b g P $epal#hmn
h l r r a l f . b 1 I obfmE.8 ~a Phis parttsukr 3-r.
a m t t x w mrdo $a, ammy I a I f d L r tm pt~#ihatz myrp.but aftmnn& r *I.# wry mamy f a d , 'Phlr S e * t ~ h ,wkm B8~08#~ ~ E -ef
rhrlr I ) - mas was U ~ ~ B I I Y ef~ W ~ P O L
they rsn&md, m dDIIllid mmy m m biter h.l
p3:ed.wrlsrly tmL*tem tat5:ans t o the Harm abut the earn,
~ l p m ~ s i n $r ovrg sbaq cpiniar amfntC may dsfmb*
rould be a r r e ~ r e d&w CbLa prftioolar tfpc of
e r t n ~ e ~ e f e~t)ree,butBOE amtiww any defmdanta,
it. Rc weald k nrac~amah p+rJtrdkbd .ad cpw118L be
fair .ad d l . one." Ee t&~is;he h cc YUbutwiq up
char e m n , bwrslap q, efu j q , paib.pr, but
B i l l i n g ? oQstnwtLcn that sat i n oos urp at 8004 d u x aftey-
r e d s a, appsst. BcMsner, when he; wmt t o tho epp.olo
dotart, a%&&m%ng+hat va hadbut g ~ t t a ne fair trfot,
&g, &by pa&matdatat WJ h h that ke had sralld that
we hid %to8a f ~ b rW b X .
TO mxsm Max@
2 What aab4tbcsns, whag pfimas Leg f f i ~ r ehad yev
b b at *4t tlim yaw mt to pirif!im?
BiZlingsr 9 t o t3ut tisc f d c d t t h i a . f he& bail aay pareg-
gl;sUx p l a w fw t h e &3t\8't+4k1 W@kLag kt& ae t h C tfw
usarlXy d i d a q e b v c too sxtm~iwp l . a o , w p ~ L ( r l 1 y
is v % w01P eha frlset tkt X had vem ILttle &eatiua,
.'ltbm$b I hod gmdruced &:om prtbtie r l o o l , cf w u r ~ a ,
b* %batWUBO4 1l the 8t&eatgm X l a d * f d%&'t ham
te-hal w ~ w ~ Q Q ~ ,My only Evosik t h C o f
it sfiw euXleer5 a very 8mse-l. m d wazy pmr mapa-
tb",
iil Were y a worrteb abmt ymtr fitar+it?
Billfag.: @a, net patctml4k*'ly*
&debt Ja.t lfvrcl fm?md.J tc Q y .
B i l f i n f y b t 9.81 Ymm$ pemplc at t h e tiw Iohs o r Laa.a1wayal
h d ooafidsnae ia t b . b r abtllry r o dm art am o r i n -
trace taorrov th. ...Q u ehey dad pst.rd.y.
ObXbt Bow b i d you lul about be* bmL %a irolamn ap.LnP
WM it a tezztbly b t t ~ ; ~ ~-awe, os (jid p u
e%p%e* to Br% @UP E t t m y t h e ?
IflrlLRm: W2ma X E9-t w m t back Ee Bolsoar, f f e l t rea~mwbly
.rm tB.t f w u l d h9.a g o d o a p o n r a i t y ef a . . ~ u h g
Juatiae in the mmt fw yun, I &dett bnr my
cmeeptfmi of hew Ztms it rauld W e , but f carldn't
pee *y an llnnacerat a m a h 2 d v t be kqpt Z n
j a i l gar may 1-h of t h e . Of & M a , I: axproted
rbt it waul4 be u few year., but tb.m a few y u r a
t o a smnpotta~hmLea@ sf t h e , X t M tm
yeam 0x two hundemi, Z guess. A l l 13Bgcs~t& oa What
you clmm;L&z a few, But a t any sage, f war rrlmyu
more or laer hopePuX that 1 wm31d arcore my reluuc
W ~ ~ ~ I I Y ,WB I slway. c=Naaot tht I WWM
Bill&n&s; be able Eo umy oa until &bat tL.a.
QOBt fn gmwal, v&lZe pm was@frP p r i ~ t m ~did p a feel
any m s m m t mer the t-e th.t T m ~ o o a v gd ~ ~ ~ i m t t d
*kg rp%tWt;im?
I ) L X l h $ . : Re* no, not that uy. fht Lm'f what h.pp.ned.
Tb. faue of the -rear is t h e wa were r*pu.red,
and I we$ held 3eacrmmuattado S.n Prola-rars, brm r i x
year., 1 m a t t aZ'Lmed t o see aay?mdy mttz.pt m e
at-rnep, Seha C, bawler, and he had t o g+E r rrpiaP
pr~attEropla the B m ~ def Prim Dimwtesro w a r y tbm
h. e%mie* as.. w, m d h.%ma arly .lImQ t o vis%e
am i=Rmmm?$ar, lkrbtg Chrh %%me1 i f 'I:
tridl t o & anything i o amaractioa via the cure,
I -I& be q u i ~ ef i . b l r t o be sorlriq a t ere*.
gurposm with Tanr. Aad Pshtsa f jedrrt went t o tblstmc
T m was a t i l l 3s 1$mFrancisco ia the c-ty j a i l ,
ao that he war s t i Z Z in emtarot w5tB petaplle an *re
auteide, and I m e esepapatsd frog htsr, Ctasswmtly,
1 a2'imd T a t a go ahera and handle &e matter.
M S O R ' 8 $Wl?ORT
EiSb e fRZaaf Paber p w p 1 e ama+eo p r : at47
I.iPTiqan As arear a$ 'L l ~ a nrmmhr, the flfrmt: aae dtat c a m
t o mar arsrslrtaw~~achrallp, was IlZmma&r Biiezkmm,
Eas wme te our aedl%rtsaee, nag hem, h a tn N e w Pdc~:k
C i t y . R e wao rtR M e w Hrsllik a t t b a l&iie of t&m cspleoicm,
Ibeltme. BaB.sqvaatlp, ha aoLioftQa *a& from a21
of the H w Pork nWXa tm&bo wo*er(~ and the 3-h
labor rmiaras: H e w P~r$rand a great mm~yo ? h r mga-
ntsat2oae bcek there, aad f: belhve Ba war tihe fira,t
oae that sohrplly satioited &and. for m e dafen~e.
b wa F T ~ Q ~ . $ G @ ,them -8 & hm@ number of rrerdtasrlo and progressi-8, Wr; they t ~ & 2 ~ ~ r
very ma31frightssed by our tarreat, m d it
t h @ b a f ~ m%WaR they osMo $6 4WT 8afetW~. m@tya d
ewmtuaf Iy, hawaver. The labtar t m & r s r a ~ , o f c(mElwre,
vare against us, preponderantly, rrattl loas a f t e r
lq tz%al.
B%Zb: blda't Azthr BrarLllet -- I rssall talk* t o him f i v e gmrr ago, -8 be etaid he bad slr;sare cmnecttm
at tb.ow& O h t rcood i n the way 0f o r m s r d i.bor
bins anphicy ttw ar. Aomaa%ly,onr aP th. i.lpcltt.at. p+opPa in organfad 1abg.r *a, e m Ootwartl a l%ttL+
bt.r und b.p.n Oo try to bc aollulZILq5 for u# and
who did waose-4 in tmvtnel- o f p i M d hbcr that
the M o v ma15y WI a Zlbox s u e wpao Paul
Sohzze~berg,who WBB Beme-tarrfl.o f the Clsll&foztrah
daaes $e&ragion o f U b s r a t a s the,
CPIB : A t about w b t tim a d he smrt zaulljr taking srr
%atemst?
Bfll4ngs: Lo 1916, I drould ray. L &met r+o.ll B.fiaitaly
the W e as4 f don't kaw. P a l QfSd hC8 work very
gutet'iy slsarag &a uafaci offM.als t;o ~~ ha fie- p+mtlJrw r r s ~k e t t ~ x ~ caendl t o a m he r;a2%& coed
dm1 &out the awe, Ella did U s watk wmbtnrofvaly,
arca &art nane ref us knew aemaaly tdmt h9 war B o i q
anything ig our favor w r i l eoae yd.re later.
@iiSb: h C h e m m t m, dhk& ~ ~ O R Iwere m a t b l p f i 1 7
BilLiaga! Well, I couldn't say r h t any oru pa*&aalrtr rnrioa
was mere ha'Lghs1 t k ~s t b r a . 'RaQ W e d M5ae
Werkerd b q p smtzibutdans at vantgsrse thm&
m d e great matby @&hat oqamirsaliicm d i d tmo. X a
bet, a11 o f the Bfg rmlw~amtri'tmrted 1tbezaIly
to our &fans* a t oarlour E-s,
Q912,: X n San Plrmeises, *%ah LndhribZr mad uaim
rqzeoeamtimr were cansgimwrr by * e i t aha-e
ob sapport?
Billing#: P. 1, MoC.rtbp and Andy Gallagher.
G%lbr F;BE&w&ws ~MLIQ~B.
B&ll%ngr; They weze ~mwspimmefw their &S&E~BI a11 rfgha;,
Of course, peracmally, Z a m %did hold anr grudge
agrerimr any o f tbere peapare bemwr+ of @heiropknlms
tabout the ease, In the mrly &ya, they ware con-
~ d r t a ~ dtbt W42 %WF6 @l<jra d *$Y d$&'t -$ CU
bc ibsatlEied wioith papls weme g u i l t y of t b t d n g
a b d . I dfeksgt:b1,- tkear ra b t t for that. TB *bey
ehought that m y , why, it: t s m a ~ tm bad, b a t F t was
bec24baae th.J didn't taka up arr ibfm04k.
QiSB.: f k;am WuI&ra d i d d ~bee80ae isrart;tve in the
m t L L crnmd 1LpxL1, 1917, a@$ Ch.t even attar
th~tP4.w~t h y me4 m%ym~~i;veeff f ~ a Ba ~ ,oadl S b
l4kwhiaioer vmm ac@dweup t o 1930 sad thtm their
Mppcrr t.tl o f f . Bm do ym aeeoaat ior r t r h 1-k
of aamp2etrr mappert #!rum E ~ I very gtsorpra ghat yeu
d T m & s P ~ s E & ~ ?b d b ~ 4 1 ~
%i%ltngar Bemuss. Ed I q ~ wse a amber of the B&tQkr5aLe@oh
lhisn, the We&-9m.Lar#sprobably be~rufxleaeftve maze
1~areiXy&m any of he other tonicme, amept, sf
emrae, B w Vofk bSbedlr T c i h b 8 It5nPenes tr%reh -.re
ia $he ~ C B P I P ~ ~ ~ Q B L ~of Ehe f$@t ear2iex 1917. The
Mmlderti~Ualm, bekause o f ccrt.in p w p t e in it tub
weve mcwrtiea~e~fPT m ~ m e y ,h&1Q afwf ;ettem it, md
U~%W~%U,T ~ s N m c l yd s h e n f~rtsrdthe
Billtnpr: b.f.src C o a i f t ; . e , in 2917, b e i ~ z af mrlt k, Polwm,
*re ~ R Bonly tbrn, members r r i t8o )Isuldera Man
a r o o ~ t a t e dw I t k tho w e , ma of theapnr 280 Mimmy*i~
brother Jchn, Amtwlly, thy rare juat three i e d i w t h l
Them a-t bes&der his brlothea: wers jut f l s l k m
that hew him and had no partW1.r enmity tw19-r&
him, T b o f f i e h P s of tha untm weme aertag~85iatba
t o T a a ant$ had bee^ a l l &rltty %he t h e Ira ~ R T S
l a e t g e irr e ' b ~ 1 4 e ~ sUaioln, Bewiase ha mlt ea k n m
radliaaf. and rru aoa$idsl.*d a QishclBLng iailurnaa ia
%heuaim. That f e , ha asked qdectkmc fmqurw+%yat
escatfngr &t thay didn't l$k.lt. to anr*.r,
Oilb: y w fM& t h t bbsr b d s 8'Lkghtly & . f g @ m t
sateitpctdes ECWB.~~Z&p a and tmrdrs ymtr ease Ehaa Lr:
bid tuwt~dtWoosq's'l
bfXliR;&rp: They alwajrsr had atn ar;af;irelgrdUPerlsrmt r p p t t a d e towards
m e p e r s c m a l l p tbm they d9d ECIOW$P~DTom, IPmm11 af
the f a a t that although I b d be=% tn the Wet Ccnsctl
during 1925, F. not; too we12 kamm by the a P f k a h l &
B f l X t q a : 06 tzhe Labm
b o w aa knew tht f bd boar %a aat&v%p e r h l k p a a t
in nrmararr .t:r$kw .nB thw didn't emwi&v r the a- type @fp.z- &at they aoruihred T a l!#mmey.
Ia fatst, tb. yearax opiniaa sf T o l La th. ~ B Q PG a n o S l
n a &at Tsrr mar a vLLd-eyed u U u l . They &hit
b.ro Eh.t p.tt3.m'l.r ogiaion of u b.c.m.r f b.vM't
b.ar 8 p . a t y .ag.g.l La eo l u a y raQ%calm i v t t l e r .
I hrda'~bean opmly idratifird w i t h ao many rudtocll
atzt2viti.a~ T m had.
@ i 3 &:
Billings:
You m e ymmger aad l u a %nfiorntirla t th.t C h .
PI., th.tar tme. 3 wmu arty in r;hc Labor Camoil
em 0 *a gmI?iwl,
Gtlb: Do potr thdn9c theg 4:kmg;bt af yma
a t a119
aa rr h b o r par60g
Billings: I think not. The general oftSc2ala o f a e 8-
~ a n e f a e oL . h Cmmcil didn't reaog3ise r u a
labor p e n = a t a l l , b e c 4 ~ u ~ oI really bhut o s w
tn emtact ooi& e m ,
B&Zbt [email protected]@54m; sad ?lea- Leg of &e Wouaemttlt;hs
tjtnra.
Aha cLirLa(t 19'17, tha fhjpfmtw Q O U r t &meed a
m e w trbl tm tbss $~m& WZQwas n~ rrnar
rwauld h the ~mm4tere14,
Them 9n J m r y , 2918, F d e ~ u lMed5atbon
C&.iar r.1u.d it. n p o r t ocl th. mm. Matmop'.
sucutioa was ~ e tfm Auprt 23, 1911. lb hgr-
Coort'r fhml, negative, d.aisica ar appeal uw on
jub 22. 1918, Gwemsz btephck~l8ru o i h t a t for r
long t h e ibapftc ma. p r o t e s t sli&e:- osd h..ibcat
w&l8UZ'&'. %tl~ttl$t h ~ be 6%- a Mw t-1.
Fdasllly be gmmted a etay a% examtfata sad after
re-eleetlon o a u t e d Ho-mey'a ~ a % m o rt o l i f e
3qrts-t.
BilXS.ng~: B& M2aboz, of cmztae, waia t:bffrot m e &at betma
s-etary o f Qur &&me@ e d t t m , aaQ b qta&t. r
job on *he H e w Y e Wor14, where be war W O & ~r r
aa caz%mmP~t)?aBCIIDB~tlthere to &Q Peraacisea Ecr
be reeeretmxy af atrr defesma o d t t e e , That m a ,
BhXb: A d d i d be do r good job tor you?
b f i r i ~ y: Oh yea. O f m r ~ , nab diil a very podl job, he
and tlTm Mixmay had'tlolaa dif~ermttmsof gtin51og a b t
propaganda arnd the acanstructfan a% the pm@Utr 888
so an, but seltlx, ~11i2,d i d a ' ~ 7 8 ~g o d jab.
OPZb: YIoor about Ed Bahn, whQn he toe& a\ftart %ID19177
Ilil1iog.z Well, Ed lbrcla a1.o a d a voey good fob *hila bo
wm aactrretaqr o f t h ~arsrmaittee, afEm lbab 1 i ~ f t . O f
aotrm, be* in j a i l , I didalt ham too atoh qps-
m i t y t o be in on a l l of the ~ p p e n i q p ~of th.
Pltbfmes ~ g i l ~ g g t t t m .
@%kt+: Bid ydzt b o a *oh emtaat Rams #wmsg after isha
~ W L CIMB k~mtte ~ d ~ ta i n ~ 9 2 ~ 7 I : No, not goo smch, bemause tSut:pe~%-ca81 was %m
~ O L S ~ ,B ~ C ~ U WTCM B R ~x a m a w a ~ ~ t at w i - htLtgns m d not bll+mmd t o ~ortrrpond,I dlba't get
h t o very meh ammet w%& aa3 px9an msmec~edrPLlrtf
Lhc l o a Hkwne~Moulders Caslrbttaa.
went t~ tbe Atmz%maFgdta~atfaao f ?Absx wnvcicntk~~
md pretested tm t:ke ~~t3wmtimthat he had stopped
t@ ;s.lMlm On UI way fQ*el mn-e%coil, TiW.ek3 rjes
held An Denver t b r ywir, zlad that b tad bemi ~lefuwd
prmisr2oa ea see me, AEmz thba p r o ~ e o t%w the
heztemn Fwhrareitm of U b ~ z ,the sfdhlshPlr a f ehe
h* B Q ~ % z Q I E % ~ trhtr Omrnorwrote a I s t W r 05
aad aaapbtne%abma Chr matter; and Pt WM wt: m ~ t 1
aft= g W , p3~~bab2y aftex, tlaac facme S D ~ ~ ~ I B
first o Z 1 d tc om+f.ve v i . f t o l ~ , ot&m Eh.e my cirra
lavpet. I think elwt p m W l y i t wla bee %ti 1922
C b t Sobn Hoonep cara~ebmk Srm thie aanveafion,
. prtJbably tktober, ond I thialr i t was axLp '23 vh.n
Bana Homey v i r l t d anc for Lhe fftot the.
The Stmamlrsl
6LXb: Tbf%agymr mr9,y y m r a tn I F ~ l t ~ a a ,t h a t w&.m y m
&&fig pdM ywa: rtw?
Btl1tng.1 lor the iiz'rt six ~lsrtschat I vu) in l?olsoa, I:
w o & d eutE%ng p.imife*mifdhig b1mk.s t o b u i l d
grfrPon or%$&.
and f said X rrss a irhoce~uttvr,and Be eallrrid, ''1911
makt a 6ton-fter m E of y w . Y w SQ t o Ch@
staneyrard m d stay &a%@." Be Pseusd ogder~ego the
oaptaia t o keep me i n ehe s t x ~ w y . r 8 all of my t h .
86 f dZd most: OE ay I- itP ebe stgntityard, P: dtd
get out r a t m e perlod gxnd anmk oven: to the seaad g m g
and worked there fvr awhile and %hen got shiftm! back
BilXtngs: capbhla, When t w i m bmk Sn 5917, 3, 9, Wtb
ordex~doe pa* &a LR elm rttmqmxd md i r e w l
o t h s o foe me t a kept them. 88 X was k q t Cbza
u n t i l 1924. # rarr t h n a rrrnn ymr~d fioarr rrntbr
h Cb* 8 t m 1 ~ d r
A 2 ~ m g h rtansyardl ppeaa mppom~dea be a
puafrbsae ~ u y ,.amally it w o ~ma of t b euuiert
fdrr In a s p ~ s o n *refsci BIwr who Wdke!Bii WE8
$%Z~CIZU%P$C d d - e b r ~ ,B P D S ~ ~ ~bXd-b8%ls8@Id&OWl,
but rb.y b.8 .onre maaagb t o keep mt of t x d l @.Dd
C a get s1- talt eaaksot way poa$%ble, And sot mlky
that, h t t'gtbp h d saae alerupe af ~qgamim;etStwa.
m-iq
0t31b: tdbssn did y m rtcrrt ts learn bmu kg POX watebeat
122%%age: 3 t t~ X959 that f 51izsr r t a a e d t a w* as
wrrtohrar. While f war in jdl, f had 0 . n C my good
W%whOMt &@ld ~f 8 %h@t4!b€ik-&I 8011&2
~~tdlimh,and f lPda 0 1 4 k t abmf a gmx: h the ja21
m d t h t& %t ta Poleas me, Wkm L g e t C e
Bi21&ng31: tolaam, Eky teak my lollw wa4w-h fnn w rrPl
pat i t io dae o t f i w c Bur U*. im 1919
tb, MIQ~ md . 1 1 w d a prla- h.** d& ebac$,
wattah. $GI Z mgof ag meah bsok, rmR U di8a't ma. ra: Bod & h 4 ots& and
80 I t m k Lbe waactk dan &a Chr rtcoqrr4 odl
z got -14 o i a uif. t- a d z , n a t w a rt C W ~w&th s ~wmmmr6a-z~~~ ~ W I Y Z V ~d a jet%#
usB Mad bt #quare rsa a s ~ R I QaaS maab r m&t%w
awe of it* TL: t * m - v & $ t a . e b = m
drbvm md w m k d ell tba parts ia &e wi e i l md
w%p1rZM o i f rfd blBl&.z&Q,da ~&tr a d B f i S ~ h i B
rhea with aa old te~tlibmmbIQQ pat *a wateb bebe
e49geet4m 4it rm.
Bc a tallo* *t *.* m s k h g rrctrt t o +a oa
thr nrrf ~ w k ,Blwkfc Wilrma, a r 8. f b sy was&
.nd s a k d ra t o i g s kt.. Z Zwhk it.rpm, us Y b d
Plnc, raB a l m w d P t t h o z ~ l ~a d pot it bwk
eageeha, abtd i t aogu'r8 l ~ s sa f&po t%eks d fihm re*,
I hod $mafed &Q p d w Q l s r BL se&aa%a~rrna pun
Slllimgtr b % . $ ~ a that ekamxt a m aply notbt, a d f hL.r
t U w th.t a p f s r n ob maah.k,nwLEar nmaingt
d i r t ikbEt2m. H h4bw t3mm 8lr;rar na %%3 * watt&, bwwam X hadl j a a t o h m e d it likm-%g, so
r trip to axaa%* it f ~ t -*&viapoWU @I trletioa. and L d b e u w m 4 t'bt tihe pf.vat~rrra t!b cand sE the
b.lmM2a .taa! ru sDzn e-*, aa th. .ad, fnd &bq
had w c m r zttmded h g Oato scrarss that t h y
apo&eia 3tra re that 4th.a (dbanr: mser the II-
rkpe tbr rad c t the p i w e , rad %&a%e m u l toB
-b 3!zfECfm, t o f b r r a w a d e f%&itesa drill,p ~ ~ p e )
anot3-m pzrPilactasn who made abalone sibelf. wzkc
aad mcs m d am&ex, and X glsc?e&the haws
8-f of Zh!! ~ & & 3 % % $33 &h &Sf12, fk@gr$g 4&?::a&d
of grbd&agi t d m aad ffnalXy pame? b r dova t e
&an t r hrd fine eankat pot- -$a, pat tt
tb8 wmb m4 @3k aa Lit;tl&L i g t t t t?LX on L t ,
*L& '3: had b m e W frcm an ePeetrS+fmi, and La
t h ~ tway t was able r;0 &e the watt;eh we?% properly.
BL&&%d WIXam, &Q f e n - *@ m9f% w4iiwk
S&l'liagrt (or?aally BSs nma we* hg.aa QoL.d.;be r u half-
Mexftm and blf4rtisl; b f s fattwr war a nmte%a
so44P+im&~~hem 9n PzmwSasso &la% kf.s wtbee
m Iri&-), srdc binralf ap a big Wble-bremtod
p&9ta, anP m Sunkg, ila&iLs ram wf PlLh thlr
btg hb%e+rertsrmdw ~ t e bduLn aszesl tba trmt a$
h i 8 shirt. Soloc of Ohe f a l l a r Choo*t hs ih't
re~r22yk w a a watt& 80 B W k P e palled Lt me ant!
cafd, "Billinpa jgrt fixad it." After Eh.t m e
aPt:sr a a ~ t = h ~ r srouazd tm w wteh tie~gfahes,am
Bo t o b. rooammdat&~g,I: s t a r t e d itrdag
aatohu Ear the.s fallow, I didn't kwm mythlag
a b w t it, but u o h watch 9-4 I p.rttmtar p r o b l a ,
md I m Z d a%$ aown rsad ram* i t rraae and ehsa thk* about wqm m d meens of oottmtting tb trauble. f
&tag, a $ e a t dul o f #ody&uga t that riw
few o E b t things), and I cuec go *he rcalimtiaa
that worklag on rsateheu, =6 rolvfng, tho me~bnical
llLlltags: BqgZm.frag ~rorm41.924, I nu C h ~ cyeam ia tbr
pxlaran &ee ~ h q ,&rtag Jh?t& tim X -8 ** matter. I war aotu*lly u a i r u a t if~ramsn,=off%-
1 f h&'tborn o f f l e h l l y rpaaf;r%emdu u.l.tant
foz-, bat r rsl we2fy !&imdlr YfCh the f4Paq &BLIDI that: was fm-n, anc5 bmiaam X hsB ap b r a t ~ rd m ~ 1 ~ t 2 m
than Be did* X kmt;rr rabsoml efr a l l &e s w p p l t m
and lauk out Ulo reqataifionr Lm: mppller th*r fte
%fee* am a f f d x af thrt k M b the ~ r d aatad ptUm
e f i b i r l e would r~llcda u m p L . ~ esuwh of tb LplltL-
h s D & l a r . ra %#Bad* the .hoe. .bop, elmy fooad
conri8onble svttrrhl &ieh ttrrrg oraui&r$$( s a f r h d ,
aaatmg whixh wao a rtragght rawax, ?&%&a be5.oated @a
rsa. That %a, 1 hsd i t tn my poslwrsioa, althcm@i
t t b d bem st,o.oten ri.oa th wpply .ynroll. The p a r d
of %baf7.w #hap tame? t o e m into t b ~ a t e u gf c w m
aad bonu# lag ~tni(l2ltrasor .bout M a e r vaat and
sbve hkmstt20 st, h t b au&+e b w that it
m a rmrren, mm P rree v-taamt a-t $r, z - forced t o o b % t t c *a e a p w a oi ths p a r d thrt a e
rasor had h stolen. tb fellow %ht~ ~ r f u w t c l l ~ ,
trrd retoren %be rszlcnr W Long ~&n&azhem t.elm%teB
l i l l g e y r r fra prison, re t h y orap18agf m i a h h a , be@ thy
alas f a m d s a ~ l e # i & ~ Z e@&WX a:med#@d&n th ~ 5 a -
shq3, par&tmsUrlyin ip 4kpammm+?~They tcraal raar,
fetsd .ad .acl rhorll .ad .oat srrh ma.]r, aot *rrg
-&, uw fam or fi*r doflare. A I I of t h t a ~ r b t f wao eontraBlLnd, TBc i w m s m of thc eutthqg ream o i
rru rhar rhop obo hrct brra cpp trim&ha k m &tak
for *ea or fom week. ftrrt prim t b U r . a d h.a
ac~tb t s a waxking &netra &tw J B ~ W ~T4m j& 05 formam
Bad beem gdvm ~o l i . ~ t ; k rZtA'l&an feZPw *B w o M
i r z &e crbe *'hop, Whm $bo r%ms& was sredile, the
gua*h Q W B ~ ~ M B ~ r b ~ tthe littrc x t r ~ i l nf e 3 . 1 ~
e~ewt~~lawtim wu e w a snd ha #*ad, "I b*t -. ze msr ~ l o t ytc ~2 I ~ X I ~ I J ~ .a*awbg10 met wu emembod was a r e i H ~ dto are,
QbXb: Haw did it +P3. p t @km?
thP I.W.W. llho rarc rowing secdt~aason tho C r t l n r l .
Spadtculirt cah.rgr, hrd beam in the p ~ L s o nfar raao
gmxs srad warfa begag rrtPlieose&&mt that tlw,
d h C h a h
make the r h w rntLrrlt by h a d , d q tbt co'l.. at
by tPrad. %are .bou, o f aarrta~,mm s c a ~ i h n l
r~m%~&hM%d, nsPt &f.+4khx"$8m y W&#@htim
uhvaa. I ~~ &my f d h e m three p r l r o f %hedo*oh-0,
% h ~ ~ ~ ~ E b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
shgr vu fmimd in my matt- l!m%eh,tn a49 u b l a , and aoah8810ad c o f k e #a ~IH,Polmd Fa &ap.
Thst dtttn't be'luag+t o ro, but I $get et43.t fez
m%n$ Am8 us anymay, wbm t3rre oaptab mllrdlLC,
t i n o chi# o f i f o s and q u e ~ ~ i m m d ma abotrt aII tbe
esmttabfaiJ that was amad &nt b shoe ~ h - -18 abut
arcmqght rramr, 'E fm~elywrC$L h *t iteam#Qh
Q ~ Che was @hag t a pat zm Qn the &n$em ger b w t ~ g
t.b etrptgbt: reso+, he rat&%jorE ao wall put m e QTL
fcrr the eontnbcw$;$ ohocrr and th. mmey m d the cctffac
1)itXhyr md mythtag clro h.~glllddtg up, bwmae I 0m2da)t
.w reawa why four ar ILP. o f o. drapld pl t o
~wqgntsdar a gmmp. 4.m e h a r ~ ~ :The IS#&
t a a ~ l lZt, "Sillhgi'r g a a ~ . " crC my
~ ~ c a p i r d thr arptaln, ?Ebre*etha gwmd -21
2)&13&tk$# and h&S W 6 T *-,f 3WV.t-r &#mkd3 ekap r i t t S g chrm. They're aLmaye m z k b ~ , %!hey4rr
a~ o f thebare it.egr Z h v r rn EM$6."'Th f.crr
oP the prttar i. wit nrhg a .patma, 4k r1a3rca
a ~ % g r w dcme mas t~ wa-h a e &urwd, rro m r r ~ rcbw
the t]l'trad%oak& ms way, weme abmyr smvbg,
BilLtngrr Wbm k.loakoa %he ather ray, we s t o p p d amda$.
$0 90& gFoe the mmmttm o f hfqg s m g of gtxd
WQZ%EW!'B*
@Lib I H d ywa e-4843 *&a?
SLlliagar It more or l e u grnr rrg. It dLQt*f hwv. to be
or*ni*ard,
f,W.W, H m tn *%&an
Qg3.bt Vem ths f .W.W, propXe your beat f a prlmcrrr?
~ l i l l ~ a g ~ : g ~ o de i - d r ria a11 he i . w , w , than. ofI alaurn, IWMalrc good Zdmd. with a great saag
o t b p e a p l e t b r u , aith sar* otch.p+irrrrnera elwe
bad beaa % 1- ti-, ibmw l i f e SdWk-Qlr.
tcsaorst sf the -1 eId-~f.ataza~~ wm in Fi31amWhen f
in 5914, I iudc ftim&b~ vleh old lodi.a Di+k, an
stdi W a n had bm ts P d s g a a izi t878,
when the p z f ~ l r n PI ftvrrt b~ilt. Za f a a t , Diek $oa
b-a tramsferred fm S m @ m a % L ~ to Isl;~~aa,'P)a&
mardi~&mil e f f Q h 1 ~ 1of the prfsem ~aiiSa t B i e k
had shot r e a a Cbbese and had ewlprd &em raQ teak
*'t lai@w, Bbk *5ed it,
DdXb8 T h i s wu vbrt 1Pa war i a prLaon SW?
BZI1Zlag.: Y ~ B ,he was in priaaa far k i l l b a g Lhcna ~.nm
6Ui%@0r
O3.I.b: U ~ Qwere aoara sf Lht I . W . W . poepb ysu Wkclr &re?
BSllingre: f Wiee wa8 &%re at tbta the L %maahma#
fir prddbly was tBr beas+- sf tha p o ~ p@mt
H. %aide frm IOZ~.ad snhr, of! c ~ w ~ a e .m y
we- 6ol~P%@&ed,not of cxirnSw3 ;rapnbdcalLm, They
vmm d m L e t e d h the Vhr~rrJtendrLaC Sn 1913, 1152w~k8r
F w d and It fmnd a spawe omr ;ta z b qxmzqy EBlLe WM
aot be* UBM,and ww lmmiad &e off 4buiEt a
wall rss0~3nd k t and go% rame tqaaik f r o a t up cam tap
of the b2%3 eund a h g e z b e n , F L a n W s a ~ c a m t a -
'Iloanpe twwmiw, Aad D&ek BPtSrr a31~9wzkd iTS. the
stonqatd w i t h ae, Fhat i r , he d%ibq+w ~ s kri#t
w&%bme Bn tb same b X ~ @ k ,h e he m&eB 150 the s t a m -
p x d the r- @ b e51 dfd. And P %txsvery ~ ~ I ~ % J
p r t s a ~ & r ~ e b~~brugbe ar%mt~(85.-224 FaIsom EIQ
~~8%43tililBil at: girtst e b ~ @If*$8%@Wdt&€Sa~, -6
t o that rersaqwrd fer slteff moatha, h d &at was
the psziod L h t I rat$yp6aLng th~r6,probably aroard
1922, abmt tbbt time of P&%rmr xcat8. TI35 g - ~ o l
Z h 09 the p d o m a t tht tiae P#LO ta arraign nw
men t o the etmeyasd f o r a pertad s f oix memeha. &id
them afgsar arb raonQhs, i f t h P r e m b t was aatkrafaa-
t o r y , they wwl& bat ammd t o ~cltberfobs.
tation w t t b be* after ym~went F~sIsm?
tlillisgs: 1 war i n ccrppalniocltlon w&th my s F s t ~Ln ehilmblphia,
BLIUatsi collaotioa far Cgrimmr Rmd for pri~asclrrra l l aver
&e r t Q W B t q B dU%d 1& 0~TtIUk3W & ~ h d 1 d tXW 0f Chb-8 4%@
pciammrs *o wme eelwmd 81P baeftehg%*e@fat:
fund, t.e send orma- tuo sle, an4 X wozlld
$mme~aXlymi$$t%em ia advianee &ad SUN&&that
&U~Y &@ 'MbOl&qt# my w&MH? %XW%&#Ad04 m.
En famt a m par ig particular I ~ l t ,oy l~~f-r
w a s 1Lvang $.nPhL3btrdeIph3.a qv tfsltes, and ar]s
9Ulrsrr"Johwabmld b4 &ag fe sn las- ;ral$iylmBjwt
p r b r t o that, My s b t e r bad three maall ah%fdl~€m,
and they were having cn very bard tima, att was a
e o l d , hard winter in Philadelphta, and they were
bvLng 1 very hard t t m e . X wrote t o the Gener~l.
Defense Committee a d asked them t o send t:he money
t o my mother and ae%sterinbatead o f sanding f t to mas,
and the result was that % zscctved a l e t t e r trim the
Geasr~ZWfenslle Committoe in &%&they told me that
they bed fuot sent $50 to my mother end $50 to my
sieter and were sending $30 t o trte.
Ce'15 : B i d any s f your frttmds c@rar; v % a L t you &ria& a51
OSlb: tM.8 pertodf bid Ebrley ever coats oer you?
I % l l b n g e : Ed 8uPtey mly came to see me mca, W r wae the
t i m e that 1 sent: fo-Tham, Ed waa~ dn tbe Assembly a t
the t h e , sad he cmm t o m e me with another A a ~ a s b l y -
man. X don't cmmber whather S t was W a t Z t m M&o'ftem
or n o t , 1 think maybe b r war. f don't recall the
details j u e t now, but whataver it: wae that 1 wanted
done, RurSey refused t o CQO j t t .
3 f Lb: mat's grattkude! Who else came to eree yow pretty
regularly?
Billingo: There were quite a f e w people that c r u to ese me.
Rone af tfim r e a l l y rsgu'llarly, except a f t e r my present
w i f e , Jsteephfns RaBelf, came t o see me the first time,
she vieitsd wie m G r c regularly than anyme celsa.
3 i I b : She hadn't h o r n y w b e f ~ myou were in prism,
had 1h@?
biX%%ngs: 1 . She gat iacqtra2ntsd w i t h me whih 3 was in p s l s o n
thraqgh c~rrespcmden~ashas 14 result a f her wother
wantfng to write ta Letter to m. Rex araother wae an
hnvalfd, crdppled w % t h arthritbs and m b l e to w r i t e ,
Billings: so rrk EzeB JosegPaZrtre write ebe letter t a me raaad I got
f n t s eorrelspondenca with Josaphfw and we carried aa
the correegondmra, Z h ' t socalL what year i t was
that we starfed t o ~omespond. I think ft was 1926,
but I d a n k recall speoifically.
C i l b : DSQ Ed loIan or any of your o l d frlanda v i s i t yaw?
I b l l f n g s : Ed RoPsrn never dbd c m e to see sw, S &nlt believe,
because of t h e fact: thae &en he wae Itrat rctleasld,
he was still under fndiement, f t wasn't u n t f l years
later thorn indictmenra were d t s r n l ~ s e d ,and O don't
think I&Q Nolan ever d i d come t o see mat.
G t l b : Array sf your ather friend8 2x1 the labar m o v t i m r ~ t ?
Bf Id 9nga: A few. A t v a r f a u s times d l f f a ~ t m tone@ case, ' 8 % ~
m e t frequent, motst ~cegul.arvisitors, were Wa&l.%ae
W&elmd m d Frmunt Ol.&r, B should say. They ha8
a z e p k & t % o nin Folscurla that cmly re1atfves were
supposed ts visit. And a 0 ao a gonatal rule they
regused to allow p e o p l e in unless they got e spra~Lal
pasanit. %.4,ii&dc%i,neMieland having many years age at
6:eb.e t h e been m & r r b ~ dt~ a cousin 0% I ~ I , back La
Bi'llfnps: R e w Pork C i t y * was listad m the books at: P~lsrmaaar
aiy ewsrin, aad she was ~3Lt)wadto v b ~ l tm regularly,
DfIb: Lat'r get back to the Namsy-Billiage case, I knew
i t wa. around '22 or '23 that Mooney had a sharp break witb f a b t over hlej support of R i e b r h , Do you
know anything atbout tltar?
B i l l t n p s : Nu, f danqt. Tam was alwaysr b v i q acme d2ffSeultzieo
with cettsfa g+cpIe in the labor amvmaent, and my
o n l y recallveetboaof the Riabardoow a&%aistraition
b & aore c 1 6 @ d yfbe-gatlfied w i t h its closfng w s t k e ,
chsrlng which t.Lttue tbe Lawyez fromGrryvills, Mr. Ellis,
cBae t a C a l i f o m f a , and w e n t to see T m and alas went
tc* o w Sovern~rFTicbr&m and then came t o v i s i t me,
It: was a t th1t t h e t b t E l l i s advtsed ae to fi1.e e
gstftion fur extzcutdve eJ.mezmpt'without st&t i a g
66s91niteEy t h a t I @anted a fill parden. It was h i s
tBat1.lingaa: omteaelm tbt the Gmmer had atrdtg:rat-ed t@ h b
ghat tf I wauld apply %ora cmam~tatloaOF amreace
sr wewld epply for a gmtbzol e x r m t i v a olamzmy
oslthmt rertathg d e f i n i t e l y what type+ t h o t;he
Bczxvemr would prebdatslp e-ta my sesieeners t o abwt
thirty ymra, whi& w a I Q a ~ l l c w m yteam t s r q f w e
ehbsrtly a f t ~ rthe Governor went a t of affiae,
The petdtien for clemmep war t l i r be b a e d on
the atatemeat made bn an affidslvft by d o h # ~ D ~ l t g ,
who was the may wttrssos a g a h r t me l a my trial who
attempted to place ate at the seiene csf the er-. Xn
hha ~ffid.av%t,wh&elnwas ma&, f Believe, in 192X,
es the of%ice of Prsnk P. Wa'lrsh b sew Pa* CPrp,
1nd.toaterll cX~sclgthat H e b o n a M waa m t l r e l y a false
would be a13 r b b t 2f M~aneypresented Ms come
ftret. What: mr y m e mtive Fez agreeing t o that%
Billtmger That m a aheetly after the afffdavit sf 3& %z!kmald
waa made, and the b8r4~tt h that: !t brwght up thlts
matter abwt app%yiagfsr exbuut~weo~m#ncp.
had e a t ape w r d t b t be ~xpmteldt$0 apply for
a%eumaeyba h3.o care, tiwid os wab r c s c b d an agreement
that he would apply first tn birr e e ~ caad f would hold
ay ease ftn 8be~pa~ctemtfl srsrae d e d b t s n b d beem c9+tshsd
i n h i s case. R w a r , that asremen* fell throw@
beaeubi4 Tom Homv did mot fils any p e t t t i s n ta h i e
cmse, and EMSlawyer, E 1 Z t 6 , inststed that P shaa2dl
F%Lebefore Governor R i ~ b x & t mwent w e sf o f f i c e ,
bem&useB%&rd@~cslhad reasrarsreb hL1 that he wmtd gtve
GLIB :
BiZlEnas:
D18 you apply for exiwmtive cLemm~pl
f brtteaipte~dto apply gar mmet3ttm elmmmy, bt.
biiacauus tay case had t o be predlcatl~ldupon *be ~ ~ t a t m -
sent of 30b MeParrraTd, X brad t o Eir~t aaeaure a ce+&f- f f e d copy of PhDmmld's e r f f % b f t . f ettempeed ts
s e m r e t b t 8 frora the T m Momey ?$ouE&ra WEenae
Cbmft*sa?, and 3Ln various waybs X wad g t a l l e d , 'She
t h h g never was actually refused, btst it nwer was
fcsrthcmtng. f ftnal.3.y dfd get an omerttfied c q y
after acme piears. It was quite a Ions Ed- befort Z
was able t o get a certif %ed copy.
ha t h e meanttme, I beliewe it was I n 1926, f
broke d t h "TmMeonep aa, a l s r a a u l t t cotf aay @ f f o r ~ a ~
get tb5a d o a m m t , and the result was that Z ergsnbs4d
~ardm.'"itk RrdePtne W i ~ f m das seer&t~ry. Sghe
hsd p~evfouslybselca aff%ee8earetar-y of the Inter-
% I a a t % - b n s r l Workers Defrnae League, Pxisxr t t l ~ that WUP
~ ~ r r ~ e r gha4 c c w ~CQ m e WE Scar the first: tl-,
and b r i n g the cearao of mr v % L c % ~ ,after OO~PC had
ta2krd for: an hour: or rpn hear curd a half, Scb~fenbergg
l o & d at me &ad he said. 'Wd.1,you're not at. a t 1 t b
kjetld of a &lPm that f tkought you'd be." And f
setd, "What do g~rplaman?'' 'q111,~he wad, ,qh.4
thua (m, Bclurrzenberg war stco~a Eavorablc t c s me t b n
he ever had been t m r d Koenep, lalthwgh 1 0 ~ 8bsfme
that, fa s p i t e of t b f w t t b t be sltPePf.kad T m Wmmey
h e a r t i l y , he Blbd h e a great dear;%of work to cwmvSncs
- orgibafeed l a o r garra~grll-ythat: Ehe ~omy-iPflrPnge
case a e t u ~ l l ywas a labor asse.
Xttb: z t b ILke to ask e questha. What ww the wtwttve
of t h Z 6 M a a W r s De&enae Caam%htmin -got helping VQCE Oee:HF* el--?
l)ill#n$rz Tom ojecrted to mat eppZpbq fer aretmtiva alawmey
a t t b r t*. I b n g t h e w jart rrrcrly wh.t h f r
a t t l t u d a en the mattez matt, T never w able t o
talk t~hisB of etmue, I emldBtt Itd OWL WV
well t310:wgtEa r &trQ p e r 1 6 ~ ,but it r e w d O h t Poar
had an ltdesa that w y eatilba ~f that klLd 5rt
rplp C ~ -IdB Lnteefrre p M e &t be bad Pas
eert.ira %*ti- i n h L u w . T h ~ gpr-md
u *a tiuq *J petltL41 for executtrr el-q: for a laumber ~f yeam, a d wem wta &e Watrrcm K,
Billings Gasittee for Pardoa, f still didn't ~ @ a * e d
J, gett%wtha pardon t r t a l . xe n r sat onti1 1921,
1 balleve, or 1928, thrc I fL t m t l j rraurad tho
eerrbf%adeepy OP she ~ s m x w l daZf.l&wLt, sad ekeR
ka the!mamttam, vtaSls f; had beem prsprrtl;na;sop petfe'boa
rmd tqrfag ~c 8:et t h i ~etrtlfied ebpy that I aecdt4,
the Ieg&~bmmthed met, X belbve ILa 1927, a d they
b d ahpred a new 1 4 1 prwtding a t aray pererlsn #lus
opplbed for exwutPve elememeg aadl ha4 p r w i w h y
been ~ w ~ f e 0 : e d0% a felluny w w l d have to apply dLreetly
t b t the rpp.ll.at @!%Idhis petirfaa in th.(E~rcbm011:*8
offi@*, Tha @ W ~ - X e-ichrrsd tka pe+ielm, uaPd i f
he thm$h8 ha mmeed t o gr-t ezaeutivg a~~ km
the w e , ha would rhan atlt#aLt the cue to rB. S a p m
Court fex &ah recaawmdatLcbn, is mqutzad by
cagstituttbaal p m ~ & o f o af a r u n y w m w b r n b d h e n
tWc4 d a t a d of felmty. &ad tbc Gmmm h
earas wvml8 smr.~t%y of %3.wcall up t:k CkteE .Jtrst%er
S u p r a a Court. aPd m y , "Judg., 3 % ~ead5a%pym t?he
papers rn t b Jm Snit# ease ma 2 want s remmmm&ae;km
for e ~ t i v ~ sr f o r emmztcr~imaf s m t e ~ c +c l ~ f
or far pardan or Ear whatever he wanted, and the mief
Justtie WQUld all a€!e w s t ta$ech*ar- mdl m3ul8 airy, "#a4 b v e a ratpeat fior ch.Gcwem~rfar a m
tioa in tks s u e of SO-.Q~-@O,* f r ~ t f e c e ,aAnd &e
rrcpired zmuhr ef rrhm, a t X m a t , wmld 8%- Ike
xecmurmn&tirsn and i t wmkd 196 m a t back te fthe
m y coaoideraeian of the ease a t a11 sther t h e the
fact that the Cwernm u m r r t d the ~ec-&tim, Ea
C ~ O ( E IOlfPRze the G~vetaurdtd ~ O Cwant: a ~eearsasemBs#Pe#~s
and cUB not want to ieaua m y mceeuthm clmmmcy, why,
the case jrnart never m e s u b d t t e d t~ eha §upma#@
Court at a l l by the 6memoe. O m ~ l l yit orao reEend
t o the OovcmorvsA&taorp hrdon b a r d , and t.hs
In my case, after the legirfatars bad adcqpeed
th%anew prov-;tsimofhich made it neeeorary far rae te
apply dlreetly to the S u p r m ~€bare %apteadof @ending
ao precedent f a t mctn a law and no precedent C t x any
f o m . QCP E studied thrornlgb tbs Zava Bods Phat T bad
i n my poeosrslsn end came t~ the c a n o h ~ l a nthat i t
B d l l h l g i a : ~htajldbe %a &s fern of adfilrSaortt &9 orr~oeaa a
pefittttm bcnfore a c p e n t r t , iArsJS rro Z drew a ptutiUm
and mbm4ttsd it to the S t a t e t 3 u p m ~ ~h r t , emettle#,
"A PetLtlem gar Bcaoll..ed.t?iar for IExmmttve Glmwady
f o r Wattar I, t2l'ltnpa.*
1E be28we was ta LJDW that 3 SISmlly
mhftead &t, and the S V I ~ ~ F ~ WCouzg held St Mthmat
mktw ~ t i m i t mtir the mr17 p.rrOIB 1930,
&ad @hen F2morit Older eame t o viartt rr, and in a
diroosrfoa o f ths .utter, Fr-t Bllkr cmXLed q
atteatfsn t o Eaet that i t war poaa%bZefig a
eammi+eee o f eitimzm SO stop the 'lgajpr t& the
Btlprame G w t t k a t i e e s if thc cclait+rr! r-Id elmjege,
upon eub8tamrr%atdgzw91388, that tibe 15tzplleare t k m e
had beem d i h t o r g i ~Ln Lea duty %n cmrS&r$sg may ease
t h e r o oa ft a d w k e t . That trr , if the Caurt had not made any deetoirra sr had not takem rray airtlon,
oa any ease that b d beea a u w t t i t d to it, a e d t a $ e
of m y tbtree cttbeene emld fib o cmaph.int w&th the
atate trmsurer, and thus s t o p the s t a t e treauuuer
lillixqpf trm paflag tbe saL.riar of bbe W l p t . u Ctwr~jw?gee
ustiX same mtrtem b d be- e;3.k9llg mi &brascoaeteo.
Qh&r pmtmtsad (310 a k a , Z b 4 U . m Be dtd,
T never saw t;he &mamats 1 d m ' t x d + p : tw mab
about; it, but I akmk chat O l d e x a d ftb r rtatemmt
w i t h thr orate O;reasurrsr &$ah cawed tbe W~ZWHE
C m r t t o f m m d h t e l y taka ram -*&on an my petat%*,
A t m a gargod, Chief Jsstfee irnd 2rwaQa ##@em-
w n h t o the aewapapers 5n which he bad s r l d thee the
e m r t d%dnet knew dhat t:bs j a r % s d h t P a ISSO tu the
lliatter.
3 t& the CanetbtutLsa 0% the W t e d S e a t @ # ,
the 66nsstit~titmof the Orate sf ~lltf!mnl5a,rr acuttplle
of! law bmk$ andl Z&ed thrw@ them and 2 came
t o the a m ~ l w a i r s nt h e the jurkadiction 09 the Supreme
CoWrt was ttfe aiaare lCXP t h b partjbctllar 1 ~ ~ g - ras %t
wml&ba in any p e t i t i o n tor type of rrit--bbmm
eorpm or any of rhe otlper #hiela apn t9e filed
befare the SUQT- Wrtr
90 1 wrote a letter t o Sopream CWzt etent&ig
Billtng8t that E ~ . Cwar my ~ p i a i o c l.ad rottitag forth the
BW~P-LS @% a s amatimtgcm $0 set SOX*
mi my q i n 2 a mrr based.
%a% 8ap1mae t l h k t , of closrlprr, get vary mgzg,
iamectiatelg that thay reeetved my Istfws, becauee
t h t p cotwidered X t emsP&rable oE ira 5 m X t fax d
pxioaner fa p & i f t e n t b r y to Bet trse11280 the Sapreme
C m r r ; wkmr thalr j u z i a d f c t i s n was, They i d - t ~ ~ r l y
c a l l e d tlna brr2agg on sty pstZt&on ancl (dtaniord Lt
without: raay resaar%&rseiazp, That later brm@r &amt
the 'Isearhg drat want& befooe the S\D~X-@ Cmef:
Sn 19% which was one of the most uaugur~lpzlooeediamga
ever held mder beJfema j ~ r f ~ p x a d e a a e .
l&Eb: Befere par get ineo that, 1 warit ~ ( sknow w'kat attameya
yern ematrleed, or bLb gm otmou2t aEoomutye % Bu~twkng
up W E o r l g I ~ Jpetlt&m'?@a%th5.s a l l yooar o m werfr;?
BfEZILnpt X t m a a l l my ws*. I h L Z t tap the entir*
p e t k t i m wyslelf rrnd typed it arvpsolf mad bound it
myself mad w e s g t h i n ~& l e e ,
;enb: m.6 ym.3 I& UP ~431s~ :-T
1 : Y u . X bad .evatol l a w boob La ..Ip o r a a r i o o , .ad
c a p l u of ~bel3nitsPS t a ~ e ohrprrc b a r t r r p o r b . ,
a11 of the panat cod. m d codc of a t d l p r a c b n fn
ths State af CalXfomia, arnd ebb &mrtimtiarm o f 0:Be
mead! Bzatas and of s u t s ef CaltPornir, Q&
o s a a P other bodr., iaolwdhg C d q ' a LcuZ l o r u ,
8unlap's E%mmat.vy Law, and ~ B W ~ L T P ~other boob.
Itmk Wal8h a t thrt pertocia .ad Z don't r e a l l
becau~ehe b d turned the copy over t o the 'Pant Wmey
the maaontiw?
I f l l i a g ~ ~ :We, I dce'~balimm it lrrr in tlt. maatla. uul*s~
ft m i g h t hr.be- lirrc i n ' 2 9 , bot I dsn3t thaL
0 . I th5,1&i e w m in t b earl7 tbisetar, t b t Z
had corrsw9~5&ncr&w & t h flarewe aotrmu en Ihs bQmu
carpus g z ~ e s d ~ $ ~ *
B i l l i n g # : Ok pa. X read about i t La the E.si4xttm p p ~ a .IOU
the N e w YO& -Time8 and at m e tbw P; bib%hve read the Ledger at the t h e of the S.ceo-Vansatti ease.
BiZb: Did y m think 9t had pamallells te your a m carrel
Billingr: Tee, fn a way, Xrmmueh as and Vaseeft& ya5:i&S ~ O Q
absalutrly ZRnmaat: sf the eebe d t h wkieh t h y m e
crharged. The faat of the p~atterie that the tmlted
Gtatee Department Q% J ~ t s t i c epmactteeSlg~azsrsss"laaead
Billingr: a prrtaet o f Omrotti's in 8.w 'Pork *hl& ocruredi
Saeoo &ad 'Qt8a~z~!ttft o rmtt u p r q a & a & oop.tgsl
aaa%net the Departmanf: of *la-a mi& aetaally %awhat kosuXtQa 2s ttss9u being a r r + a t d m d b e h g
charged o d e er-.
X tb&nk everyone who f a l l d the $aeee*tsrrireeti
E ~ I B ~bewa that W C ~ Oa d V h n m t l t i we*@ met tihe meor
who robbed the bas& tn Braherwe,
6bPb! ~ E Ithink ~hal:the wb&rrspread fntsrsrt in t h e
carBIe setrt: OF mt b e e Ecmds thltt m i g h t ~thazwiae
bwe gae tat0 the Wney-BilIiaga w e ?
Billings: Well, I h ' t h o w , i t m%,&kt po..ibly h#h dv+e
are, bat X B L r m ' t think i t had any etex4.w~afS4wt an
the Mmmey-B kE1;ingr aaee. Q i l bt bother: &%ng L wandered L9 ia 1927, Aaita m d t r p
was granted fa11 pardim. VQ~Pwrt have heard about
t h t e .
B211tngr: Oh It mr eonoaitms of b i t r i a W h i t . n 9 ) ~ t i ~ ~ a r
The fact of the ~~~dlt;Wr%$ that 3. El S1yd.e~a d
John Tergrlos, two co=defm&ri~8~tef b ftia WhLbey
IPa~&ZmhsLy+J , E, Snydlerr, Za feet X , ks* J. R. SQ-x:
very well, and h i r wtfa and daajjBt.8cr. l h r y u ~ a dt 0
vib5it ma tn. the j a i l Pa h a lk%acirc;a &zes&re 'd w e n t
to F ~ 1 I s - mka l H t ,
Q$9b: M d p w ftsl When she [email protected] md po and irloomy
weset n t , that & t o W ~ SP k f a a o f b,jprstim~T
PIIIL'Ihqgs: Qh no, We memlp f e l t . , , A15 s f as 3 think ee'lt
the a ~ w m y a b o u t t h a t . &tta a f i e s a l X ~ i a r ra
Eimikber of a trav W L t h y h t ' h g * SBe km1 relaci.pes
*a h.d a glxat deal of BaDarJr m d a gpwt d u x of
politloal, prcetigs. Under tibe @y#t.sl wa have
i n the Unttea?Gtsltss, Z t ma to be mp4tcf&
that Anita; woorld be p ~ r h e d t ,
GLlb: Eves Bag bv~lbmor:Young'?
: Oh ye&, $are. Gwemor Young vas j u s t 6s bfg tl
faker alp any sf t&e rest of them,
6;LIb: 3 na~edb $ a h & ww the #0mey latter$, tihere wm?e
oany t o other prepla but tskutively few t o yeas, darfng
the Late immtiles, Wart y m aa pd tananst
sfterouardb, ~ ~ h ap~if%mlLyl theyg we= % r d d
o f the Haeney Befewe, d i d she etmeez frequaanf'ly
of her in the eolpittee. a h didn't hppC any em-
md then it war o loag t h e before I @cnr her ageia.
then whea Yflarp wat out of Eba affi o c , bar s i s t e r ,
B i X Z i q s : A n n Oaaee, to& aver the job etr rrwretalcg af tbts
; t h e e , m r f q that per%&another wamm nmted Dorothy
' I
was krytng te mrk her way %ne0 reesetary. She 43-
to visit me a fama ttwmal Tzy&tagte g ~ e tme t o rrriot
her in gekttng the fob a# seerctary Qf t : b aamdtttee.
do naything t o help her i f I ranted to, but I d i h ' t
Billing$: @ e l l , she e m +o see me ast-eiBly t o t a l l me what
w a ~doing, but I didn't always ftnd otlt juat Yh.t
going m. The vtsfLr were generally more j u s t eriaadly
v i s i t s . aad naturally .he'd only tell so what things
she wanted mi 160 know. Whet thing. they didn't vant
Gflab: W h a t e o r t of things d 1 h ' t they want you t c knw?
Billiagr : Well, 1 doa't imav, of emram.
B i l b : Ytas, 'I; hmw, but: what ytm imagine RQY that t&aj
were a
I)ilting.: B a l l , vbrn aha ucrr b v l r y difiiealtfrr w i t h Tor, a t
the begioa4.n~of the ~ L f i i x ,1 &bgtf i a d out may-
t m b g a b ~ t i r :i b ~B W ~ = I ~ K ) B ~ I M . I= &t, %&-11
not ~ t i lX fmm4 out a b w t i t ttltrsugb othsr peapl+
that X m e able t o get any i n f ~ z w f i a nmf of
GuZUghax. me ha;a newer saLd ~raythltng&a m~abmt
it. 683 1 r~e0aZ2at mrwr, b t seema that far s;ip+r%&
of B W Z L ~ ~ ~ n~ Ithat$hem s h trLed ea m~ka be3.i-
warrythiag uar gotry rlaap: mmothly Paon a t usl.
ti- wag h t t ~ t ~ ~ g w i t h1~0netbmzs1eatmmzep
9-.
Cdlb: ZtSs &vfma 'Eob Latrtarc t o her mt:be WM S ~ P
love wieb b r a t the,
S4"blingr:
Qgib:
Be thou8ht ha WBS.
b f coursc, it'. abviows that rrha vor4r.d very burl rad
very LopdplZy far h b , and e b t abe svamtwi'llp xaa
into the kltld af d i b f S a u l ~ 2 e ~%hateverjTbbdy el#&
C t lb: d%d-- he was d i u t o ~ o , d %and Co w i t h . l%~h.rei r a naror: tht t h y brolts anr her tuwbqg .n
affair wi& tidwull of the Bakery M o e r ~ . t wonder
14 you Q D ~ I %@&rtmdbto &at,
11Q11tqp: A 1 1 I lrnm La ths p#i14a h t Wt. f b't,kaov
angr:hiq &fLaits about t t , =*apt vhat 1 %maWad
by rsmm a%lier pemple.
Gilb: *%ah wsrs what, mem or %em?
SiPl%mgs: % # a l l ,ttre only t h b g a t X o m ramall rpeoifhcally
*E I was t o t 4 about waaa that Tarr ha4 f a m d w e
that KIabPsrlll wua pa*% fet: Irha upartmatt t:bt
bul1agb.r oobapiad, That'r th.only th&ngtime I
eran r d e r . X awer 828 -tcW 4 t saa tales
or net.
G i l b : A t the tBm %&tryGalZa$he9 leg* active aBare;e B% dha
Roanfay defense tn &but: 19m,was it: t m s zhrt
divide4 half o f ehs m a y tht she had with ymr gpwp,
br f l t h ym?
BPlliag~: lo; I doa't t h i d re. Z dcn't meall t h t . She
didn't b r e any 9wney, rZla iloaney eac~itLeehed tke
f i n d was a11 a e c m t e d fez, Bo mry dt&!t havet any
mmey lo d i d & rcLa btn?pBoBy.
Gflb t I ham beem told eht both e i b a d you wa.t!eQ t o @ve
o f it. % copy of it w a sent ta ase in P o l s a e ~d X
atln quite mre that e(~p540of Lt wee sent t o a l l sf!
the major contrihutore, the Bkg uaimo that elaafr&hmQ
that Wcmey tried to bvar thimsr atohm Prm figt b m a
and kPad her assaulted in the street af Ear she leer:
him,
Billings: I don't know a y t h t n g about that. ? don't teaall
aver kemcslrg that befoxe.
& i l b : B~al'by'l Well, stme sf these W g s are based on
nee: .or~~~eaarLIpree31Pabls I M M U ~ S ~ ,
You rratd i%at you formed Icmm%ttwafr y a w
oa~rtand t b t ?kdel%nePieland ww in c2bargo, What
d$d she tb far yew?
Iflltngs: Wa rsent out I e t t e ! ~ ~ and 1 pea.cwmally wroteof appeal,
a letter Co RQgZer MlcPbaa of the h e r i a m C i v i l tPbertfea
Undon and mur red, I believe it was, $580 fzm the
berfeat3 CLvi.1 L S b e r t % s ~URetrn for the of rcrg
ecmaLtt=$e,
B i l l i n g 8 : The Sopreme mrt art and denied 8g sasa Ln 15-29,ead
handed dow a daoislos, whfah i r , to say thc Laart,
aziiguo is ikmexb~8njurirpmdencre, T b wajr~sittyop-m
midl t h a t i ~ s m u e harr X had bmn a de2asstrs tm &ha
San Franr?$scs Ubor CwncLZ, thaQ if Z p c r ~ m u l l ~
d i d net threw the borb, it wa. nrclbrly inf.rcntl.lfl
that t oust kmople wlm d l $ . In other WOF&, aktj wage
stt.apting to plaoe rho blduw f o r *ha b d f n g , on Lh.
Slan Pkrtaeirao Labor Canc&k,
b d so r p mruXt of that deeisfom, leml esperte
a l l m r ghe emmatry woe@critLcim~o f $be S I Q F ~ ~ ~
Ccaart. Onie of them, P t d m , war written by Judge
?btrphy fn Wf.'wtlespobiss, f barliwe be was gbscrn of Law
in g%-~n'~te?lscbta And aaot;ker m a nittea byWllverskty.
Feitx Frankfurter, Who War Damn o f %mud r ~ t t!~habi.u
Uaivereftg mt the time, And Pxikntrihrtrr, ae T recmll
it, sald chat cha rwsmhng sf the Cwrt wars wcrss
than would be .used by any tea-par-ald boy. I doatE
Billings: r e e a l t j u s r a t hlbo war& ware, but it war a sc%demr
%nc%&ctmmeo f *he e$t$tu& of t b ChEiEemlba 8trw
Slsrprcm C c ~ u r t .
B f Itst Wao Ed N e X w a s i r pout l n g r at th.L t h e ?
Billing$: Me, I E h d B, M o ] b t ~ i t &wae not my lawyer, bat: be
r e p s u a t e d b i u e l t ar a&. Actoally, what happened vu thrt after the C w t t W e d my w~ .nd thane
1-1 experts a l l mo:E~MBeotmtty. b e v $a trighe
the Cosrrt: beanass 0P the $alloey of * e % t reaaming,
the Court eaew tm a aonrt'lwkcm &at they wat218 have
t o want a rahearhag 80 they acm2d rtsa?LgFten mat dcioftir
.deeieian and rewriaa it. That wae the oaXy way e t g
e d d '1:meite theit deeirian, by gpwhri~a r&rgarLq*
So they t n k a s d WXma&e t=o o w aad PIS&&me, Be t f y
to $st me aim p ~ t t t : % mfog a XsOPearbg, Mensie
r o ~ e er . a d b r w t h d ths p r o p m i t i ~ . I u i d ,
' m e Sap- Court ha. gottea thame%rar i n t o this
position ef t h f r o m aecmrd, .ad f h ' r raa ang
tarsen why I ~ ~ h a u l dh e l p tha get war; of it," I
aafd, " X f they granted aa s rebaaring, thaw% oe bcpe
I : that 1 wmZd get any rrwPr08s fom the mft, $Q)
f don't sea aap reoron thy I clbwld LiLc r petitioa.R
$0 f refkutad te rri- r p t c t i t h Jeor a mh-rtag*
)fmmmr, petittan wao aLgaeQ m d m t s b i t t d
t t s tka ~ ~ u l ~ t , it MI by w d ~b.A ~ ~ Z L J ~ , e=8*1
MX618~ets, SL: was s b p ~ r dw%& my a l p a m r e , buC f
didn't rigpl it. b d the Court. 4n thag paLttioa,
granted a rdeartt*, whl& war held Sjt '1930, atad at
e b t krlsar%qtill%&ararC d i d seasethW a t so fur ar
I lrnsorr b e miwer be- &mab s f m i n the hi~teryof
j u ~ ~ s p ~ e ea d I h 8 tthink i t has; ?mm &me
rfirrcta md 1 B~lttbtvery nmzh chat it mar d l 1 bec
b e .$&in. Tba Court, io effete&,rstuigaud r. Brrpmme
Court Justices, to& laff thek.sr rhea sf offirre, dir-
ammted frcrra the bmeh, appslatsd tbenaaalwaa ar aa un-
offtetul fmt-ftnding mmairriaa, mar: st a tuble dlti
the body sf the crourtrom ar unrtff%clllelf a a t - f h w
ocamafesionerir, and h e l d et hectr5n.g. l h a h aa the
judge0 were acting ats ua~ff%chtXface-findtag em-
tnPsrimstts, t h y bed no p m t to etdbpamw w&tneorer.
B i 1 t i . q ~ : So Ln otdor Lo got rftnaseau to teatttp h i o r e t b ,
~o give trstimcqy ,go thr i l i l l h g a QIISB~." mB 0ltl.r.I
ptbteatikb, Btad the cam ~ l i a e s mfasLaz4, re b l h s
was led By tbe arm by ~ w r b. amked gol&eaamr:iaks the
The m u s t lisemsd t o m r f s t r s witnab~resthat
they had t m t t a d h, pzinaippa'lly the w%rne~rrarsZOE
t h e prcrrouSion, Zaoludhg doha Melkm.ld, w b a thoy
bmttghr here froD ~ a l t f a o r r ,wrjhd, and I br'li.vc
Estelle hith, an& parsibEy MXP. E W u
h g l a u r , . , Lit any rate, aftex they brd h a r d fhc
had no 3c3wr t o ia-rtue subpoena&. So they ratwed
Billings: b ~ r i o gto gP~1sol.cap r i ~ o l r ,and b u i l t (I rpcci.l p l a t f a n
in the rotwQ af &e a&&nisttr&tf.embZZ&ag an8
placed s a i r thrrraa- end eat me %a eba e&lr a8
ishe wftmrrs. I wu ~f ern-e socar-d frm my & a l l
by priaan mr&;whether 'f *mead t o cr sot l i W t
Bsaktr m y d&ffercsnea,
3 warn plaerd oa &is ebdr = M o @ p e d a l platform, sad I k-r a t e f ~ ra period of five
hours, under crorsr-&raahatkrm by 3 h W. krestmn,
A # @ s r r i a t r &agefee for &e mtt.eomfa S t a t e Swpseaw
C-LF. who vu ae~igtg Sntert~wt~l.P T W ~ ,by
tb. way, vl. farwr'lp mttrd S t a t - Proam~tingAreornsg
La the S e n iraaoiaeo u w . ad h% a very sharp
cros~-axamdner. HB -8 pcry ~ I E ~ C L ~ ,and .ay ttra I
o t t r p t m l to q u l $ , @ a v s r , Preatoe ruouecQd in
pmwentfn$ w frm doing by outting a o f f , I&--
me% I w u l d begin to -#wet s qum*B@n, Preotcm
would fnrist that I anewer pu or -, and dmn I said, "No, but--" the csurrt +qmzWm -Id d r q
the "bat" and plmc a period after thc "no." Sc
Plillfnga: tbl: the t t a n s c r i p t earr&.rart&e fia4t:mm%r:"'no."
A i d P m t s e , of cattae, eoutd prevent i c f r a p 4
cnr rith my qrrrlificmtiorr by ~rrtartln(bmcbtkz quarttan,
by d i n s fwiatiorra reamark. and a# -jg .nd anether.
A t one param'ior twtanae, &rhg *B erssa--mi-
natgon. f Qn't -11 no* *h.t the mbfrat u t t e r
of the question wae sr whrt point Praotma =a prerr$.q
me fox at t h e t h e , but at s a ~ reute Bie aaf8, ''I waat
yam t o ~ B W WW i r p a s t l o n 'yeaq or 'au.' 'loa did,
did yoe not, did yma ol: dtd pa not; ~ n n w r' y e n ' st
4au.t r* (3aught%z). f dm' t mmeaibar tdmt X muwtred,
A t any rate. Lht showa thc general eype of c p l r t t a n -
ia$ that Preetmn wed ba o r d m w tz?y t~ emfirrc as,
to t r y t o Bet .n.w?ES which rrra .uZ&blr Co thr ppt-
poses of the State Suprsor Csurrt.
As a rr.rrlt o f tbat hm.ria8, tba Carrt, of emrme, rendered aprstbr ckebrima ~tg&nrt: ma, in
whbch thQy used mere adrote r e o s d a g kbam thy had
i.n &e prwtmb &siaion, aad of eaurae they ma& f t
ar;eandbetter l s a l made ft stmad urp better= &an
a eollese prete348or obrqgd witb mdatial$ hir rife
b l m in mte Al*o, mB b wlu Lg &m& Few ~f Elma
Quemcttt a t the t h , AI detanarsr lklbmlt 9fi ~ e a d e p 8
sf h%mbrbm ther Ialprmw Ccllrurt, the 9riglmat trE#rroie*
tQsn war remassed and &e u s war retea&, h d X
~ V Q ~ f f f ~ $ . & X d W % ~ & Q d b f.~,OBJB~B &t ~ d b P
dth &a $ttsz- O m r t a t id! Ehrcy mlQ&3?e tnh
r deebsim i;a the Lmmm euro-, he WCBSUI laci-a to
fils a p t t g t t m %or r z ~ ~ ~ a g ,baamu&h d a8 he
hadn't beem able ts i a h w a f i a the pettticm
fer a &auiw, ha #&gadit Maself *3Ph my nru
t o set tkre ~ ' F P o P & ~ ~deeir&mb the &mwm trosa.
G i l b : bLd the I934 genera2 strike interest y m at a l l
yew mre i n j a g l ?
BL1liag.r Oh yea. O f eoursa, bet- a 1-1 aft.%+,X oottlboqt
that I was readtag the S e a t t P a p a w s . And them I
alsa used to get the Nevada State 3srzmrsP at: m e
t h e . I QII'L raclll whether f gct t h e in&.& 8t.t.e
Joumm1 durtng the 1934 str3.ke av m e , but f raatght
othexs b@ecrrsemore p o r ~ e r f u lSn tbe Lahz CouaeiZ,
Did be eeme to eee you you were l a j a i l cm dlrs
a n y t h t q mad at a l l ?
B i 3 l L z a g s ? Nle, tiblP. nmar dPd a- te I- nm, t3mt 1 can
recell. Ye@, X believe be &d cem~vc Ea s a t lrwr omre.
X wai sever wall aequorlntmd with George E i h l l .
He was meh bettar aequaia~dvieh Z m #honey. Ih
knew Toaa q a l t ~wall &df bslfave ?%adfd d r i t T a l
atesrsrtbm, lntr I cboa't ~ - + l ltbat hc -ex cuw ta
vfelt rpa. lb might p s o l i b l y have cranslc w&Ch ramebdy
else mee, Smaet&twa there w e r ~& h e ar fmr OX
five or ss5x people t o p t h r that daLEld m sn me*
sima, rstd pep2lsps f would be ta2tr11mg ta as% ~ ' l rhr9
tbt I -8 -11 a~qwbii~+.d~ i L hand WCM%da't ba p~y-
m3eb onttenQitm te tht athear fhme or fmar.
QPlb: 6)MPatl $cbrrenbrgkeepap an i P t e x m ~ t P n y a ?
Bi3fiplfgs~ Yea, Paul -- of eotsrra FauP w m %n Saerumnto wary o-er yeer b r letflakefive srsetfqr, being the Xegio-
lative rapra~sa&atfnfor tb Ca1ff~)rnLPItate Fade-
rsatfmd Labor, BCP &rtag t b t p c a d POUP would
generally f t n d aa opportunity t o v b t t me in Folsom,
Zn Eaet, Z t h h k prubdfy every t b m he was ;tn Mars-
m t o he got up;= there at least om%,
Ob1bi X mppwe f t war a b 2 ~ when F r ~ tq ~ i b e te
@I&s d a d *
l)i%llnpa: Yes, it-. The faot of t b aotroi t s , Old= h.d
been r e sre FW, 'I: at&,Wtte day kr &aQ, I t$&&
i t OZl t;hs f ~ m88b- ECa b& h@tMmt bc
died. Rc &d boar rrp to l a h a Taw *hm h h.4 a
eattagt, and be ns.8 t o earn ao*o z&&fopy a d
C m the of PO%B@R, st??8% ~ @ 8 dt0 8kC+p
off rtna see me w the way 60 Z believe that He
warp *ere to see ere that aftsralasn. rn &be m y
hoae hc had a heatt atta& and p u ~ datmy.
C2Zb: 1954 b~tanssl l=o h e brwn an bpo%taat psi. Uptam
S.%nolairmade am e r L e ~ % h m ~%&owe out 0-5 t k Woamey- '
Billtags ease. BLd you knaw th.t?
Ililltngs: Ycr , 3 roeall c a e t h b g .bout it. I dia't get toc meh f n f s ~ t i . c mabout it, 1C aavd%#rrr verp t o e l l
a e q w a b t d d t h f%pttm S i n u l a t r , f he^ who he was,
ef csnarsa, but we b d ne p e r ~ m a le-cti-8.
@SIBr @'hatb i d p~rhinls ef him?
B%ll%nge: X thought tfittc he waa a l l righe, 1 thaghf he was
BLlLLngar o p o d IIbral, S a m o f te tfhiag8 a t ha dad X
WSB V @ ~ Jhighly fa tnor 02. 30 taw*, rc&a he M
for g m w r aa the m e p r m , x tthw*t tht rar u veqr good driag. Xa hct, I ~ t & l lthlolr tht Uptop
Sinslait nar .~tm~11~relmtad E l u t tiam k t I Wnk
he w a ~eanrted o r r t by th poUriof.ne. 1 tbtak cb.
alacrt%snwars 4Be1ma era8 him,
Gtlb: Well, Ehen 5a 1930, a i t m the ZI"Ppvusm Gcmrt hatad
you d m th. second t h e , har bib yeass f s r ~ ~ 8
t o gut scm4 Pwyer t o Oake ay wrbe b a f m the e m
the l h i t e d S t a t a s @upremaCwrt oe -8 oorpc..
Prank -va, Mlkmmm, bhnstrm having baern the shedff o f the w m n y where P ~ d l ~ k be* Amd in &atWM bald,
potitton, F r b alleged that he had bema h i a d due
psmeeas oS l a w bm.aum~the emrt had been &mttsn&dated
By t b ~ r d of I&Q rxpd alee that~tile8%& ~ ~ C Y U P ~ Z W ~ ~ ,
prrjurod testLw6ny b d been adbaed 8~ga&natb b , m d
h s b s ~E @ m l l f b f o f a a t ~ b l i ~ h w&he p q O B Q *t
allr i 1 1 q a l ar unjust: hprtssnmmt: had bsea pelrpetrratml,
I t war absaatuttalp a csrse in poiat sra far: ar my pr=i.-
Bi1fing.t uaad in my oats* md the p x m f o f eh4 p e F J w r y -- the It war* tmtr.i&e af the xeacrrd of *ha ease,
ika '1; m(;1et b t Q O - I I E ~ Z ~ O ~ ,that my u r n rZlmaZ4
be mkan beferc cba omart oa ,l;lbor~ o o g t t ~ ;.sll aL
firat i t u o u d 20pearrtble to f i a d u r y a t t m r w j vdao
would agr%tetw t t h me, Z e~rataotadCXrreaera Damglrr*
I earaetetd W ' P ~ I I CHillquit in Sew Y a k and Frank F,
WaL& Za iPav Yo& and tam o r t8z.a st- %awprr.
S ~ hem tn Sari Fmm~f&seo.X h a f t r w a l 2 *Z&Q
the Wv~i.'ler. temaaoa r r h l tn !Baglad. So I d l d em-
tact Pimesty, an.d F-ty hmtddl~~telywmka bsrck a d
aaZ$, "Yes, LE o m be done, 1t Plas Bern h e beif~#e,
Billing#: I dtd fL i s the Saoao-Vanr.ttL cane m d the ram pro-
o&re h a be- are% many tlslH aad t h e om= m accept cneda~idM well I.irrtrtnrlc evid.lwr."
Ba then, H I N ~ ~ t oinduwb Frank P. Val&
aaeept that v%ewa d eo beetame aaamizaked d Z h -at
mars. And *ey oswws out hem? md lsCHl' T€m EBomelgt
Tcm thaa %twisted that the &beat- mttLoa ehmld
be t a k m ist Lir eat- rs.P;hor tkscn in the bLl'limga ewe,
a f Gamqge '3C.+ B)ads, a t that tj;rrrca wa%r the gotst$
District Attorney, And Davlar te& the tmtter tlrrsapgh
tbr lower courts. A habrsr~o~rpyaraartcr hu, t o go
fir8t: before the SupetPor Court in the county in
the prdesnsr ie held. Th%a ir: h a s ta go to a s s a t e
Appellate Bfv%%Zaisand then ts the State Suprame C o u r t
before bt ean get into the Wnbted State@ Court.
matter through the ewrt fa $an hfae1, Davfs, 'SD~PIIP
lilliags: utl Pinorty vorked tagether r e very well that after
tthe cage had gene thrmagb the two lewer ewreo 8md
had $one t o the CalifaraU State Supram Cmrt,
t h q -- d.rs thme laqmra -- mr%atLttep&br mi fk,. Finsrty flew baak and fartb aerers e b c c w a t v ,
from Mashington to Sen P r m i s e o or frwr H e w Yo* t o
S m ~raneitmo.8 roeord naiber of the.. I b4t
know what t b record was at the t h e , but at any
rate he ~ l r a o t kmore ertps back end E o r a aorooa the
country in eameetlPon w i t b this one CBLBB t b a m y
braver had pr&gplsly made &n emmmztian w t t h any
other care,
Gtlb: Was be begrag p a h i far t h l e ?
Bi11hge: No. Both %nP& and F i n e r t y h a t e d thsgr ~ c r v L e r a ,
To Finrrty, k m e r , it:uas a w r s o a y f o r us to piny
b%5alegeraeef. Prank P, Waf& refused 20 aeeept any
money st a l l . Ele paid h i s empencoae a t e l l t i m a ,
Davhc, of course, we# in the employ sf ehe Pan Woaep
Defense Camittee, f b s l f w ~ ~we atarzed %n1932,
X thtnk the case ftret got tiate emrt in San BaEaaP
Billings: in 1934 md f&lully got tm the blifarnia Btatr
Strprmm Court ia 1936. I believe it wino in $ * p t d r ,
1936, or in A q p r t , U\. S u g ~ s rColPrt appolated a
referee, Addiem I!. B k w , t o hear &a rrothcmy.
1Parrsosslly, I cH%.srgrraeSw i t h the atrahsds o f
the Supreren~Gaurt: %ns%at wr&er, It war my amtun-
tion that #be W n s t i r u t b n aP the St&& of CBL%fernFrr
prwidms tlut on uttrr a t habar. c o w and ather
wrfte, that the mart shall bear the matte* an bane,
as e~mwfssionone htkividwll juetim ef o ~8u.rL:te
hear the matter. So far as 3 eooXd ftn.4, *ere w u
mathtag i r . r tihe t h t i ~ t i a t t i i o nof the $ a t e of C4Llifomh -- a1t13m@3 there araa in the Code efe C M . 1 Procedure -- wbf& g i v e s the Ehsprm CsurE .the pmes te appobt a
Homer, the cmrt a p p ~ b t e dwfderee and dl
of tZle Z r m x i q s were bl,d before thLo referee. Cm the
Billrknge: oppaeing sfde, them wexa two or member* af the
c l t ~ o n u yg-ralBa a t r f f . LIanatLur trm .rrd saatlru
thzae. &ad of ~ t m r 8 4 ~@PBtabnCbrlstr~GePf o f r;hr
Psxfcze hqsariamnt, asfa t%a?Iea P. fkiek~fe,sthe
altve a t EbPt time, lie -5 ealld ao a wi?miwo,
?'!la. petitimar% r i b . r s h . a d l d by David, Wabh a d
8iwerty; with 8 p asristtmee, (1augheer) 1 m h d a8
Law el+* #t& H s i n cmmrwtiem wLeh dLat bring,
.ad oar of t8a duthm that I h d latwt:&nsmeat af the
heorisagwas &&~kimg the prav%aust a s t h m p tx+f l n d
out wki& dwimaests had arlzemdy beam 8ulmi.tt.din
A+ m e p e r i d , whrn thare warn 99,976 pagar
in the reamed, Ih d quite a tir+ ttyiag t o atseek a11
of that recard t o f%ndmt i f m e o s r t d n lattzarr hrtd
been mhdtted evidence or net. Aad atany the@
I stayed up a l l night in the ecwnty J a i l going tbrcmgh
the m o ~ ~ d f f 6- h d &Ire&*t~ f h d id6-t
t i l l L n g r : B a a added or not.
Oisb r rZI. Calfforai. Stqm- Court dm$& tk.trrit o f btbaas
oo-A .a6 that war talisn up ts tBn Unttrd Stater
aver, She regerms Bir parrenal rep~'lrtte that
$rspr- tburt, hnd ths Cmrt ;1tmder8dt b & rdeMio%tm
lo t b a tho lawyers, of eosrae. .ppuld t~
the W i t & Staterr % U P Z ~ OA *ohC B I I ~ ~ ~ e f t i . ~ a ~ i ~
is a diffrmrt procedure a d doama't br*. ch. form
After th. ~ i a + . cbad baei appe4.at.d 4@mhead-
Bi21imgrt Pas.
t o @a11him cm ~ e l ~ ~ , a d l&am OiPa eatm
to the j a i l t o s u r. Va h d vita e talk, ka w m
always V.IJ fritmaly. Of COYIT..$ a8 rnh.riif( there
warn' t m a k be mL1 do, Mu a11, a d3adff hu
ruler am4 regu811Ctlana t x ~9!~11w,aerta4.s X ~ o r rt o am+*
t o m ritb lad .o oa, PO *ere iM't tOO mu& B. 0.II
& for aa L a B S d b f , psrraer. Mmmwz, h.4&d mma
t;o m e me. In #bet, D m waa sPwayb aadir aom fr%en-
Eh.n he t.a to Tcm Hwney. He m a net pt.~iaely
SrrLetadlg t m T a .
~ i ~ b : firs nentr B?X~DWW~f t b m 3,~t:mleo;edw MOW- B t l l f a l . e a ~ swr twiq &a p r Olroa clsc*.d rLbR tbr %&a that &ey*d get a gwemor *Ro weald rslll't
&a&, Gpn yetr tJll r aagtRky &mat rht war
fn &a& r%opebtr
B i g f doa't too sooh &bat tht. T h e , of a-rae.
was e!qJh-rQd &ad IsrndXed en-xy by the Pem w94imq
Mmsldaws hfPmre €bad~tuta,aad f t;hW t h t Toe QLd
the bulk of the W O L ~h ~ i f ,Of @cpur#e tbet8 w m ~a
paat asap p w p l e f h f % f l a bwt€h tfhf uffoet, and a
weat u n y o t f i c i r l a of! t~111m41did a g m a ~L : d ef
W& Lk OP&Z Cg 66t O~,SOB@ k f & &
@flb: Which mtbs d&dym khink d%dt b -t that:
heaod a%?
Ililliagr; I dorr't Laow* Hy (goaia o f afth. p.tur i. that tb.
Billing.: and mot only %n $an Pranoiaeo but a l l up m d davn
th. ooart, i n every port in Caiifomi.. PB.e'r a
lot of longshor-. 1% put- mare that tbre ware
very few lamg.horran that didn't vet8 fer Cllran.
Garbt By ti. t i m e thy were with tb. CIb, mrm't they?
lilling~: Yes.
Gilb: b i d y w feel strongylp mppathatic te t& CIZS?
Billings: f nwer b d ang feel%- a g a h r t eithez br-h of
o r g a n i r d labor, qr opinion alwayr b.*iq been tb.t
orgrrnised labor war sttU an arganimd mumumat ebf
a11 th.vorCaru, w a r d t u r of vbrthrr %bay an
a f f i l i a t d dtb the A w ~ i e a nFsdrsretkm of b b s r
or the C16, o r 8shstbez thaj, were aff&%isted wttb
atme iadapemdmt waloa, or a f t i l i a t r d v l t h the 1s-
betria'i Wurkers of the World, ft: dbdn't mean any-
thing to aa Ireeaues I felt that a311 rr~o*e.sr were
part of *a labor ~lrwaam~t.
6 l f b : Anothar this It*. brrn told F. that vB.a tb. t h e
eslare for aetual p a z & m b ~by Olroa that Oleon got cold
feet end sort of wanted t o back mat on &e hl.
but it's quite probable tht err- people w b u r n
q ~ ( a r e 8te the p a r k w m t t o the governor md said,
Prws Msbnlsy. h d you b u r 8 anythgtag to thrt effiet?
bow that! a f t e r Olson had beetr ehmted and befor%be
hadl setua12gr tbnkma ofggae, he * l a d Tma Mooaay Ln
Sam Cgueatfa atnB also ~ b l l i e d in FOZBQQI. lhm hQ
virited IQ i.n Folsm, frankly, 0 2 s ~urd f had er
little dis.gre.l.mr. Be a e - d ta tdce an attitude
whiah m a very sh&lart o the atrftyib taken b~ the
praemuting attorney, prrtimlarly i n camt.ettmn Prl*
the Faeif%c Ga.8 Q E l e c t r i a Cemparny etrLke of IN%.
And her k r i a t e d c3n askfag nae a lot of qassrSonu about
the sabotage that w m done in 1913 %n oomeofion wtth
BilZgngfi: the PG & E strike, and X insleted oa wamt3.ng t a kaow
what tihat had t o b w i t h the asplaaim of a bmb at:
Stewart and Market street oo July 22, 1916. 1 t o l d
him that 1 cetaldn't ~ e ethe conneceien, $0 we haad
a little diuagreoamt oa that. r don't hor Jh.t happawad ar far as Oleon and bmey mum e68~errmd.
A 1 1 I koa, is tht evaitlull~,vb.a Olson did take
offtee, hie f a r s t a f f i a g a l aet t o pasdsn 'Scm
BlQQmey*
;EFZRAt STAGES OP Ff'l3f: BZLLTMGS CASE; W O R St?lWR2
Giilb: Xn the intsxval.after he pardoned Tos Maoaey .ad
W't pardoned you o t oamaated your ratea am, did
porr orgimntar;e m y ktnd of preeoure upon Urn? Mary
Gallagher dfBL solse t h h g s for y w wh~c31 were still
in j a i l , dtdn't eke?
ILll%ngr: Oh yera, after TWP Hmmey wae pardoned, Taa w e n t
around the emntzy makin%rpeeefses in vhieb he a d 4
he wa% dobg ev8rything possible to get - at, but I d t d a ' t feel t h a t way about tt. 60 the rewlt was
that 1 &aided t o argamlse e emm&ttass on my own.
X then wrote a letter to Mga E m s t , oJgoo war v i c e
president of the Bofel and Restmarslat Empleyeeo
Xntematfmal Allbaaee at that tfm, Be was an old
Ergend o f sihe, and I saksd h h to orgmi%ca group
for me, arksd thma t o send mt ratters to ma& 6f
the unirmer i a S a a FrasrcLr~co, aakPng salrcb o ~ a L o nto
send a delegate a d w t t b eriadeettble t o a meettne
to organ5se a emmatttee to be k n e w as the Billisge
Defense, Rugs Emst d i d send snrt tba letters and f
BillSmgrt brlirvcl them were torrrtos da1ag.t.r at th: t t r a t
meeting, utd t h we org.afsed &haIll'iliay bf-,
ntd Z sent fez )Lq GaIliaPur a d e a k d &r Oo meept
the: .aore#amy~hipd rh.13211Lny Dcfawe, beeawm I gel%
a t rrk* wm e m p e m E pratim ta 80) w h t I PaL.1:g ~ ~ t
had t o be Bme. Pln4 so Hazy ease tap %.tam UM h8el;lL~
ard ~ t d lU aeemtary d3f th. B l f i h g . 8 Dug-, mil
we &ea gat w n Qlrg.tu -- I b ' t r d t bor
X b w u L a l r t ~ ~ p a f t i Q t l h ri n a t a m e , i a w p e ~ ~ i m
appeared a t ef the m e e t i n g s -- t%mrseemtd err thtrd meeting &m the ewgpnLsat;ion was s t i Z Z hi- foamed -- and aehsallg apga%atd h W e l f em~ the am~tat&weem-
m i t t a c l , of tbO a-utim. An(l *b.n t W a i l a f o d
of it, I notc a tatter r c RUB@ k m a t .ltd dun-
to haw *ED ~ ~ m ~ r s a t ~ ~ ,thfs gart%mlazbd$d&s'L
wkm ke Bad emdm%ialoftm, MB W elmfed h k srt
ths exlil?eutireb~w14. And Etago di.ittetf Uut Lkia
Billingst fallour b d msrely barged in, walked i n r l t h o u t atmy
e;rdefit%ataand rattmapted t o take aver, sad had
neturXby agpsit~te8ZILtwseXf on t h s ct#aotlELvs board,
we d m t t have t o do aopthing; the Gsvsmor'r going
t o takie care o f thbs; t h f o L_sr a l l Wken ears of, ATP
But a t any rate, George EZdwe21 got o f f tho
emamittee, and we thcn pxoccoded, Wary Gallrphrr aad
I, w i t h the rss26stance of acme other trade un&mpizopge,
Labor, tba biEErmdBrotharhwd, and the Zntertnaetmal
eisco Iabor Co~acL1; ~lek~?.*!+ I belirwe it watt,
that wao wteretaw OQ the Baildts~Trades CmimeiL;
Gordon Xrvtne of the lRdPlrsad l r e C. T.~
~ ~ o u g b ,f i t r t vier p n u i h t of tha CaliEornt.
S l a m F a d a n t i a of tebot; urd Rmxy 2a&zLn, buf~iarus
manager of ths fntemat%ol9aE U%tm@amantWoFhesa
J~antPSosrrd, ! t % ~ the o f f i e i o l mcewt%vecmt-were
dttm,
Then we had mother g r q whfah rsre u@eBr r
a steertmg eommgttm, We aallsd b t the Aetfoa e m -
mfttee. It e ~ t w l l pworked me Ule pmqpam, uh.t bPd
ku be &ma, and a w to it t h a t kt. wae ccsrriled at.
These other o f f i e l a l a , of emme, Llkfs John A.
09~onnell,they Pwrt busy d t h ehstt own effairr.
l i l l h g ~ ~ hrve arch cai Lo $paad t i uThey d i a e * ~ am o p p a r W t f
worirfag rn tk.B i l l i n g . ease. R ~ e r , m e
w L Z 1 b g t o 1-4 *air name. Aad thq alee dtd rac~~tra
the mBLo1pu~esto f thetrr orgaaiscrtioa. lo thrt mr
erganlntioa w u them B ~ R & F S ~ &b~ a11 o t the prLMip.1
M of L o r m u t l o n r &m ttb ui~~.trof & l i E e i . .
omia eatiraly stopped aupportiag T m Hutmey*r u r l i * l t y .
But ?3my r ~ l a r l d n 't palltioipa- ia aagthi,n$ Eb.t *.B
eanslratedby tBehYem~WagrreyMsu'bhrubfeneie Cmmt&ttace,
Ba that pas BoePg X water to mg$eggnrt Parl gat .fk?s4B
k-t CQ ~ C ~ i r e h f c ~ ~ . 8-t b $ % l l i t ~ g ~ A t
titdie, I alas wrerIt;e *a Leeer t a CaXifomai* SlcaCa
Bederation of ?a- to Bd Vandalmar, tdho *U aeme@wy
a t the tip., and told Ed I wanted to pat a NIOXWCLA~
thww* the eonwmt;tm o f t h e ! SW&e lht&ra%tclrla, *t&
m a meeting i n Oihlmd that yeax. And Kd mid, " Y m
v r i t e ch. weaolutiae =Pad ZqI pirt i t thrmh." Ba
S rPrsEr the regcsbaoo up is Fohmn, 8mt &t te Ed
Vea&t@t~s, dm8 S t W & B ~U M ~ ~ ~ B % Y QQLt-8dw?e&by the
vmtforn o f the GalLf!omka Seatat P*rrptian of ~ b o r *
gmrmeite&a2$are the support sf che C a L f f o t n h P a b r a -
and all atrp affiLhtes,
GIXbr Ylooney w a d % happy ~P &%a%
Billings: In ordar re do this, 1 h.8 t o break with fols, bee.ow
of the .11LPO#ltr, a p f n a t Tam ia the bl of t aoraaat.
I cwl&*th.va a~orsplSebedengthing ar, leng a$ I
BilL2ngro; remhmd oa fri.ndty tsno rith Tam W o a ~ y . Accftullt~,
I t u d t # o n a t him, I1. cme up to Folaao ho BW u,
.ad I to& a & r m t a ~of that ~ p ~ ~ m i t yto areat. a
pb1i.e r p l t t batwmm M .nd B&waey. I t P r w M h t mat
. a d told him WEI &&'t th%& he nu do* mttWmg
gar w, 1 h d te malt4 it lask zeal, blfbed~ted14t offtee
tn *&d4 Tma a€#&I wrsra WR$otlr Seeept9aa wiar
%u=*dH and a11 of atlr ooavarmatioa wwkfag ~ - 1 0 3 d d r
Wkb : So ha &&'t 'kramv that it:was d.llr.*Bellmma
B t 1 l i i l g . r EL didn't kaa* it, no. Ia frat, anti1 his dm&,
Tors never ppap m ~ ~ h c s dthat sletu2ly ft wso a l l t m b -
beX2eve. rtru8t hava beem r bteerr attoat than X
t h ~ @ tZ W r
GtIb! A160 1 hsWb a mote rhot Mocraegr warp eolZlloth,g laonsy
f o r your dsf.n.e bot wing it fmr bir arn debt., rad
this was a rmres of dtuqpaswnt.
l i l l i n g r : Yea. Them m e na babe sbaw~IbX that Tom =I)
t o pay off the in&bte&eoi r14P Ckw T m Memay hBatlf &err
bofrn.43 W l l l l i t E e s w i t h the me$t b t rar c d n g Fn
&aging thrt p t r b d , and eonsrqueat3y, the mmey w u
mot bring $pen1 &st my behalt, ho s p a t .
begore bfflfe~enaeqgmitertd~bahc arrU a t evew
pamy t b t wn. baing ool%eoeadm s be* u u d fa my
behelf. Well, porhppe t h r ~we atoms or % m a e m ,
bwaare rfkr a l l . Bd ht uas paflag !e hbbinb.btd-
nwr a&! o d % t a r ,wan ti?it: was k b Tam R b i w q
#ow1&rll rnf@.&#at lame&amite~e, e;btof 4wmzIse war
QY 1-s b &f- too, %d Wg, Ag-r dloah@
debts had been ewtxaeted %a&e l ~ r ~ a t e #OQ11+3r-QP
Billfngs Eru., o l f h w & x had wry titCla t o do r t r h i t * But you d%Q19e tb&nk that was a v%wgood chbr&;ear
hLm t o do* fuue r;be saoo.
Well, 1 d&Bit p a t i e u l a z l p objaet t o i ~ .I knr# tht
if hSs et3mittse had Sucumb debt, that they had h e
tt honhatly wki95h ast qectatiim at:they would be
a b l e to cralleat t h laarney aad pay caLf those U t r ,
m d a f t e r 4111, I felt t b t my- $Itat h e y Qwrd uray
10 oert:ab.n%ysfawlsl be ~ $ 1 .
M WB avmamtad with L t , at urg fete, d ghat o a -
d t t w a e ae1:mitpg;Lng go s s ' l h i t &neb f ~ -t&@ 4k-F
o f t M ~ O S a&* tLWB Whm th.&+@B- ? b U l d . n fhEl&ttm
was eoniiaLng it@ e f f o r t . pciw&pally%a rhs CZb
bemusc o f tha f e s l h g whit 'OBDwi n th.U of L,
and that emmilttee aotraally, %a my ccsuid.r.@ioa, uu
m e r e ot laso of a .tlbter&qp, ~ h sAP of L o o a r i t t M
fm $ & a ~ grad ilill-, * i e h 84.lt.L at +hC hC.4 OP
it, apt! T ef.m%r bemath.t p o s o i b t Reawx atght hm eo~zd~s~ad game t r r t e ,w%Eh t b Ccaammfrt F m t q sE &at
--
Yeu run litmy m m g tr ~ 1 1 yl o u n h iatar.et.d ta
-8. M th.J *am b $.cl&h.r t b h ~ ?
Smr; m o pw~e18ally crphatcuar,
%%am ycm ymmalf were moE oymgmtbatdc t m s d them?
Ms, Z -8 aat a Ccmmidat rad mwez Buf hem, 386
IlwleXWayB 4QqM3@ed e.tE.LB thbw t h t &e 0 - w
did ma aatrte%aof the G d r t It&#, aLfhars*
WhWh logs#?
K ~ g reE the thf,tigb w i d ~ hkh! tZmaam5rt P w t y d2Q ar
arm ef.f2airt (orgarriarpt&on,ia my s r o t h m ~ & t m ,werpc
tim8fngb to ce+sprdarew i t h crapkta2im. p9lracm%ly,
3 W&. .l.#rt oanvZwrd t b t C.pZmX .aQ t.bm hev*
aorrhhg La o a o a . (Ir\lgh%ar)
TWa i a a WTQTtntere8timg stZTzy. Whitax: sore a f
aeta?
Well., t a p bmk- a 1- w e , prdably re the
Chimm%reemweation of WPB, wMm X believe ehay
adopted rr ~ a r o I u t 3 . msg9-t cappstng s . r ~ f o u ?
religion. The Amirshists, of eolrrma, -dl the t .V.W. '8 , we- eppouad t o aqpn%mdtet%g%on,aad it krd &wtyi?
BiL1tng.r bosl th. th-qr auwt.hL#ta rado f ehc r e v t ~ l a t i ~ ~ ~ ~ r y
tho real n d 4 e a t s t h o weS,tgtam uu r?m0pF.t. t ~ g
people, &at re'LtgIan tt-8 wm ta keep tBc
p.ople i a lnrbdrrioe thn: fo+ a y eth.c poqore, .d
tiutsrynilrd relQLmwa8 b.d for t3m uo24saxa, ost
g d tor dra. tbnsequ~catly,b i a g bma ooe-wa
of &at, X was apgeae$ t o c)zgan%sedrsligien, md
when the Camunirt Party agreed $4 ocmbcm ral1tLaa
a d W WUI% d t h thr ort.PircrQ religiaru ilrolrpr, Z
aaewed! 0f c q x d s l s $ +I& e a p i t w l l a .
G i n t I mavat ts a& whether thsze ware m y Gemarmisto
ocr the rnuldeles mQ~pr9ea ? m m i t C * 9 P
lilliry~t 1 don't k n a it there w s n ray ~ & r C aen th.Coo-
d.j;tZ#B%, 2 8uhk -8 #$RBI & E B S W b g 8 k~ GhB
soploy of -- k, fact, I mi3 t o l d at t h e that
til1ity.r betora mad t.lkiag go Pbr ~ f i & c S . l rci &e o r y -
nfsatfam, aptrrriag my r p p r e e f r t i o a far tb. mpp=
of @ x g d s d f.btm, &I#@ ~ o l i c L b f n L#or .bm-
tl.&qgfee +h. Qa!qgmm#,
f t WB cprite a m~~csa~~,&aZcl2*a d we ew*
~ i e t b d3A ~ f a b q ~ ~ mcmey t~ pay efL a11 );*. L-emm&
d.btmkteu o f the l i l l l q g r Ctmdttm. Af- elm
h e , we diQngt a my- amy&Iai~a, .ad X b ~ U . b .
t h e n a u a78 or $M) laf?t, rrhfmh evmtma1l.J rbc .ne-
rratLv8 beard o f the C u m i t t e a finrlly b i d e d hs &ve
ra ma, 'Illiaal: war pa* gf %heacsnsy X rard lm go %ntm
haa2nare wt&,
& . f a x X war ~ f e a ~ e B ,f $pent abwe tam week8
8 0 2 i a i t h g amdl appatsPag bQ&wa zm2sae a d one t h b s
aata anatbar, rkad t&m X made a h d p t o ~ Q OA n g d e ~
uhdsr cha urspioacl of Cha b l i f ~ r a i aSUE. F . d s a L i o n
of t&0% and wade a @peeahBefostt -0 toss AngeZPal;
Centrdbl C k m n e L L . Neil lhgggertyi loho at t h a t t i u o r u
peesfdent, Z bs$iwe, of hrr AqcXss Cantax1 @eaaab.L%
and f~ a* rmreQmzyof the Gafitmmia S a t e Fe&mWs~
F3Lllbgatc e f Beg1 $eC up d ah a litt'le .pea#& .$*el:
1 e o ~ l u d a drSmr ia wlrioh br mid* rmtr ir tba fi.za%
rirna b ma h i s ~ c t pc p i tke Lor Aqplor Clatmf.
CwtwiP tihat the v t a t ~ i r r g*pcuk*t baa elm eolc hem
d rpakea f a t Wmty m$mrw ~MWW e#lt.d
anjrthhg, (Isclghear) Z s x p r * a ~ 4q r p p m S a ~ L o D
t o the o e p a t u t L & r in t o o &&Ler fst tB. wppoit
m y had gimm rre &ring ~ I t ehnntpEhres.>p&~~88.'s,we
h d been h pdgon aad a x p b l n * & t a ztrs Gmmetif. tbr
p a s l t i o a that X was in as rewlt a t l i b Om-QX
havhg givet ee EL ~mmmtatimo f 154mteme0, b e e a ~ ~ b
~ Z ~ ~ O Z Z I ~ ~:IUIZ: t aam g ~ : a r p g h ~ L
t e d Ilih *ricronstent, he tbaa .8d ah.re l o u r
a l l w k & ~ s , pri.d.2eges wid Ofi3aa&has tmtk-it *a Zaew
and beolart PS b B in Zn i s &w@ ba wrr, b 6 i a
f r t r t , .She%% the b n ~ y~f*Ioade,
Euw yw Legh t ~ +e m ~ b kthat, 1 raoft plshe
$8 dead %a h e har no tt&t t o arn . a d 1Ktld ptfape=y.
Tb hets 'tau right: ts eater atm a rzatatraclf. fk~Ubtlryileq6LIy~
ha o p ~ ~ tl q p l l y gar 1~arzziad3s b l l f a r n b a .
I t l l k y r r Iaa, not in Gal.lifornf., bmmver. f get m a r r i d in
MmdaI & a n i t vatu le$al, It wmlla*t buw been
lqpll &nWIiQsraba,
G i l b t I pramme yam awn tE3.%1sprkseugb yoor wife.
B i l l t n g s : 'Eh. px-ay thr we nar o * ~L. c-iey p m p a ~ ~ t : ~ ,
I s betd Ln j o t a t tenmaey, rftb q tcd myeelf.
Rawwar, aoeedItttg t o tht m e prtimlar ilaot&cm o f
tho eodr, that +till imgt lepl.
o t ~ b : ao* atr YUU happ- to b i d e ta S L U ~~ V Zwife, i ~ m ~ c ? ~a. pw were in priaam a l l there yeaa~s?
BL11ings: Wela, ysrr e m , e t afms tbdngs tramiiphrd tU.E gave
are hope o f b e b g ~ t a a w s d , $0 b W 3 6 , ooOIlgn I was
dam here in &r county jail -4 wkm my wig* k.a .n
spsortma$w t;a d e 5 t am -- shms wsla not 9 oPige a m -- M ~ t ~ ~ l a d a dLhrt w wid get mrrl*d, P ~ B U ~ Wmt
f VPU go- t o Bc r a l s u a d u a renrlr o f rtre &#baas
act&m. fk?wever,W-hm tlm- qlic*fm
f e l l thrcbxqgh end I didn't get r e l w e d , that just
G i l bt Sbr waitad a11 thora yecm f o r YOU!
fillings: Per, Thst w a U 3 6 , a r s t m ~ I 2 y&eta we t h e i d e 4 t o
maxFg, #%em I 988CB reLlga~9ed%n 1939 WE ba&ded to
get mazriad, so ojrst were married on the 25th of Mar&,
I%Q,
?ks!sx O i l bo Rov about you and Ta ~ n e yafter you g a t out?
Were you CPDIB &Leads?
B%f;tLs]tsoz %an 3 f i m ~ ~ %n$at mt, f b e k b m 'Pam R~oni3ywas
8t. W r ' a Wf~pDt.1. Shortly after he antered the
hoqaital, he wm wemated w p m , and he tacls not r l 1 W
t a recsltve aay vDsituxs fez a cdi?mst&zeblep@t%OQ
srrtd tbe doeten: a h f w d agatnst: mre v % o i t i n g Tma for
q u i t e mihile. E?vmmaallg I dtd go t o re% hha a Saw
t i m e s . lkrt om's eoadittou was not good. He mr tn
very bad +bp.
vn I rucl ia Folaan, f dtdn'f de a a y t h f . ~but reprit
watcher and cladrr &ad jewelrp for th.g t i a ~ 6md
r;hetr friends atad W P r frf&n&*Eadf2e$ and &dr
famllfaot ftian&, s a d .Lao f a tkr p r i 6 o l u n . The
facrrt of the matiter 16 that E repa&red~ p z ~ x i . w t e Z p
906 artmeet a year &ring, the laat P k m or a k yeweb
a t any tat*. That's u o h mtma wrb: thn f do here.
$ill?t Btd y a ga t o 3a %Maof Exes fight away?
BtZZbngsr I n &%0 baiXd%ng, mt ta t h t s particular off%es. Z
was a5tf i r a t Ln Rwm 428,
eiZbr fbrtna ysw h s c n verg aeefioe ia miaa r E h i r a oi,s~;ls
you g o t olif of px&aotlsP
B i l l h g ~ 4 Pop. Ihlf~mI sat at, Ln faat, an X1956, Z w*r
takien iate gbe ~ate%amkra*Daim i n tsl, h $ 8 k u
&B ba41stlim . $0 %I9 19w, W h 4 t ~5 t#il ~11la8#&& 1 t o %t3% g ~ k I B ~ ~ % V Y kS3drr81bs ~ 1 d QUf: m ~ d
the t a r &~elt$ lwar and 'Lhm t t m w s i ~ e dho t3m
M n Waociwa mrl, P19rea 3 e m Xk$min
f l ~ ~ d e t , bec~ae8 af ~ & b ~ ~ k a a a ) r ~ S ' & '1939, WS&@?
QnIjton -a% 108,
We he4 t w ~~ ~ ! & s ZOIhem at Bha tiw;
wag ~ h t sPocaX 08 wa&s~ko!rriwha WEE*aapleyd Sar
wiqee, and LosPl 102 m e aa o m i w t L o e of r l f a -
played w r t c h k e t s . T. dida8t b e e m a d m + o t 10%
becrwa I WCP .~mablcto &at 8 $& a* a w a t a ~ k d ~hem.
Bafora I, doeided t o faea btt@tn&rr rf.elf, Z
t r i a d t o get s a p r o p ~ i tBar+ isr ha Prarcriiwo, bpt
tho jewelers n t l seeaed te bc a f m i d o f u. They
nfrntd that the poblt~ityuarlda't br $od far: ttulr
Billings: buslaear oz rawthing. Of oouroc, UIeJ didn't kna*
wheth.r I war a gaoQ wat~hWearor not. They -a
tw c o m a r o s t i w ~t a taka a t b a e e , uad so X avu3.9pr' t
Of emzBa there #ae met ma& estptepent tw be
had i n that Line a t &at tiwe, t t vaa j o r h the tag&
end of the depreasim, polr dght ~ & y ,J-rlrqr, 1940.
4~~16pespfo wwo j u s t bq&nn.lu&t c ~get BLBQk t~ wu*,
I r4pairedl caae out of the hwk sb-ti or cot& th.
tzmght them f n a hrvs &em repaire8.
GIXb : What b v s been tap. 05 tha .%:h-Lngsthnt hra e ~ a m e d
B%Tt%ngs: Well, we have be=, eaaemed prin&.gripfX-y, o f course,
si2lim.gat wieh ~ r ~ g ~ ~ k u ~ . . r r x h a gr ,ehs amdle%aarfor
tht- for ola cm elm job, 4every year vboP the
Gilbx & ~ t ~ d m E teat of rhe t e a l nmmbes crP *&If=per
wbject t a @be ~ w p e t f ~ i m~f & larger amployera
in cstoblishiw p r i c o s , rlhieh -14 au~arp.tlocrlly
taffmt your wages.
ISilI%ngs: A miem ammet f b prfees bemaass o f the $kBe~ta'J.law.
691%~: Y e s , Z kraw,
seal* of pzlcear.
rZt1b: But how aan gcu adhere t o ft i f m l z e m&rat by
htbitr the asa o f me verd *'freenmr adrrctNs%zagmp
f ~ e aWO& QII: &&-%B&~PI~ &w P T $ @ c ~ ~XQ d ~ t , large ~eo.iie~iara umb%s,baccauae of these cslmarss h
the acentrsrGt, to a t h r t 9 s e the prJtee t h ~ l yWp Eer
CgPb: You a w t r d titea by W n g , tha eaptg+r i n the dm.
in the %mbetry&ad keeps the induetry 9~ m -&-
table bars~. !fhe otozca uur't get any b m r f i t out
Them tho m a n up ttic! street mte pft0.8 acme more snd
BAfJ.ICEDF1' L I E R A R . I
I b & l I f . @ :t O f f course *hey betk rswm ce death when
m y get: Qlosn I- ~ Q U @ I ) ~ t ; ~1%Ut h =&z p g ~ m t
chat, we hma ormbltshad ttre srNptt.n of fat -- 6331lb; Elam you a l r g a l o d m y rstttkea?
Ili'llbgs: We havet had ano OF t n c littla rttilrem ta the dm&uatry.
Not myihing of m y t q o r u a c s . 3% h a t of eh.
matsler is that aar ozganimt%r?mSe vusg eru& qzpsed
t o r b i k o . . 8nttr~~in faat, vr uarl&*t crO3&kie it'e
farced upon ua by $he eup%oyera, Of c m z ~ a ,two yeam
ago asme of aur d e r s weze jEbreed mt of amptmimt
iri Gramat Broehtws becmuss af e:k s t r f i e of
j e w a l a x ~ ,I&$& &a g &&agar%a~lfbrisleaglaa; t o the
saae I n t e ~ ~ t f m m l .htz ar dQbLemmt orgamiwabh.
JacreE~1.r'Local.36 went en s t z L L a ag.ilut Qzaaat
B + ~ t B e r o . G ~ B s u ) ~ 'u , o f eouxoe, -rate a jawelag
aulntsfac~tk.ie,simp. Aad ia their mmufro~rtng%a-
&.try, thsy pt %ate a diragnemmt vith tho \mien
vlEh tho result that the jewelerr g p t up and wu1k.Q
atr oa s t r i k e . Thm, of e m s , thsp e~tdbLLubad@
pieksE 1 h e , and wr watehmkem were mtwtamt to
Bi'ltfag.? go thmgb the p t t k e t Liw. weat80 tho w a t ~ k ~ ~ p ~
atC. -- thpt tr, thsPy didn't go out mi r t r l k a , tlmy merely 8all.d to go t o work. Ormat I)rot%erabmmw
Iderctified w t t h tb+. !€bplojare&mmzlL d thr Eaplcpan
Cmctl. eaamaemd t o ~ p ~ e Q ~ ~ a s h& W W ~ M
the mft-%artlw, Whbh ~ V Q P ~ ~ ~ S S L I % Y a8 WBWth-f~3'3pc~:ad makers t o gc Lkroyh the p h k o t 1fn.eb m k tc work,
rdkieh muorb a Big dlaturb#raa :tn tfm Asezieam jlPe&ra&
tian o f MburP pareLauUrl~fn e b Saa Ihstaeieoe b b e r
to be B= Q ~ ~ % O B T t h ,o f f i e bmcil a l l durrbig &is
G ~ ! I: w e p ~ a i t f m ?
BiPIMmr: Chiman QE the bmrd o f tmstaea a i d eta8man of
eke law art4 letgislarieiw camittee, aft4 Z be-
fox better t& ten year%. But C: eaattziued tfi thbs8
poaittcatas beeavac we weze n o t t s p s Z l ~ dQrm the W n
B%lLW*: meeo Cgm%t.ba kntaeil. we al.0 rrrr aot arp.ll.cl
ftm etw raz&me& u l b g a3wmi1 abX' $%%3m t b eQiRm
Oooae Labox & w a d & , rbe mt our: &ala$rtesr emtima~d to atteed m t ~ imd Itp,@W! s-9.L .La-* we- mqmlltr5 Ems $as ammisea Lebr tbuw%%,
3ar we vurr not arpr1l.a frao tb.UI15,fa?~~1tasea*.
Fedsratiaa a!! Labex. Zntem~05emalwrrre #$&I1
aEEilSstd dt& AF ab t*,we hsld mrat bcea bgp43Ld
by the T n r n m t d m X , 80 Ma astSaar takm by chaa $am
haaefoao M a r CmmeSl aetaatly w m ma a-
m d *Y f l - 2 1 ~ m ~ M dLt,
DJI'Eb: boss your 'locaf. ia ike Pr.nel.co hr*e a uaLcat ahop
aaarmmt '?
I l i l ! 2 a g . r Oh ye#. We u l a o hnn orgmimt4.m La Sma Jasr, and
we b v e sqgmlred ?%ant&Clasa WnOy, ae laan%hi the
tQWE3 of 8- ~ O B Q , 43t&dW ROW -9 & -fez tH%tt~.f?%
~ U e b~rente&~5az fhB mum wage@am!emcWlianr atn
%;mu Caat.ity that we have &n $;wa at- Cmmtzy
an1 $an Pramclloczo. We a l e s b v e ws$berrk$p in batria
theta Cmmw and A l m e d a C m e y , an&?:we are bp%ng
n i l t f i y r : that m will M Q ~b. abL. t o uox& orrc a pm#mm
&re m o LPteZe uaim will be able wa at4 km
jtlrtrdietlap a11 wer Lbr .atire irortbm put o f
eiw #tag* r ~ %TSlrtZi$0rn%a, T!& h a t ~e e b ssaleer &I. t h r r b w are 10 few w r t e W m # ia c*riaca w
ehe R&Z a l empley~~ba~in c+ttbrtpaihr, that thewe
I s n ' t rcra for lorr th.a QW 3,-1, r u l l y .
Timy did b v a a local i.m P 1 ~ ~ t mat crsu
rim eamc p&mB a$@ an W i l m a them mMI tw8rw laem- bero, Z B c r r r * ~thrhnk there ewer Botd b a n 1&0= tMa
fcrr~rteemmtmbeze in S t d c t o l a Local, And s f tiht+esr
fourtoen, I pa.. prob.bly eisht or ntn. of tb.r w*+e
s r l f -emplopad w a t b k ~ r ar a d t i b o t b frr rrt.
L ~ y df B ) t
! P b m i s a local, W 1 112, $a SacraaamQe,
bat f e ' a P vary mil11 local fS11 m e been veYy
euaaesa5uP aad Bars xawm bean s~mraraaaltn rrrrtr-
bltehdrps a wale o t wages e~qie(lsablad r b our wry..
Fa Sam Wawisars. Vate-kers f;a Sam 1Px-1r&?i#ctotmkj
get $2.73 an hoof lainiaur. PrepnSm ua get $2.85,
Ilf lliaga: @%,OO. 3 . I + I tbtnk t b ~ e ' rona er tam watab.sSrar8
g a t & - $3,25. llaatt &s S a e r ~ t 6the scalrs i r bralow
$2.35. Z b ' t b a r 3u.t rlk.t tb* bass pay -- I t h h k tbr d n i ~ r nq 3 them+ i s )P,12 112, T~.L'.me of
the rea~mwwhy we want t o 3a@Iw& a l l sb R - d r e t b m
Cat.ff~m%a aur a x ~ t w t i a n ,b%oaurgwe e:U& fihat
we e m avaoer~l'iypat in & maiiter contraat which MILPI
gma+omima sc miabutm rate, the same rabXlllwo tam tn
s l L areas of Rozth8m C;ILllEosda.
G i n t Tell me a 11EttIa bit abmt t:bBan Mate0 U b a t
Council. f. chi. (I vary blg o r paulrtfal o + y a i ~ t i o n ?
Billiags: It'r not e v w y big c ~ d r r ~ t i o n .I tMnk there &re
p r W l y X2L miw. a f f i l h t e d rlt6geth.r. That i r ,
n w tbr we have mkma i a &a fZ6 uasnio~,
We a ~ttuati-cm4.n thSs mtfb.e~t&cmo f la-
in 6.33 Hetea W n t p whitb is p i & a diffalunt from
orthat %tWas $.El $dU3 ~~!'BBQ%@BO Cm~t;y,W
S m F r m ~ f ~ c s ~ t f L e ~ , w h c t f ~ z -rem d A ~ R M B ~ ~ &eze
astablirrhdl CTC? emmc%Pe, them %twucr rtaaersaeaq- for
that M of 51 Cmn&I. %be: GfQ &maoi1. te get
BLZlfngo: togglather &ad arrm$o fm untftmt20a1 0%the t w ~
ccr~icL'la, fqa Ban Ma.- mty, there wan a6 .rracirst&1;1g I *
CPC, crmmeil a t t b trt.ree. $0 & m ~ e ~ m t X y ,in Qtsless
to unify the GO-t the AF e f J1, mewamat
is 6.n Mfatu, Came, a l l that uar maemmy tor tlr
to do wtr to Ixnrlta t h e GI0 d a n r to j o b oetz emmeil,
d i e i t they d14,
Gflb: k: b u w that mmh of grwr tbm been $ a k a up
rarcmely by eke Subel Cerserlttee oetiLvtt%es. Cm
ycm say abwt &at ctcmf+&rof?
B i l l b g e : Y e s l!lm fact 0% eise mattex b r , X have kcesa the
ohartrrassn 03 the fleetkern C a l b h r n i a t h t w i l ef Cam=
mlttaeo fsr brtxm S ~ h e l ,breorruo+ 'IE am tbrnmghly
e ~ e a dthat H e r t o n Sobel is rabselutely itmomat,
m d X C P L ~BOC from 'BSbaf happened &a bir ear+ t h a t hos
was Zn e z a c ~ % ythtr sase pooit&meta\: ? oras iza the
l % m m t ~ b X ' l l P n $ ecase. 1 ~ a - la m a t a d bscmsa S
friend of Moonay 'a. Zhm becmu6c I r e f w d to
testify e ~ t n r tBbmey, Eh9 p r o a m a t t a g attorney a b o k
h%lsf i a t Ill%d@~ $i4E%ds ak l o ~ e yga3t no86 ' % k W l ~ and we'll. h a y y n t too i f par refuse t o tsrtffy.'?
And ghat8$ what they dgd to Bobel. Phey & r t s s t e d
SBbol because LM was acquainted w i t h itor.nBergs.
bad uh.n he refirred to testify a g f a s t thc b r m b o w ,
they rrrld, "We'll ezecuta the Aaraaberts urd we'll
w-eeute yea, too, t k yau don't testify." And he
I l i l ' l ~ t ~ :stfll n W e l te ~ u t i f y . So tkgr added hir arr t o
tha tndtletamt. #g was mt rwn4d b the origiW2
i a d i o m t , but they u d 6 a hi. name to tib iaatCbrnt
as am a%ta~rthmq@tmid be amlo tried wla Bosmhzgs, h3t tb8r8 Qt9 te~t-x~f a y l b a t SdP.% &b.
tsnmppottd s a t a a s n t of WUsmre, and t b r wE8sarua
meretly stafmd that:an Ptve aaparam mmu%m6he bmw
that Wl had a catvextmtlm I&& 3nlPur BoQdcrg.
QiLb: Wb,s are ease of the ot5mz ~ Q ~ Z Ia~tivefer $&a1 3a
thto resiant
B % r l i q 5 t i : Then are aug#smur peagle all w e r $he a t a t e a%
Ce'Lifsznda that are aet%wein W e 9 thadtteer,
In set: we have s eolrpleee awme%l. a f Sebrl e e u d f t m e ,
*iek ineludes B O B B I B ~ ~ ~ ~ Min ALmmda m e y , M a d m
County, 8otmna Ccatwty, fEaetammte Count'y..,,
Shlbt Are Ebsre many labor w l e a- t:kmmt
Bill5n~rt lo, not au a g-em&t~al Hast of tke pawl+ a mnrle,
progressive. A great many of thr are old-timer.
l i k e syrelf who realize that Sobs1 ham Bema cotnrteted
st smwfbtng ha didn't du and they are cmvkned that
