Phil101-----final paper---at least 1000 words

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Chapter 4

Are You Free?

Freedom and Determination

Are You the Master of Your Fate?

Human nature
The environment
Psychological forces
Social dynamics
Compatibilism
Indeterminism
Libertarianism

Views of Free Will

Determinism

John Stuart Mill
Baron d’Holbach, The System of Nature
Motives and the Determination of the Will
Absence of Restraint Is Not Absence of Necessity
The Complexity of Human Conduct and the Illusion of Free Agency

Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d’Holbach

1723–1789) This French philosopher and translator played a major role in the Enlightenment as a contributor to the Encyclopedie, a compendium of progressive ideas and knowledge. He published his own radical writings anonymously, and his System of Nature and Common Sense were publicly condemned and burned. (Paul Henry Tiry (1723–1789) Baron d’Holbach, 1766 [wic on paper] by Carmontelle [Louis Carrogis] [1717–1806]

Thinking Philosophically

Compatibilism

External Constraints May Limit Freedom: Stace
W. T. Stace, Religion and the Modern Mind
Internal Constraints May Also Limit Freedom: Schlick

Compatibilism

When are choices free and when are they unfree?
Unimpeded rational desires
Degrees of freedom
Free Will Is a Human Creation: Dennett
Evaluating Compatibilism

W.T. Stace

(1886–1967) This British philosopher wrote influential books on Hegel, mysticism, aesthetics, and philosophy of religion. His books include Mysticism and Philosophy and The Meaning of Beauty.

Mahatma Gandhi

(1869–1948) A political and spiritual leader, Gandhi helped India achieve independence through nonviolent civil protest and disobedience. What were the factors in his background that influenced his decisions? Were these choices free?

Daniel C. Dennett

(b. 1942) The research of this American philosopher centers on the philosophy of mind, particularly as it relates to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.

Indeterminism and Libertarianism

We Live in a World of Possibilities: James
Self improvement
Morality
Religion
Social improvement
William James, The Will to Believe
A universe of actualities

Indeterminism and Libertarianism

A universe of possibilities
Psychological, astrological, sociological, and economic theories
Analyzing James on Free Will
We Create Ourselves Through Our Choices: Sartre
Existentialism

Indeterminism and Libertarianism

Jean-Paul Sartre, from Existentialism Is a Humanism
Human nature; the environment; psychological forces; social dynamics
Analyzing Sartre on Freedom, Choice, and Responsibility

William James

(1842–1910) An American thinker whose work blends science, psychology, and philosophy. James was one of the founders of Pragmatism, a school of philosophy that connects questions of meaning and truth to practical applications and consequences. Among his writings is The Principles of Psychology (1890), a 1,200-page work that introduced the concept of “stream of thought.”

Jean-Paul Sartre

(1905–1980) Sartre was a French philosopher and founder of Existentialism, a school of thought based on the idea that “existence precedes essence.” His Being and Nothingness (1943) offers a full exploration of this view. Sartre also wrote literary criticism, plays, and novels and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 (which he declined.)

A Feminist Analysis of Freedom

Jean Grimshaw, Autonomy and Identity in Feminist Thinking
Mary Daly
Marilyn Frye
Kate Millet
Analyzing Jean Grimshaw on Autonomy

Making Connections: Creating a Synthesis

Overcoming Limitations to Your Freedom
Is heredity destiny?
Confronting External Constraints
Confronting Internal Constraints
How can personal freedom transcend physical limitations?

Thinking Philosophically