leadership Essay (5 pages essay)
garki.
motivation__chapter_16.pptxMotivation
Prof Karen Hanen
Mgt 360
Individual Needs and Motivation
Motivation—the forces within the individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work
Two Major Areas to Focus on in studying Motivation
Needs Theories
Process Theories
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Figure 16.1 Opportunities for satisfaction in Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs
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Individual Needs and Motivation
ERG theory
Developed by Clayton Alderfer
Three need levels
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Existence needs
desires for physiological and material well-being
Relatedness needs
desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships
Growth needs
desires for continued psychological growth and development
Figure 16.2 Elements in Herzberg’s two-factor theory
Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Individual Needs and Motivation
Acquired needs theory
Developed by David McClelland
People acquire needs through their life experiences
Needs that are acquired:
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Need for Achievement (nAch)
Need for Power (nPower)
Need for Affiliation (nAff)
Figure 16.3 Equity theory and the role of social comparison (Process Theory)
Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Figure 16.4 Elements in the expectancy theory of motivation (Process Theory)
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Goal Setting –Process Theory
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How to Make Goal Setting Work for You:
Set specific goals
Set challenging goals
Build goal acceptance and commitment
Clarify goal priorities
Provide feedback on goal accomplishment
Reward goal accomplishment
SMART GOALS – Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic/Relative, Time-Bound
More Process Theories of Motivation
Self-Efficacy Theory
Enactive mastery
person gains confidence through positive experience
Vicarious modeling
learning by observing others
Verbal persuasion
encouragement from others that one can perform a task
Emotional arousal
high stimulation or energy to perform well in a situation
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Figure 16.5 Applying reinforcement strategies – behavior modeling: case of total quality management
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Motivation and Job Design
Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Potential advantages of job simplification:
Easier and quicker training of workers
Workers are less difficult to supervise
Workers are easier to replace
Development of expertise in doing repetitive tasks
Potential disadvantages of job simplification:
Productivity suffers
Cost increases due to absenteeism/ turnover of unhappy workers
Poor performance may result from worker boredom/ alienation
Motivation and Job Design
Job rotation
Increases task variety by periodically shifting workers among jobs involving different task assignments
Job enlargement
Increases task variety by combining two or more tasks previously assigned to separate workers
Horizontal loading
Job enrichment
Building more opportunities for satisfaction into a job by expanding its content
Increases job depth by adding work planning duties normally performed by a supervisor
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Motivation and Job Design
Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Figure 16.6 Job design essentials using the job characteristics model
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Alternate Work Options Can Enhance Motivation
Compressed Work Week – 4/10, 3/12, 9/80
Flex-time – Core Time, Flex-Time
Telecommuting – Full week or partial week
Job Sharing – 2 people sharing one full-time position
Part-time Work – Less than traditional full-time hours, can vary
Contingency/Project – As needed
Next Class – March 14
Mid-term #1 Next Week, March 14 – Bring Scantron Form 882-E, 2B Pencil, Valid CSUN or Drivers License, if no picture ID you cannot turn in test
Test 1 = 30 questions, 300 points, Focus on Readings and in-class presentations/discussions
Class Paper Assignment Feb 15 – March 28, 11:30am
Post General Questions on Moodle or email me – Have a great week!!
