English Essay

Annotated Bibliography

1. McGowan, Richard. The gambling debate. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2008. Print.

The debate provides various perspectives of the tribal American Indian casinos. The articles recognize that there have been many supporting materials of the sprouting of the casinos. It has shown that these casinos have increased the economic impact of these American Indians which have been achieved in various ways. The article also deduces that most of the American Indian tribes have been destitute for a long time. This type of poverty has been connected to political problems which have affected their economic lives. The gaming of these tribes has been said to bolster the economic development of the American Indian tribes. It has also been indicated that the economic development of these tribes is not a means to achieve full self-reliance and sovereignty as most people have alleged it to be. The Indian gaming has been looked in an optimistic manner although there has been no statistical support.

The article also reports that more than 69 percent of Americans thought that Indian nations deserve their help, and 86 percent of Americans thought that Indian tribes benefit from having casinos. There has therefore been supporting, and lack of support for the casinos, but research has shown that the casinos have a positive impact on the economic lives of the American Indian tribes. The article also recognizes the existence of a non-governmental society which is meant to fight for the rights of the gaming communities of the Indians. The report says that there are other materials which have been publicized, and they are anti-Indian gambling. Most of the issues presented by the articles which are anti-Indian casinos provide moral reasons and the social burdens placed on the publics.

2. Ong, Paul M., and Anastasia Sideris. Jobs and economic development in minority communities. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2006. Print.

The book is written and edited by Paul M. Ong, and Anastacia Loukaitou-Sideris. The book has 320 pages, and Temple University Press published it in the year 2006. Anastacia is an associate professor in the department of urban planning at the University of California. The book focuses on the various steps that had been taken by the American government to empower the minority communities in the United States. The government has tried to improve the economic and the employment opportunities for these minority communities which include the American Indians. The book has been organized into four broad categories. These categories include the “context” which explores the demographic, environmental forces at work in the marginalization of the minority communities. The labor market development category focuses if the forces of demand and supply and strategies for workforce development. The business development class discusses the opportunities and the obstacles which face the companies owned by the minority groups. The last category which is complementary strategy talks about the connections between varied economic development strategies including the necessity of affordable housing and social services among the minority groups.

The book widely recognizes that American Indian tribes are a minority grow which was affected by poverty for a long time and there has been a need to grow its wealth. The labor market for the American Indians have been microscopic, and the gaming activities have been said to increase the employment opportunities for these minority groups. The book has also recognized the efforts of the government to help the minority group by even providing education incentives to ensure their wellbeing. Job creation is the most Important benefit that has been attached to casinos that the tribes in New Mexico and around Albuquerque have touted. The article also indicates that it is clear to see the direct job generation by casinos, but it is not clear of their economic impact on reservations since it is difficult to determine their economic effect because of the spillover and substitution effects. The spillover effects include the investments made in other business which therefore creates jobs and also the public expenditures by the tribal governments. The American Indians have therefore been said to benefit economically as a result of these gaming activities which mainly include the gambling casinos.

3. Kim, Wooyoung. The Economic Impacts of American Indian Casinos. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2013. Print.

Wooyoung Kim has written the book and published by lap Lambert academic publishing GmbH KG. The book has 144 pages. The books analyze and discuss the economic impacts of the American Indian casinos on social and economic outcomes for reservation residents. The book uses the restrict-use data from 1990 and 2000 census. The book indicates that there have been more than 400 casinos that have been opened. These casinos have been opened after federal legislature in 1988 allowed Indian tribes in particular states to open casinos. The book records that more than two hundred and forty of these casinos have Las Vegas style games. These shows that the gaming in the American tribes has become very popular after being legalized. The casinos have been said to affect the social and the economic life of the Indians positively.

The casinos have been reported to increase employment among the American Indians. This, as a result, has increased the wages being paid to people which mean that American Indians are getting income from these casinos. The employment casinos have been said to create jobs mostly for the unskilled population of this tribe. The book records that employment rate increased by 5.5% for the American Indians who have high school degrees or they don’t have. However, the book indicates that most of the young and adults have reported a low enrollment to school which have been connected to the effects of the casinos. The entrance rate for college has been reported to fall by 5.3% to 8.8% for young Indians. This shows that the education for the American Indians has been affected negatively by the casinos which will influence the future of the American Indian tribes. The book recognizes that education is very crucial when it comes to long-term development and growth of a community hence the Indian community may be affected negatively in the long term by these casinos. The book focuses deeply on the effects of the American Indian gaming. The effects are broad and wider.

4. Cattelino, Jessica R. High stakes Florida Seminole gaming and sovereignty. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. Print.

Jessica Cattelino wrote this book, and it has 312 pages. The book was published by Duke University Press in the year 2008. The author is an assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago. The book gives a vivid account and history and the consequences of Seminole gaming. The Seminole tribe have become a daily trend among the trends. The book also unravels various complex connections among cultural difference, economic power, and political rights. The book indicates how the Seminoles uses the revenues which are obtained from the gaming activities to earn their sovereignty. The book acknowledges that there have been various tangible benefits for tribal citizens. These advantages include a reduction in unemployment, increase in health insurance, and social services. The gaming has been criticized widely where it have been noted that American Indian tribes are sacrificing their culture and giving in to the capitalist culture of the Americans. Capitalism supports individualism which is different from the Indian culture of communism and caring about the welfare of other people.

The book acknowledges that there have been efforts to maintain politically and culturally values in this time of new prosperity which have been seen being the high stakes. The book also records that most of the lucrative and well-doing casinos are located in the urban centers. The Seminole casinos have been said to range from the small casinos to massive casinos. The small casinos have been said to be located mainly in the rural areas where casinos can be even in the form of tents. In these areas, the Seminole and non-Seminole locals are said to gather and even eat at these places of gambling. There have been various big casinos which have been identified. These casinos include the hard rock resort, the suburban coconut creek in Immokalee, and smaller Hollywood venue. The book says that the birth and the growth of the Indian gaming is necessary when explaining about the expansion of gambling in the United States. Tribal gaming has been said to shed light on the ways that money, values, and the cultural politics intersect in the late capitalist America. The tribal gaming has been reported to account for more than a quarter of all the revenues collected from gaming in the United States. The Indian gaming has resulted in the sprouting of wealthy Indian casino owners and gamers which have developed the class stereotyping among the Indians.

5. Segal, Elizabeth A., and Keith M. Kilty. Pressing issues of inequality and American Indian Communities. New York: Haworth Press, 1998. Print.

The books were written by Keith Kilty and Elizabeth Segal and published in 2013 by Routledge. The book contains 112 pages. The article shows how the American Indians have been affected by inequality in their economic development, and they have ranged behind in their development. The books notes that for many years. The minority natives in the United States have suffered from inequality issues. They have been discriminated against, and they have wanted to feel free and sovereign. This has resulted in people taking the gaming activities very seriously, and they have embraced them. The casinos and gambling have been seen as a way of making the various pressing issues of these groups to disappear. This has resulted in this kind of games becoming very popular and being appreciated by people. The American Indians have also been found to question their culture which advocates for communism and yet they remain poor. The coming of the wealthy Indians in amerce as a result of the casino gaming have been seen as a move to bring up the capitalist culture among the American Indian tribes.

The book is aimed at providing knowledge on how to assist the American Indian families through and increased of their new time-limited welfare assistance that only impacts them if they live off the reservation, examines the lack of infrastructure and also the power of the language. The book records that for a long time the American Indian tribes have lost economic power and the sprouting of the gambling games seemed a way of making them grow in economic terms. They struggle to be allowed to continue to pursue their economic independence through gaming activities. The American Indians operating as gambling and casino owners want to be recognized as other entrepreneurs are recognized. They must fight for what rightfully belongs to them. The article examines the influence that tribal casinos have had on two particular Native American tribes from Connecticut, the Mashantucket Pequot, and Mohegan tribes. These tribes were both successful at opening a tribal casino, and their success demonstrates what benefits can be generated. As the most successful casino resort in the United States, the Foxwoods, built by the Mashantucket Pequot tribe, once the poorest tribe in the state, serves as a source of social and economic benefits. The other group, the Mohegan tribe, established Connecticut’s second tribal casino with the support of funds generated from the Foxwoods. Nykiel discusses the lasting impact these casinos have had not only on the reservations and the local Native American community but the economic and social impact on the state of Connecticut as a whole.

References

Cattelino, Jessica R. High stakes Florida Seminole gaming and sovereignty. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. Print.

Kim, Wooyoung. The Economic Impacts of American Indian Casinos. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2013. Print.

McGowan, Richard. The gambling debate. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2008. Print.

Nykiel, Ronald A. "A Special Look at Indian Gaming." UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal 8.2 (2004): 51-56. Bibliography of Native North Americans. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.

Ong, Paul M., and Anastasia Sideris. Jobs and economic development in minority communities. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2006. Print.

Segal, Elizabeth A., and Keith M. Kilty. Pressing issues of inequality and American Indian Communities. New York: Haworth Press, 1998. Print.

Shaffer, Howard. Futures at stake youth, gambling, and society. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2003. Print.