Professor Anthony only
NwGIANTS14k
security_and_power.pptxSecurity and Military Power
Chapter 8
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What Is Security?
Level of analysis approach: Should security focus on individual, national, or international security?
During the Cold War “national security” meant “military security”
Indication of dominance of realist academic perspective
Reactions to realist perspective
From late 1980s “societal security” school of thought developed
Goal: broaden the discourse on security to include economic, environmental, social, and political issues
From 1990s: Ethnonational security
Reaction to genocides in several multiethnic countries
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Mainstream Approaches to National Security
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Realist Views on Security
International system is anarchic; peace is temporary
States will try to balance against one another to avoid the ascension of a hegemon
Key concepts
Security dilemma: uncertainty and lack of trust among states
Cheating: cooperation hindered by constant fear that another state will cheat to gain an advantage
Relative gains: states are more concerned about their status compared to other states instead of absolute status in the international system
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Liberal Institutionalists on Global Security
International institutions help promote stability and cooperation in the international system
States’ investing in these institutions is evidence of their belief that they are beneficial to the international system
Institutions created after World War II in Western Europe have diminished concerns of a general European war
Examples: Bretton Woods regime, EU, ASEAN
Key concept: security community
Shared values, common aversions lead to cooperation
Example: NATO
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Constructivist Approach and War
Fundamental structures of the international system are social rather than material
Structure is a product of social relationships
Shared knowledge, practices, and material resources shape security relationships
Security dilemma is a social structure composed of intersubjective judgments
Security community is a different social structure: shared knowledge can thus resolve conflicts without war
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Critical Security Studies: Feminism
Challenge the central role of the state in security analysis
States are a source of security and insecurity
Women are affected as much or more than men in war
Masculinization of security and war
Cohn: language, terms of war are highly gendered
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Marxism and War
Offers a connection between globalization and security affairs
Provides explanation for and solution to exploitation
Changing Character of War
War is no longer the only instrument of state policy: today war and security have been altered because of more amorphous threats such as terrorism
Asymmetrical warfare: states fighting nonstate actors
Conflicts usually occur in urban or remote rural settings
Major difference in weapon capacity and technology between state and nonstate actors in conflicts
Multidimensional battlefield: soldier on the ground, cyberspace, satellites, drones
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Radical Liberal Approach and War
Analysis of the connections between globalization and political institutions
Military spending exacerbates a range of social, economic, and environmental problems
Changing Character of War
The Nature of War
Clausewitz: war as a means to an end
War is not random violence but a rational political decision
War is an act of violence to compel one’s opponent to fulfill one’s will
Development of war
If war is a political decision it develops as our understanding of politics develops
Contemporary wars are local wars fought on a wider field
Television, Internet, IGOs, and NGOs have influenced the nature of war
Global media helping to induce “war fatigue”
Nature vs. character of war as described by Clausewitz and Gary
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The Revolution in Military Affairs
Technological advancement in weaponry and communication to reduce uncertainty and increase efficiencies of a fighting force
Idea introduced after “effortless” victory in the 1991 Gulf War
Overlooks nontechnological factors and creates oversimplified picture of a more complex phenomenon
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Postmodern War
Changing modes of production and eventual outputs in advanced societies are altering the character of war
Globalization has weakened normal forms of identity (nationalism) and at the same time a resurgence of older forms of identity has taken place (ethnic, clan, religious)
Changing “modes of information”
The role of broadcasting and journalists in conflicts
Journalists are no longer observers but active participants
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Counterinsurgency Strategy
Providing security for civilians
Protecting infrastructure
Helping local governments to provide basic services to their citizens
Helping to shift population’s loyalty from insurgents to local authorities
Globalization and New Wars
Emergence of “new” wars since the 1980s where the conflict is characterized by the disintegration of the state
State loses control of various sectors of economy and areas of national territory
Use of child soldiers
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Nuclear Proliferation and Nonproliferation
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Nuclear Proliferation and Nonproliferation
The collapse of the Soviet Union was the only instance in which a nuclear state disintegrated
The importance of cooperative threat reduction programs and agreements
Established framework for former Cold War adversaries to handle the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the implications for its nuclear weapons
Proliferation optimism and pessimism
Nonproliferation regime: product of first nuclear age (1950–1990)?
The NPT as a means of disarmament or a means of limiting new nuclear weapons states
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Nature of Nuclear Weapons
Difference between nuclear weapons production and nuclear power production
For nuclear weapons a chain reaction is required, whereas for power generation a moderation of the reaction is required
Separate processes are needed for each
Nuclear weapons effects
WMD: weapons of mass destruction
CBRN: chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
Three forms of energy with a nuclear explosion: blast, heat/thermal, and nuclear radiation
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Nuclear Defense
US National Missile Defense (NMD) Act of 1999
Brought into question the ABM Treaty
Debate in Europe over stationing of US Ballistic Missile Defense in Poland and Czech Republic
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Theorizing Nuclear Proliferation
What is nuclear proliferation?
Acquiring a nuclear weapon or the process of constructing a nuclear weapon
Why haven’t nuclear weapons been used?
Nuclear weapons only good in their nonuse (i.e., as a deterrent)
Arms Transfer Agreements Worldwide
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Arms Transfer Agreements Worldwide: The conventional arms suppliers here are shown as percentages. Do you notice a shift between the two date ranges compared here? Is it significant? How would you explain the relative stability of conventional arms suppliers worldwide?
Nuclear Motivations
Shift from nuclear weapons being war-winning weapons to weapons of deterrence
Transnational actors and the procurement of nuclear weapons
Nuclear capabilities and intentions
Difficulty of reaching international consensus on noncompliance
Cases of Iraq and Iran highlight difficulty on both sides
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Post–Cold War Antiproliferation Efforts
Missile Technology and Control Regime and the Hague Code of Conduct
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and lack of consensus
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