Oppression: Why is attendance low at women's basketball games than men?

Group 2

WGST Kalo 170 – 010

References

Cuneen, J., & Claussen, C. L. (1999). Gender portrayals in sports-product point-of-purchase advertising. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 8(2), 73. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/230705855?accountid=2837

1. The point of this article was to show the involvement of gender characteristics and customers in point of purchase ads. It covers topics regarding how brands use certain genders related to weather the sport is again male or female appropriate. It talks about how the influence of which gender they use plays a large impact on whether someone will actually purchase the product. If someone was to ask me what this article was about I would say, it is an interesting article regarding retailers using certain genders to portray marketing messages to consumers, and often time women are used to portray something as sexy and men portray a message of strong and masculine.

2. This source could be useful however comparing the source with my previous source and ones of my peers makes it seem like it would slightly change the direction of our argument and make it a broader statement instead of just relating it to women and basketball. The information is reliable the research was founded by the Bowling Green State University and the Ohio association of health. It is objective because they went through ads on both spectrums and analyzed both sides of the spectrum; they also knocked out some of the ads they used because they felt that some were not reliable.

3. This source was useful to me because when you show how people market clothing or sports related products depending on how the sport appears to be masculine or feminine, that could also play a role in how universities or sports teams market for women sports that aren’t deemed feminine. I think we can tie this into our research project by showing which sports used women models and used men, to relate it to low attendance at the women basketball games because it isn’t considered a female appropriate sport. This doesn’t change my view on our topic because it only opens more doors to show how marketing plays a large role in not just attendance but on athletic products you may purchase depending on the gender role portrayed to you.

Fink, J. S., Trail, G. T., & Anderson, D. F. (2002). Environmental Factors Associated With Spectator Attendance and Sport Consumption Behavior: Gender and Team Differences. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11(1), 8.

1. The main goal of the study was to compare the fans of men's basketball and the fans of women's basketball when it comes to their support system, marketing, ticket sales, and attendance. Some argue that women at games were most likely to be influenced by their friends to attend and some argue that everything depends on the effectiveness of advertising and promotional strategies. The current study examines the differences that exist between genders and between spectators at men's and women's intercollegiate basketball games regarding attendance at games based upon sex/gender. Three main topics that are discussed in this article are environmental factors associated with game attendance, present behavior of spectators, and future behavior of fans. This article discusses the logistics of basketball games and the differences between male and female spectators/fans. Also, the many different influences on why male and female fans attend basketball games.

2. This source is very useful because reasons why male/female fans attend basketball may vary. Some may go because all of their friends are going, they are taking their children, and they may just really love basketball. This article touches basis on other variables such as ticketing pricing and promotions; for example, people may not be able to afford tickets for games. Compared to the other sources, this article takes logistics into consideration and takes a look at reasons why people may not be able to attend games. I would definitely consider this source credible for the simple fact that it has been peer reviewed. Also, this article is very objective, it is very evident that researchers took the time out to gather data from both male and female spectators. The mission of this source is to explore all the different factors that would be associated with attendance at basketball games.

3. This source was very helpful in many ways. It gave me insight of how you have to take many variables into consideration when doing this type of research. You never know what circumstances what people may be in because life can hit you at any moment. Males may have the means to buy tickets to games rather than females, they may have more time to attend the games, and males may be more easily exposed because of the TV shows they may watch. The factors previously mentioned would shape our argument perfectly. There typically more attendance at men’s basketball games and those factors would make sense as to why it is the way it is. We can use this source in our project by giving in depth supportive details as to why females may not be able to attend games or even be engaged in sports period. This article has definitely has lead me to be more open-minded about our topic and the data we collect.

Hanson, Valarie. "The Inequality of Sport: Women < Men." The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research 13 (2012): 15-22. Web. [Mar. 2, 2016]. http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol13/iss1/5

1. Title IX legislation gave equal playing time for women sports, but instead the focus of women sports focuses on femininity and sexuality instead of the women sports achievement. Title IX law happened 30 years ago but women do not have equal playing time yet. Women sports players get looked at for their body or for fashion about their clothes. The focus does not happen to men. The focus on women does not show women have athletic abilities.

2. The example of the 1999 Women’s Soccer World Cup Championship had a photo of Brandi Chastain opening her shirt. The media made a sexuality point and emphasis about women’s body but she was only emphasizing the victory of the game championship. Women are exploited also in the Sports Illustrated magazine. Sports Illustrated has a magazine every year and the focus is on women swimsuit edition and only the athletic women’s body. Women’s sexuality is exploited but not men. Women do not get the equal playing time that the Title IX law made as a law. Women do not get equal playing time for TV and for the media. “But women are portrayed in a negative, more sexual manner almost unrelated to athletics while men are shown in powerful settings that reflect their strength and athletic abilities.” Page 18.This is gender inequality in sports. When a woman sports photo happens, often the picture of the woman does not show them doing their sport and it does not show then in their sport clothing or uniform. But the male athletic picture does show him doing his sport and in his uniform more often. Sexism for sports is obvious because men get more time for their sport. Women get stereotyped like they are only to be in a kitchen or only beautiful body. It does not show a woman is a good example for an athlete. Women do not get the right recognition when they win or have a good accomplishment. Also a woman do not get media coverage like TV or in magazine equal to men sports.

3. Women athletes in sports deserve to have equal recognized and respect. They win and they work hard in their sports. Women sports needs equal time to follow Title IX law. Women athletes should not only be looked at because of their body instead of their skill and talent in sports.

James, J. D. (2002). Women's and men's basketball: A comparison of sport consumption motivations. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 11(2), 141. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/230660494?accountid=2837

1. It has been proposed that women's sports have a different appeal than men's sports. The main objective of the study was to compare whether or not the reasons sport fans enjoyed men's basketball were similar or different to the reasons sport fans enjoyed women's basketball. This article explains why male and female basketball players love the game; which is due to the action of the game. This idea brings up how the “action” in men’s games may be more appealing compared to the “action” in women’s games. Especially, since men are already consider more aggressive and powerful than men in society. A few topics that are discussed are whether females and males have different purposes for being fans and if purposes differ based upon men’s or women’s basketball (collegiate). This article compares and contrast female and male fans in basketball. The sport basketball was chosen due to the fact that it is the only sport that has a great amount of male and female players especially in college.

2. This source will most definitely be useful for our research topic. The research hits the exact points we want to cover in our research. Compared to the other others we are considering, this research is exactly what we were looking to collect data on which is to find whether or not sexism is the reason for low attendance at women’s basketball games. I would consider this source credible because it has been peer-reviewed and the steps taken to collect data were present in the text. The main goal is to compare the fans of women's and men's basketball and to determine what similarities and differences exist between female and male fans.

3. The source was more than helpful, it was exactly what we were looking for. This helps shape our argument because data for the project came from 318 fans attending women's basketball games and 316 fans attending men's basketball games which gives us a concrete population to obtain data from. We can use this source in our research topic by including specific details about the data collected in this research and details are credible. This really research didn’t change anything about how the topic is interpreted, it actually validates my originally hypothesis.

Pearson, D. W. (2001). The depiction and characterization of women in sport films. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 10(1), 103. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/230698580?accountid=2837

1. The main arguments of this article are that the appearance of women in sport films have increased, but the women do not play significant roles. Women are often cast as extras or additions, but never main characters in sport films. The point of this article is to inform how the roles of women in sport films have changed since Title IX was enacted. This article covers the topics of culture, perceptions of female athletes, values, and norms regarding women’s positions in society. This article is about the roles women play in sport films, but more specifically how those roles changed once Title IX was enacted.

2. This source is very useful. It shows how even though Title IX was enacted, women are still being portrayed unfairly in sport films. This source is about the history of women’s roles in sports and how they’ve changed and it provides factual information. The information in this source is reliable and objective. The goal of this source is to educate how the roles of women in sports films has changed since the enactment of Title IX.

3. This source was helpful. It helps to shape our argument because it shows that even though steps are being taken to help women have more equality, they are still being treated unfairly. We can use this source to show that steps are being taken to help women advance, but somehow, women are still being treated unfairly in spite of those actions. This source has changed how we think about our topic. It is sad to see that actions are being taken to prevent these treatments towards woman, but yet women are still being treated in the same ways.

Pedersen, P. M. (2003). Examining stereotypical written and photographic reporting on the sports page: An analysis of newspaper coverage of interscholastic athletics. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 12(1), 67. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/230652990?accountid=2837

1. The point of this article was to show how sportsmen and sportswomen are often over-represented or underrepresented in media depending on if they considered the sport to be “male appropriate” or “female appropriate”. This article covers topics from media being sexist to sports being sexists, and the way we think being sexist. It shows how we have been shaped as a society to think certain ways about certain sports. If someone were to ask me what the article was about I would simply say it shows how media is sexist depending on how the sport it is covering is conveyed, either male or female appropriate or even neutral.

2. This source is a useful source because it shows how media alone separates “women appropriate” and “male appropriate” sports into categories and depending on if you are male or female in the sport category determines the kind of coverage you get. This source shows a different component of why we have such low attendance at women’s basketball games because media plays a huge psychological role in what we do, and when they separate basketball into a “male appropriate” category that would cause there to be less media coverage and marketing for the sport. The information is credible and unbiased because they went out and did research on High school scholarly students and pulled newspaper articles from each sport and was able to show sufficient evidence that there is a significant difference. This article appears to be unbiased because it shows both sides of the spectrum.

3. This source was helpful for me personally and the project because it again shows a different spectrum of what could create a difference in attendance at games and media coverage. It helps us shape our argument because it shows that society has been shaped to think one way that is gender based. There is a patriarchal world in sports, and society has gone along with it.

Pope, S. (2012). “The Love of My Life”: The Meaning and Importance of Sport for Female Fans. Retrieved March 8, 2016, from http://m.jss.sagepub.com.www.libproxy.wvu.edu/content/37/2/176.full.pdf

1. The article uses rugby and men’s football (soccer) to measure the importance of sports fandom for women. Findings demonstrate the need to consider the range and diversity of women’s supporter styles such as “cool” and “hot”.

2. This article wanted to measure the importance of sports for women. 19% of female fans attend football matches and 21 for rugby. Football historically is the game of the working class man and supporters tend to be very committed and very “hot”. One person interviewed said, “Football is one of the most important things in my life.” Rugby fans are more middle class are they are less attached to the game. Earlier research says that sports plays a big part in the life or a man, but women are going to “see the heterosexual attractiveness of the players.” This article used 85 semi-structured interviews with women asking questions like this: “Is being a football/soccer fan an important part of who you are? How do team wins and losses affect you? Would your friends who know you label you as “a fan”? The study found that sport is also central to the lives and identity interests of many women. 85% of football sample and almost half of the rugby fans said that they were “hot” fan category and spent many hours thinking about sports and support their one team. Some women followed sports to escape their identity of a mom or worker. Some of them put sports before their family and when a team lost, it was a big deal to trhem. When the team wins, life is good! When their team loses, they think they might not get tickets any more. Family events don’t conflict with their sports. Ussher divides female fans in two groups. First “masculine” femininities. This means women who had played contact team sports and were tomboys. They were more interested in sports and were big “hot” fans. Feminine femininities were the opposite.

3. This was the first try to learn about female fandom. I understand that women love sports and that some women are very, very interested about sports like men love sports. The article said there needs to be more studies. I agree.

Staurowsky, E. J., & DiManno, J. (2002). Young women talking sports and careers: A glimpse at the next generation of women in sport media. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 11(1), 127. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/230677630?accountid=2837

1. The main arguments of this article are that the possibilities of women having sports careers have expanded exponentially, but they still face oppositions. The point of this article is to inform about the inequalities of woman in sports careers and offer ways to support a woman in search of that field. This article covers the topics of sexual objectification, sexism, gender, sport, and media. This article is about the struggles women face while trying to pursue a career that is sports related. It also offers advice on how to support a woman trying to pursue a career in that particular field.

2. This source was useful. It provided insight to the struggles that women face while pursuing sports careers. This article is about the documentation of the struggle women face while pursuing sports careers and how they feel and think throughout their journeys. The information from this source is reliable and objective. The goal of this source is to expand understanding of gender, sports, and media through the documentation of undergraduates pursuing sports careers.

3. This source was helpful. It helps to shape our argument because it supports that claim that women struggle in the area of sports careers more than men. This source can be used in our project to display how women’s careers have advanced in the area of sports, and show the obstacles that they face in comparison to men. This source has change the way our topic is though about. It shows that even though women are advancing in sports careers, they are still facing struggles that men are not facing and we need to overcome that.

Threadcraft, S. (2015). 2015 Okin-Young Award in Feminist Political Theory. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/pb-assets/docs/journals/Signs-Okin-Young-Award.pdf

1. Discusses the award given to Shatema Threadcraft for best finish political theory published in English-language academic journal for the previous year.

2. The Threadcraft’s article has been awarded the 2015 Okin-Young Award. That award which is the best paper on feminist political theory published in English language academic. The article explains that Black women who live in ghettos have to face many problems like male bias, stet harassment. Social sexual regulations and not fair social and economic justice. She says real justice means equality and justice in squalid practice, reproductive relations, caregiving a d care taking. Break social obligations and citizenship and political practice will only way to get justice for Women in "dark ghettos". The study demonstrates the inadequacy of Rawlsian account of justice, it means the tacit male bias as critical account of political which is obligating among of dark ghettos.

3. I think women who have to live there need justice and citizens need to help make sure Black women in ghettos get it. This article is an excellent description about feminist and gives them to have opportunities to success with black women’s life. The author, Threadcraft always support black women and her goal is black women’s life equalize as male.

Wughalter, E. H. (1994). The stronger women get, the more men love football. sexism and the american culture of sports. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 3(2), 84. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/230706748?accountid=2837

1. Some of the main arguments for this source are that “woman are socialized out of sporting roles”, “objectified by men in sports”, and “demeaned and abused by men”. The point of this article is to educate people about all the unfair treatments of women within sport. This article covers many topics including rape, abuse, sexual harassment, and exclusion of women within sports. This article is about making others aware of the circumstances women face when it comes to sports.

2. This source is very useful. It is great at identifying the obstacles that women face with sports. This article is about a book that reveals the inequalities of women. This source is slightly biased, but reliable. The goal of this source is to educate and encourage you to read the book.

3. This source was helpful. It helps support the claim that women are treated unfairly, especially within sports related settings. We can use this source to not only support our argument, but also to spread awareness of all the inequalities that women face. This source has changed how the topic of our project is viewed. It provided us with more insight to the inequalities that women face.