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Reproductive Anatomy To understand reproduction

must have some knowledge of Anatomy Landmarks:

Dorsal

Cranial Caudal

Ventral

Reproductive Anatomy Mammalian Female Anatomy: Vagina Cervix Uterus Oviduct (2) (fallopian tubes)

Ovary (2)

In quadrupeds: Always ventral to digestive tract

Ovary

Body of Uterus

Vagina

Vulva

Oviduct

Cervix

Clitoris

Uterine Horns Uterus Mammalian Female Anatomy

Vagina: External genitalia – Vulva

Composed of paired Labia Estrogen and Progesterone effects

Steroids Æ Ovary Signs of Heat (estrus)

Estrogen Æhyperemia (swells); increased blood, reddens

Progesterone Æ pale, reduces in size

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Mammalian Female Anatomy Clitoris: Female analog of Male’s penis

M and F determined at Fert (genetics) Morphology Æ hormonal control

Function of Vagina: Most Species - Site of sperm deposition

Swine – cervix; Horses - Uterus Only during natural mating

Copulation

Mammalian Female Anatomy Cervix:

Most cases – rigid structure Connective tissue – firm structure

Shape of cervix Ruminants and Swine Æ Annular Rings Mares and Humans Æ Folds (fingerlike projections)

Closed end of a tube

Mammalian Female Anatomy

Features of Cervix: Constriction and Dilation – Hormone control

Estrogen increase – estrus Æ Dilation Progesterone increase –

pregnancy Æ Constriction Estrogen Increase – parturition - Dilation

Cervical Mucus Æ Helps to seal

Ovary

Body of Uterus

Vagina

Vulva

Oviduct

Cervix

Clitoris

Uterine HornsUterus Types

Simplex

Bipartiate

Bicornuate

Duplex

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Simplex Uterus Primates

1. Kidney 2. Ureter 3. Bladder 4. Urethra 5. Ovary 6. Oviduct 7. Horn 8. Body 9. Cervix 10. Vagina 11. Vulva

Uterus contains a body, no horns

Bipartite

1. Kidney 2. Ureter 3. Bladder 4. Urethra 5. Ovary 6. Oviduct 7. Horn 8. Body 9. Cervix 10. Vagina 11. Vulva

Bipartite uterus - Ruminants, Horses, Dogs, Cats,

Uterus contains body and horns

Sometimes confused with Bicornate

1. Kidney 2. Ureter 3. Bladder 4. Urethra 5. Ovary 6. Oviduct 7. Horn 8. Body 9. Cervix 10. Vagina 11. Vulva

Bicornuate Uterus – Pigs and Rodents

Uterus contains horns, no body

Sometimes confused with Bipartite

1. Kidney 2. Ureter 3. Bladder 4. Urethra 5. Ovary 6. Oviduct 7. Horn 8. Body 9. Cervix 10. Vagina 11. Vulva

Duplex uterus Rabbits

Uterus contains No body, 2 cervixes

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Mammalian Female Anatomy Properties of the Uterus

Site of embryo development Placenta development

Strong contractions during parturition Estrogen Æ contraction Mating Æ moves sperm Parturition Æ Expels fetus

Progesterone Æ no contraction, maintain pregnancy

Mammalian Female Anatomy

Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)

Oviduct Infundiblium Fimbria

Ovary

Uterus

Ovum capture/recovery Fertilization Early development

Ectopic pregnancy

Mammalian Female Anatomy Ovary

Two primary functions Ovum and Hormones

Estrogen ProgesteroneFollicle contains ovum

Ovary contains a series of ova developmental stages

Mammalian Female Anatomy Estrogen

Affects – vulva, cervix, uterus, pituitary behavior Æ estrus, receptivity

All above make successful fertilization event

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Avian Female Anatomy

Ovary (1)

Oviduct (1) Infundibuilum Magnum Isthmus Shell Gland (uterus)

Vagina Cloaca

Infundiblum 20 min Ovum pickup Fertilization

Sperm nests

Magnum 3 hrs Albumen

Isthmus 1hr 15 min Membranes Mammilary knobs Start of plumping

Shell Gland – Uterus 18 to 20 hrs Complete plumping Shell deposition Pigment deposition

“Sperm nests”

Vagina - seconds Cuticle “Bloom”

Mammalian Male Anatomy Male Anatomy – follow path of sperm cells

Testis Epididimus Scrotum Spermatic cord Assessory Sex Glands Urethra and Penis

Mammalian Male Anatomy

Testis: Sperm production (gametes) Hormone production (steroids)

Androgens – Testosterone

Oval mass of microtubules Various stages of development

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Mammalian Male Anatomy

Testis contains two cell types In the microtubules (seminiferous tubules 99%)

Sperm Cells – various developmental stages

Sertoli Cells Nurse cells to support sperm

Bull testis – 800g (1+lb) 3 miles of tubules

Lydig cells – testosterone not in ST

Tub – Seminiferous Tubuals Sg – Spermatogonia Sc - Primary Spermatocyte Sd - Spermatid St – Sertoli Cell I – Interstitial space (Lydig cell)

Rete Testis

Anastomosis of Seminiferous Tubules

Sperm cell Concentration

Mammalian Male Anatomy Epididimus – Closely associated with

testis Highly coiled tubular structure

2 major Functions – Storage site for sperm cells Sperm Maturation

Motility and Fertilization capacity

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Mammalian Male Anatomy Scrotum

Composed of Smooth muscle and Skin Function – protection and thermoregulation

Cryptorchidism – non descended testis (1 or Both) Infertile males

High temperature of testis 4-6 degrees high temp sperm don’t

divide Hormones not affected

Spermatic Cord Connection of Scrotum (testis) and Body

Contents Blood Vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, vas deferens

Cremaster Muscle Quick movements of testis

“fight or flight” Castration – Crush or sever the Spermatic cord Vasectomy – Sever only the vas deferens

Mammalian Male Anatomy Accessory Sex Glands (4)

Located near pelvic urethra Vesicular glands Cowper’s gland Ampulla – part of vas d., storage, sperm enter Prostate gland

All contribute semen – transport, protection of sperm

Mammalian Male Anatomy

Urethra Pelvic (connected to bladder) Penile (tube in penis)

Moves both semen and urine to outside

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Mammalian Male Anatomy

Penis Urine elimination and Copulatory organ

Two types Fibroelastic Vascular

Mammalian Male Anatomy

Fibroelastic Penis – ruminants and swine Connective tissue – ridged

Sigmoid Flexure and Retractor muscle

Erect

Some vascular Component

Mammalian Male Anatomy

Vascular Penis Mostly vascular tissue

Little connective tissue, no sigmoid flexure

Os penis Bone or cartilage

Cat and Whale

Avian Male Anatomy

Kidneys

Ureter

Testis

Vas Deferens

Cloaca

Testis in body cavity Avian sperm not affected by Body Temp. 106.5F Air Sacs help to cool

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Embryo Transfer Mammals

Donor embryos – genetic superior females Transferred to genetically inferior females

Separate morula cells (early embryo) 16 to 32 cell stage

Grow single cells to embryos implant

Increase # of genetically superior offspring

Much more difficult in birds

Other types of “reproduction” Parthenogenesis

Development without fertilization Resorbing of polar body

Other types of “reproduction”

Cloning Substitution of sperm with cell

nucleus Stem cells, embryonic cells, somatic cells

“Dolly”