Nursing Research
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chapter_9.pptxQualitative & Mixed Research Methods
Chapter Nine
Introduction to qualitative methods
Examining the quality of something
Subjective
Socially constructed nature of reality
Ideal for the holistic approach of nursing
Comparing qualitative and quantitative methods
Emic (participants provide meaning of study)
Embraces the different perspectives of each participant
Inductive inquiry
Smaller sample sizes are reasonable and expected
Etic (researcher provides source of study)
Seeks to minimize differences between subjects
Deductive inquiry
Larger sample sizes required
Why Use Triangulation?
Combining qualitative and quantitative methods to
increase confidence in study data
expand the understanding of a phenomenon
reveal unique data
integrate theories
Known as mixed method
Types of Qualitative Studies
Case Studies-study people over time
Ethnography-study groups of people
Grounded Theory-generates new theory by constant comparison to what is currently being done
Phenomenology-study of trends from a human perspective-often times sensitive in nature
Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Studies (Lincoln & Guba, 1985
Credibility
Truth value
Verification by participants
Transferability
Do the findings apply to other populations
Fully describe the sample, setting and data
Dependability
Research trail
Confirmability
Is the info bias
Reliability and Validity (Morse, 1985)
Adequacy of data
Saturation-enough data! It is obtained when variations in data are accounted for.
Appropriateness
Purposeful sampling-provides confirmed data and helps insure that collecting data will occur until saturation
Contributions of Qualitative Methodology
Broad scope lends itself to nursing approach to clients
First step in phenomenon not yet fully explored
First step in development of theoretical frameworks
Means to explore human experiences not fully understood
May offer immediate clinical applicability
Broadly defined – combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods and techniques for collecting and analyzing data
Also called – multi-methods, triangulated, and/or integrated
Reasons for doing
to reduce biases associated with one design alone
To provide depth and rigor into the complexity of the problem under study
Mixed Methods: Overview
Best of both worlds of research are merged
Possess potential for rigor, methodological effectiveness, and investigation within the primary care setting
Frequently meshed within sampling, data collection, and/or analysis aspects
Rationales for Using Mixed Method
Triangulation
Allows use of words, pictures, and narrative
No limit regarding the depth of the questions to be searched
Allows a wider and deeper understanding of the problem under investigation
Advantages
Researcher must be well versed in both qualitative and quantitative methodologies
Cost may increase if team is needed to address both aspects
Additionally time consuming expectations due to doing both methods.
Limitations
Criteria – implementation, priority, and integration
Subtypes – Within stage or across stage
Implementation – concurrently or sequentially execution of the method
Priority – determination of weighting of the data
Integration – both methods on same tool, two different processes
Types of Strategies
Must state reasons for each of the different data collection processes
Usually components are kept distinctive
Data Collection Procedures
Triangulation
Used when corroboration of data expected
Employed to resolve differences
Also known as convergent validity
Employed to check the validity of one instrument or measurement against another
Data Analysis and Validation Procedures
Holds the potential for methodologically sound studies which capture complexities which might otherwise be overlooked
Must connect research to workplace
Holistic approach since it looks at both aspects
Evidence-Based Practice
Mixed methods design broadly defined is an amalgamation of quantitative and qualitative research methods
Several different names used for this process
Interlocked during sampling, data collection, and/or analysis
Mixed methods permits wider and deeper understanding of the problem
Mixed Method: Summary Points
Must have a clear and concise research problem
Criteria used when choosing – implementation, priority, and integration
Implementation – concurrently or sequentially
Ordering and prioritization must be justified
Triangulation serves to corroboration data
Mixed Method: Summary continued
