anthology lab (due in 15 hours)

What’s

Up?

A Relative Age Dating

Activity By Christine

McLelland

Topic: Relative age dating of geologic cross sections

Content Standard: National Earth and Space Science Standard

Content Objective: This exercise will introduce your students to the concept of relative age dating, and allow them to practice their new skills by determining the age sequence of geologic events in a cross section. They will learn the geologic principles that help geologists in their study of the Earth’s crust.

Materials Needed: Student pages, which contain cross sections.

Author: Written by Christine V. McLelland, Geological Society of America, 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, CO 80301; hints adapted from Jonathan Bushee and Raman Singh, Northern Kentucky University.

What’s Up? A Relative Age Dating Activity

By Christine McLelland

Name:

Purpose: In this activity you will learn to determine the sequence of geologic events from cross-

sections of strata (rocks) in a given area. It is a bit of a mind-puzzler, so have fun!

Background: Before absolute dating of rocks was developed in the 20 th

century, geologists had

to rely on relative age dating, which places geologic events in their order of occurrence. The

method begins with the careful drawing and description of strata (the geologic cross section or

profile). Relative age dating assumes that the lower layers in any particular cross section are

older than the upper layers in that cross section (“the law of superposition”) and that an object

cannot be older than the materials of which it is composed. Igneous rocks are dated according to

whether they caused metamorphism in the surrounding rock (proof that they intruded into the

preexisting rock), whether they cross cut preexisting rocks, or whether sediments were deposited

on them after they were formed. The profile from one location is then compared with profiles

from surrounding sites to determine the geologic history of a larger area. If fossils are present in

the rocks, they may also be used to correlate rock layers across large distances and, now that

absolute time has been established, to determine the age of the rocks.

How? In this process, you will study the rocks and events in a geologic cross section and put

them in the correct order from oldest to youngest. In order to do your best on this activity, you

must understand a few of the basic principles that are applicable to relative age relationships

between rocks:

Principle of superposition: in a sequence of undeformed sedimentary rocks, the oldest beds are

on the bottom and the youngest are on the top.

Principle of original horizontality: sedimentary layers are horizontal, or nearly so, when

originally deposited. Strata that are not horizontal have been deformed by movements of

the Earth’s crust.

Principle of faunal succession: groups of fossil plants and animals occur in the geologic record

in a definite and determinable order. A period of geologic time can be recognized by its

respective fossils.

Principle of crosscutting relations: geologic features, such as faults, and igneous intrusions are

younger than the rocks they cut.

Principle of inclusion: a rock body that contains inclusions of preexisting rocks is younger that

the rocks from which the inclusions came from.

The easiest way to do relative age dating is to work from oldest to youngest. Try to find the

oldest rock (usually located near the bottom) in the diagram below and work your way up. Your

first example is the diagram below. Review the principle of original horizontality and the

principle of superposition and you will see that the only possible answer to this puzzle is that

layer A is the oldest and layer D is the youngest.

D

C

B

A

Figure A. Cross sections showing a simple example of undisturbed sedimentary rocks. A is the oldest, D is the youngest.

Here are some additional hints that will help you with your diagrams:

Sedimentary rocks:

• If rocks are folded, the folding is younger that the youngest rock affected.

• If they are folded into a syncline (a U-shaped fold) the youngest rocks are in the core of

the fold (see figure B). The opposite is true for an anticline (a big dome-shaped fold).

Sedimentary rocks that contain fragments of another rock are younger than the rocks that

the fragments came from.

F

E

B D

C

A

Figure B. Oldest rocks: A, followed by B, C and D. All four sedimentary layers were folded into a syncline.

Layers E and F were then deposited at a later time and are the youngest.

Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of a liquid magma; the therefore can intrude into

preexisting rocks or be poured out onto the surface of the earth:

• If an igneous body crosscuts another rock, the igneous rock is younger than that rock (see

Activity figures 1 & 3).

• If a body of granite contains unmelted inclusions of another rock, the granite is the

younger rock.

• Remember! Granites can intrude into other rocks, even though they may be on the bottom

of your geologic diagram. Look carefully for the granitic pattern (see below) and for

irregular contacts between the granite and the country (preexisting) rock (see Activity

figure 2). The granite may also metamorphose the country rocks:

2. Are only sedimentary rocks used for relative age determinations? Explain:

• Intrusive rocks produce contact metamorphism (shown as a starred pattern within the

country rock pattern, see Activity figures 2 & 3) along their contacts with the older rocks

they intrude into.

• Lava flows may cause contact-metamorphism with the older rocks they lie upon.

Metamorphic rocks are preexisting rocks that have been metamorphosed (changed into different

rocks) by large amounts of heat and pressure in a region. These rocks have usually been

deformed by large, mountain forming events, and therefore if they are in contact with layered or

unmetamorphosed rocks, they are usually the oldest rocks in the sequence (considering that if

those rocks had been in place when the metamorphism occurred, they also would be

metamorphosed!). Always look for the metamorphic pattern (see below) to determine if there is

a metamorphic rock in your sequence.

• Metamorphic rocks are older than sedimentary rocks deposited above them or with

igneous rocks that may intrude them.

Now, familiarize yourself with the rock patterns:

Key to Rock Symbols

Sedimentary Rocks

Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Shale

Shale Limestone Limestone

Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks

Granite Granite Basalt Gneiss Schist

Special Features:

Contact that is an unconformity (layers on either side of it are of differing ages)

Fault

Zone of contact metamorphism

Directions:

Part 1:

1. How do you determine the relative ages of igneous rocks? (List three ways) 2. What are two benefits of relative dating techniques. 3. Using your own words, differentiate relative from absolute (chronometric) dating techniques.

2. Are only sedimentary rocks used for relative age determinations? Explain:

Part 2: For each of the following cross sections, determine the relative age sequence of the

rocks. You will submit your written responses via Canvas. Remember, always start by looking

for the oldest rock first and working your way from oldest to youngest. Don’t forget to consider

all intrusions and faults! The diagrams go from simplest to hardest to let you progressively

improve your skills.

Figure 1: Draw and/or discuss any of the intrusions that may cause problems with your responses to the figures listed below.

B

*

Figure 2:

A

D

C Youngest

E

B

Oldest

Figure 3:

C

* * *

* *

* * *

A

*

* * * *

** *

B

* *

* Youngest

* Oldest

Figure 4 :

H

I D

D

H

E F

A B A C

G C

Youngest

Oldest

Try to write the geologic history of this area:

Figure 5 :

E

B

H F I

A

D

G

C

Youngest

Oldest

Try to write the geologic history of this area:

Figure 6:

*

O

C K

E N

G

D I

J

B L F

A

** * H

* *

*

Youngest

Oldest