redo fluid lab
Abstract
In this lab, we studied the effects of drag on two different golf balls. We wanted to know if a smooth golf ball
would offer less drag than a dimpled golf ball. The flight of the golf balls was simulated in a wind tunnel and the
total pressure was measured with Pitot tubes arranged in a Pitot rake downstream of the ball. The computer
recorded our total pressure values behind the ball. The total pressure was then converted to static pressure.
Knowing the distance and diameter of the golf balls, we were able to calculate the net drag forces. We found
that the net drag force of the smooth golf ball is greater than that of the dimpled one.
Introduction
As a golf ball flies through the air, it experiences both lift and drag forces. The ball’s surface characteristics
have a strong effect on the drag force that acts in the opposite direction of motion. Although it seems
counterintuitive, a dimpled ball will experience less drag than the smooth ball, which will allow it to fly further.
The dimples allow the flowing air to follow the ball’s surface farther around the rear, thereby decreasing the
wake size. In this lab, we will experiment with a smooth and dimpled golf ball to find out if this is indeed the
case. We will test them by placing each ball in a wind tunnel and recording the total pressure behind the ball
with a pitot rake. Total pressure could be converted to static pressure by using the following equation:
ρVPtotal = Pstatic + 2 1 2
The free stream velocity will be kept constant at 64 m/s. The drag force could be calculated by multiplying the
static pressure by the area behind the ball or by integration methods. This experiment will help explain why a
well hit golf ball with a rough surface flies much farther than a ball with a smooth surface.
Method
The two different golf balls were inserted into the wind tunnel in front of a column of Pitot tubes. The wind
tunnel was then turned on and data was collected by the computer and later imported into Excel worksheets.
For the calculations, we first needed to convert the total pressure we were given from in H 20 to PSI by
multiplying the in H 20 by 0.0360912 to achieve PSI. Then we converted from total pressure to static pressure
with the equation with = 0.0023slug/ft^3 and the velocity multiplied by to get fromρVPstatic = Ptotal − 2 1 2 ρ 112
2
inches to feet. After that, I took the average of the pressure runs and then an average of P8 and P10 to use as
a value for P9. It was also decided to only use the values from 1.0in to 1.0in in order to get as close to the
diameter of the golf ball as possible. We used both suggested methods for calculating the total pressure
behind the ball. The first method was calculating the area of the ring for each pressure value, multiplying that
area by the pressure to get a force, and then summing up each force to get a total force. The second method
involved finding a least squares regression equation over the data points and rotating it around the yaxis to
come up with the total volume. A quadratic fit was used for both smooth and dimpled balls in order to maintain
consistency between the two balls.
Results
The results for the dimpled golf ball are as follows
Force by rings 0.0338 lbf
Force by integrating 0.0246 lbf
The results for the smooth golf ball are as follows
Force by rings 0.08032 lbf
Force by integrating 0.10009 lbf
Discussion of Results
In this lab the fluid was in motion, and since the golf ball has a closed surface, pressure was applied
perpendicular to the surface. After calculating the forces applied on the two balls (smooth ball and dimpled ball)
using two methods of calculation, the outcome is different from what we thought it would be. By looking at one
of the results values, we see that the smooth ball has a higher total force (0.08032 lbf) than the pimpled ball
(0.0338 lbf). This is different from what we thought the outcome would be. We thought the smooth ball would
have lower total force since the air flows smoothly along the smooth ball while it should flow roughly along the
dimpled ball, but that was not the case. The dimples on the ball caused the ball to have less resistance than
the ball with a smooth surface. What this means is that the dimpled ball will have less drag force. The less air
resistance on the dimpled ball is caused by a layer of air that is created by the dimples, and stays with the ball
(turbulent boundary layer). This layer of air that stays with the ball causes the air to flow along the ball easier,
which in turn results in less pressure and consequently less total force.
Appendix B
Raw Data Dimpled Ball Data Smooth Ball Data