All I need is a conclusion wriiten for the information thats here from this PowerPoint provided and I need it by 9pm eastern time tonight or sooner. its just one slide
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final_pp.pptxChild
Abuse
In the United States, legal focus on child abuse dates back to early 20th century, specifically 1935.
History of humanity is based on abuse of children
Mistreatment of children was a way for adults to relieve stress
Sexual abuse was most prevalent compared to any other form of abuse
Nature and History of
Child
Abuse
In the United States, federal intervention focusing on the issue of child abuse and neglect reflects back to 1935; this was the time when the Social Security Act provided funds for public welfare services. The aim was to provide protection and care to homeless, dependent as well as neglected children. The funds were also meant to cater for children who were at risk of becoming delinquents (Sedlak, 2001).
Nonetheless, it was not until the mid 1960s that the first state laws were created and which demanded the public to report to social agencies any suspected cases of child abuse as well as neglect. Reporters were provided with protection from any forms of retaliatory litigation like suits based on slander or breach of confidentiality. As at 1967, all states in the US had enacted child abuse reporting laws (Sedlak, 2001).
Far from that, a scholar, Lloyd de Mause (1998) argues that the history of humanity was based on the abuse of children. He supports his argument stating that even in the modern day, therapists claim that “child abuse often functions to hold families together as a way of solving their emotional problems” (De Mause, 1998, p. 216). Therefore, historically, child abuse is said to have been born from incest, erotic beating and in some cases infanticide – the killing of a new born within a year of birth (DeMause, 1998). In most states, children were mutilated and sacrificed as a way of relieving the guilt that adults felt.
An example of a culture, which practiced infanticide, is Bimin-Kuskusmin of Papua New Guinea. DeMause (1998) noted that, in the same culture, when mothers were sad or angry, they would masturbate their children so hard that they would bruise them. That demonstrates how children were used as channels through which adults could relieve themselves of the depression that they were experiencing.
The legal history of child abuse in the US dates back to the early 20th century, but from a deeper historical analysis, one can notice that child abuse existed far long before that. Various cultures engaged in different violent acts towards children. The nature of abuse was based on adults using children as objects on whom they could relieve their stress. They were abused sexually, for instance through masturbation, beaten up in order to bring about erotic fulfillment in the one doing the beating, among other forms of abuse.
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In 2007, the US experienced a cost of $103.8 billion due to child abuse and neglect
Intangible losses create the need for development of intervention programs, which requires money to be set up
Indirectly leads to increment in taxes
Suppresses the economy of underdeveloped countries
Impact of Child Abuse on Society
Child abuse does not only affect the victims, but also the society at large. Before delving into the impact that the foresaid social vice has on the society, it is important to identify some of the various impacts of child abuse on victims, which are: poor physical health, cognitive dysfunction, poor emotional as well as mental health, behavioral issues and lastly high-risk health behaviors (Wang & Holton, 2007). The foresaid impacts of child abuse have been associated or rather linked to a society’s economic burden of setting up programs to act as intervention methods of victims of child abuse.
Wang and Holton (2007) noted that in 2007 alone, the estimated cost child abuse as well as neglect stood at $103.8 billion. However, the two researchers warn that even though economic costs linked to child abuse and neglect are credible, it is important to acknowledge that some aspects such as suffering, pain, as well as reduced quality of life in victims of child abuse cannot be presented in monetary terms. They are intangible losses, which should not be overlooked or their impact underestimated. Hence, in the event of allocating resources, the impact of the foresaid intangible losses should be considered as they may indeed represent the largest cost as far as the outcome of child abuse is concerned (Wang & Holton, 2007 as cited in Miller 1993).
Thus, the information provided above demonstrates that the outcome of child abuse and neglect demand a country’s government to intervene and ensure that victims of the act are taken care of; this is in terms of being put under shelter where they have access to basic needs such as food and clothing. Additionally, there is also a need to educate such children, which is another expense on the part of the government. Presumably, since such costs may be overwhelming to the state, it may resort to increasing tax in some commodities or services as a way to get the funds required to sustain victims of child abuse and neglect.
Summatively, one can identify that child abuse brings about an economic burden on any state. It is even worse in countries, which depend on foreign aid following their underdeveloped status. In such countries, such incidences of malnutrition, theft, prostitution, among others, are common. This demonstrates that the well-being of the society rests, in part, on how children are treated and hence calling upon the abolishment of child abuse as cultural practice as has been noted.
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Increased arrests on basis of sexual crimes such as rape and sodomy
Males likely to engage sexual related crimes
Increased cases of juvenile runaways
Women more inclined to become prostitutes
Direct costs: investigations of the allegation, maintenance of a child wellbeing system, spending by the judicial, health care, special education, and law enforcement
Indirect Costs: Antisocial behaviors, drug and alcohol addiction, criminal activities, unemployment, poverty, and violence among others
Impact of Child Abuse on Society
CONT’D
Child abuse, specifically sexual mistreatment has been associated to criminal outcomes. According to Widom and Ames (1994), in comparison to other forms of abuse and neglect, early childhood sexual mistreatment does not exacerbate one’s risk for later delinquency as well as adult criminal behavior. Based on research, childhood sexual victims are associated with arrests as runaways. The negative impact of the treatment they are exposed makes them develop mistrust and hence they cannot settle down at one place as they do not feel safe or secure. They demonstrate fear of being victimized again sexually.
Apart from that, victims of childhood sexual abuse were also found to be at an increased risk of being apprehended due to sex crimes, compared to victims of physical mistreatment and neglect who are arrested for different crimes such as theft and assault (Widom & Ames, 1994). In truth, the sexual abuse that children are exposed while young makes them create an image that such kind of treatment is justified, especially if their abusers developed some form of erotic fulfillment. Thus, a victim grows knowing that, for instance, sexual assault is a way for them to satisfy their sexual desires. It is rather unfortunate that the abuse they are exposed to acts as a platform on which they are socialized. Such children cannot and are not able to develop healthy social relationships with others (Widom & Ames, 1994).
Prostitution is another major outcome, which has been noticed in victims of childhood sexual abuse. Notably, both males and females engage prostitution; gender is not a factor for anyone who has been a victim of sexual mistreatment while young (Widom & Ames, 1994). Although that is the case, findings demonstrate that, men compared to women, are more likely to engage in violent sexual crimes such as rape and sodomy. On the other hand, women are more inclined to become prostitutes and demand physical abuse as that is the only that they know how to experience pleasure (Widom & Ames, 1994). Hence, while men become sexual predators, women project themselves as objects, which men can prey on.
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Elements of Persuasion
Channel of Communication
Focus Groups
Emphasizes one on one communication
Conducive to the discovery of unanticipated information
Examine various audiences responsiveness to prevention
Inexpensive, as a means of conduction – allowing examination for preliminary research
One of the elements of persuasion used in this campaign will be focus groups, as a channel of communication. Focus groups provide many strengths that can be strategically utilized to maximize communication efforts. For a very high percentage of school-based interventions, the focus is to increase awareness and knowledge for the children. There aren’t many programs that are focusing on the roles adults can play in CSA prevention (Self-Brown, et al., 2008). The focus groups involved in the campaign will target adults, as well as children, in hopes of strengthening child abuse awareness and prevention. “Focus groups are conducive to the discovery of unanticipated information and subtle group differences related to cultural factors that may influence individuals’ reactions to prevention messages (Charlesworth & Rodwell, 1997; Self-Brown, et al., 2008, pg. 730).
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Elements of Persuasion
CONT’D
The Central Route to Persuasion:
Increasing Awareness
Radio
Television
Internet
Marketing
Face to Face Interaction
Child
Abuse
The Central Route to Persuasion is described as “focusing on the argument.” Child abuse is a very serious issue, not only in our own communities but others as well. Studies show that the first step in victim protection is to remove the victim from the caregiver. This is accomplished by reporting the situation to the hospital. According to (V Essen, Schlickewei, & Dietz, 2005, para. 1), “95% of all cases of reported child abuse take place within the child's family.” This alarming statistic is the motivational core for increasing awareness through radio, television, internet marketing ads, and face to face interaction. Remember, the goal is not only to target and enlighten children of the dangers and prevention of child abuse, but identifying the roles of adults as well.
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Motivations of Altrustic Behavior
as identified in
Social Exchange Theory
Motivations of Altrustic Behavior
as identified in
Social Exchange Theory
CONT’D
Strategy:
Intervention
Increasing economic assistance
Access to affordable health care
Alcohol and drug treatment
Avoidance of unwanted children
Prevention
Strategy:
Mandatory parenting education classes
Never discipline a child when your anger is out of control
Report suspected abuse or neglect
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De Mause, L. (1998). The history of child abuse. The Journal of Psychohistory. 25(3): 216-236
Seldak, A. J. (2001). A History of the National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from http://www.nis4.org/nis_history.pdf
Wang, C. & Holton, J. (2007). Total Estimated Cost of Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States. Prevent Child Abuse America. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.192.2911&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Widom, C., S. & Ames, M., A. (1994). Criminal consequences of childhood sexual victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(4): 303-318
V Essen, H., Schlickewei, W., & Dietz, H. (2005). [Child abuse]. Der Unfallchirurg, 108(2), 92-101.
Self-Brown, S., Rheingold, A., & Campbell, C., De Arellano, M.A., (2008, June). A media campaign prevention program for child sexual abuse: community members’ perspectives. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(6), 728-743. doi:10.1177/0886260507313946
Seldak, A. J. (2001). A History of the National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from http:// www.nis4.org/nis_history.pdf
Bethe, L. (1999). Primary prevention of child abuse.
American Family Physician, 59(6), 1577-1585.
References
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References
CONT’D
