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Desalination

Gerjen Slim

CENE 599: Rural Waters

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Classes of Saline Waters

Ocean water ~15,000-50,000 ppm

Frac Water ~70,000 ppm

Brackish water ~1,500-15,000 ppm

River Water ~500-1,500 ppm

Pure water ~0-500 ppm

Low TDS Brine ~4,000-8,000 ppm

Salton Sea ~40,000 ppm

Great Salt Lake ~50,000-270,000 ppm

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Technology

Reverse Osmosis

Forward Osmosis

Distillation

Distillation w/ energy recovery

Low Maintenance still

http:// www.liveleak.com/view?i=b86_1392750600

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Typical Stills

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Eliodomestico Solar Still

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Health Impacts of Treated Water

Majority of our minerals are obtained through food

Long term use could cause mineral imbalance

Cardiovascular changes, headaches, osteoporosis

20 mg/l minimum recommended concentration of Calcium

10 mg/l minimum recommended concentration of Magnesium

30 mg/l minimum recommended concentration of bicarbonate

For “Stable” water

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Waste Management

“What comes first – deciding which treatment technology to use or how to dispose of the resultant waste?” –HDR

Brine discharge to surface/ground waters

Change in salinity

Phoenix to Salton Sea

Pipeline to Wetlands near Yuma (178 miles)

Yuma to Salton Sea (122 miles)

Evaporation basins

Solid waste usage

Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)

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Beneficial By-Products

Gypsum

Sodium Chloride

Magnesium Hydroxide

Calcium Chloride

Calcium Carbonate

Sodium Sulphate

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Emerging need

Solid residue use, or disposal is a major issue

Some waste residue is currently landfilled

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Basin Still Design

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Single or double slopes

Glazing

Water depth

Bottom insulation

Space between cover and water surface

Glazing insulation

Still success

Yield is maximized by matching glass angle with latitude

Yield depends on thermal conductivity of cover

Yield increases by 10% for every 10 degree increase in temperature

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Production rates

Conversion efficiencies approach 50% in some stills

2.5-6 L/Day-m^2 (depending on the sun)

8 hrs of high rate production per day

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References

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[1] "Sustainable Future," [Online]. Available: http://www.sdsustainablefuture.com/. [Accessed 15 3 2016].
[2] "The Omega Man Journal," 3 5 2012. [Online]. Available: https://omegamanjournal.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/solar-water-distiller/. [Accessed 15 3 2016].
[3] United States Geological Survey, "The USGS Water Science School," [Online]. Available: http://water.usgs.gov/edu/drinkseawater.html. [Accessed 15 3 2016].
[4] Masdar, "World Future Energy Summit," [Online]. Available: http://www.worldfutureenergysummit.com/Portal/exhibitors/products/pauley-interactive/solar-cucumber.aspx. [Accessed 15 3 2016].
[5] Bine Information Service, "Energy Research for Application," [Online]. Available: http://www.bine.info/en/publications/themeninfos/publikation/solarthermische-kraftwerke-2/parabolrinnen-kollektortechnik/. [Accessed 15 3 2016].
[6] SCINet, "Eliodomestico Solar Still," [Online]. Available: http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Eliodomestico_Solar_Still. [Accessed 15 3 2016].
[7] "Rome and Art," [Online]. Available: http://www.romeandart.eu/art-saline-roman.html. [Accessed 15 3 2016].
[8] F. Kozisek, "Health Risks From Drinking Demineralised Water," National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic, p. Chapter 12.
[9] P. Brandhuber, J. Cerone, P. Kwan, E. Moore and A. Vieira, "A look at conventional and emerging brine disposal and waste minimization technology," Waterscapes, vol. 19, no. 2.
[10] M. Ahmed, A. Arakel, D. Hoey, M. Thumarukudy, M. Goosen, M. Al-Haddabi and A. Al-Belushi, "Feasibility of salt production from inland RO desalination plant reject brine: a case study," Desalination, vol. 158, pp. 109-117, 2003.
[11] R. L. McGinnis, N. T. Hancock, M. S. Nowosielski-Slepowron and G. D. McGurgan, "Pilot demonstration of the NH3/CO2 forward osmosis desalination process on high salinity brines," Desalination, vol. 312, pp. 67-74, 2013.
[12] Wikipedia, "Wikipedia Great Salt Lake," [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake. [Accessed 3 21 2016].
[13] C. Fritzmann, J. Lowenberg, T. Wintgens and T. Melin, "State-of-the-Art of reverse osmosis desalination," ScienceDirect, vol. 216, pp. 1-76, 2007.
[14] T. K. Poulson, "Central Arizona Salinity Study Strategic Alternatives for Brine Management in the Valley of the Sun," Phoenix, Arizona, January 2010.
[15] S. Jain and S. Prajapati, "Solar Distillation System," International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 154-157, 2015.
[16] M. K. Gnanadason, P. S. Kumar, V. H. Wilson, G. Hariharan and N. S. Vinayagamoorthi, "Design and Performance Analysis of an Innovative Single Basin Solar Still," Smart Grid and Renewable energy, vol. 4, pp. 88-98, 2013.
[17] "Technical Education Magazine," [Online]. Available: http://www.techedmagazine.com/node/2609. [Accessed 22 3 2016].

Questions?

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