deaf language develpment2
saif29
554_chpt_1_pp.pptxDR. WOLFE
SPCE 454
MCLAUGHLIN, P. 1-4,12-13,19-22
Chapter 1: Dimensions of Human Communication
Code
Communication is a system of language codes for expressing and understanding thoughts, ideas, and feelings
Code = system of rules for arranging arbitrary symbols in an orderly, predictable manner
Words are encoded by the speaker, and decoded by the listener
Speech
Speech = physical production of sounds to communicate meaning through neuromuscular control of the structures of the vocal tract
Vocal tract contains the larynx, pharynx, velum, tongue, teeth, lips, and the oral and nasal cavities
Articulation = production of speech sounds through physical movement of jaw, tongue, lips, and velum to change the size and shape of the vocal tract
Voice = production of sound through vibration of vocal folds
Resonation = process of modifying the vocal tone as it passes through the vocal tract
Fluency = rhythm, rate, and flow of speech as it is produced
Language
Language = arbitrary verbal symbols that speakers put in order according to code to communicate ideas and feelings or to influence the behavior of others
Language of animal species is primarily instinctive and lacks creativity
Human language varies in a variety of contexts
Think about Shakespeare vs. Sportscaster
Language is a natural phenomenon of human behavior
Speech, Language, and Communication
Speech and language are separate but related!
They are seemingly automatic behaviors
The ways in which we experience speech and language can cause the overlap
Communication is the set of language codes. Once this language is understood and processed, the thoughts are orally articulated through speech.
Language vs. Speech
Speech is most often the primary medium for transmitting information
The nature of human communication requires that language is involved in this process
It is possible to produce sounds without language
Sounds in isolation do not convey any meaning
Conversely, it is possible to transmit language without saying anything
Think about writing or sign language
Language vs. Dialect
Dialect = distinct variation of major language that is spoken by an identifiable subgroup of those people using that language
Associated with geographical regions, socioeconomic levels, cultural differences, or ethnic subgroups
Most languages of the world have dialectal variations
Can be phonological, lexical, or grammatical
Phonological = e.g. “pen” vs. “pin”
Lexical = e.g. “pop” vs. “soda”
Grammatical = e.g. ending a sentence with a preposition
Expressive vs. Receptive Language
Expressive language
Encoding
Expression
Production
Receptive language
Decoding
Reception
Comprehension
“Speakers speak, listeners listen”
Expressive Language
Formulate an idea, select the words, and produce them to convey the necessary information
Includes: gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact
Receptive Language
Listener comprehends the means of the speaker’s words
Identify the inner feeling, a novel object, or notable circumstances behind the speaker’s words
Language as a Social Tool
Social interactionist view
Language does not exist separately from social interaction
Fundamental aspects of language consist of the reasons we speak, the situations in which we speak, and the different ways in which we speak depending on the circumstances
Language as a Learned Behavior
Behaviorist view
Language is a verbal behavior learned through social consequence
We talk to influence the behavior of others
The responses to our verbal behavior dictate how and when we talk in the future
Language as a System of Rules
Chomsky’s (psycholinguistic) view
Language represents the grammatical rules for arranging symbols or words to represent ideas about the world
