study guide need by tomorrow afternoon

1

 Classes of toxins

 Irritants

 Sensitizers

 Systemic toxin

 Neurotoxin

 Reproductive toxin

 Carcinogen

EHST 3700/3701:

Industrial Hygiene

 To explain the origin of OSHA regulations

 To describe the process used for establishing

OSHA regulation

 To explain the role of NIOSH and other

advisory committees and industry groups in

establishing health and safety regulations

 To define various terms and acronyms related

to worker exposure to hazardous agents

 To describe OSHA standards that have

significant impact on IH programs

 The Occupational Safety and Health Act

 Exposure Limits

 OSHA Standards as Part of the IH Program

“To assure safe and healthful working

conditions for working men and women:

• By assisting and encouraging the States

in their efforts to assure safe and

healthful working conditions;

• By providing for research, information,

education, and training in the field of

occupational safety and health; and

• For other purposes

“To provide a workplace free

from the recognized hazards

that are causing or likely to

cause death or serious

physical harm.”

2

 Development of

regulatory

standards for

controlling or

eliminating

workplace hazards

 Research and advisor to OSHA

 Methods development for exposure sampling and analysis

 Training of OSH professionals

 Proposal of a new standard

 Evaluation of recommendation from

advisory committees

 Notice of intended rulemaking

 Receipt of input through public comments

or hearings

 Revision of proposed standard

 Issuance of the final standard

 Industry group

 State or local government

 Employer or labor representative

organization

 OSHA

 National Advisory Committee on

Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH) -

http://www.osha.gov/dop/nacosh/nacosh.ht

ml

 Advisory Committee on Construction Safety

and Health -

http://www.osha.gov/doc/accsh/

 NIOSH - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/

 “Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking”

 “Notice of Intended Rulemaking”

 Published in the Federal Register

 60-90 days: public response

 Used to solicit info for drafting the proposed standard

 Public hearing

 Written comments

 Published in Federal Register

3

 Published in the Federal Register with

effective date

 Preamble

 Information section preceding the

standard

 Explanation and background for a

standard provision

 If workers are in grave danger due to

exposure to a toxic agent or a physical

hazard

 Published in Federal Register as a proposed

rule

 Final ruling to be made within 6 months

 Validity challenged in a US Court of Appeals

 An alternative to an OSHA requirement

that ensures workplace safety as if the

employer did comply with the OSHA

requirement

 Temporary variance

 Permanent variance

 Experimental variance

 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owastand.display_stan

dard_group?p_toc_level=1&p_part_number=1910  Air quality values that are applied to work

environments

 Air concentration below which health

hazards are unlikely to occur among most

exposed workers

 For physical and chemical hazards

4

Agency

8-hr

TWA

Term

Short-Term

Exposures

Instantaneous

Exposures

Enforceable

as

Regulation

OSHA PEL

Excursion

limit or

STEL

C (ceiling),

peak ceiling Yes

NIOSH REL STEL C (ceiling) No

ACGIH TLV STEL C (ceiling) No

 OSHA PEL

 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1:

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.sho

w_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9992

 Chemical sampling information:

http://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/toc

/toc_chemsamp.html

 NIOSH REL

 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards:

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/default.html

 ACGIH TLV

 TLVs for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents

(TLV Booklet)

 Time-weighted average (TWA)

 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)

 Ceiling limit (C)

 Peak limit

 Mixture rule

 Action level

 Excursion limit

 Measured levels are averaged over the time

period during which the sampling took place

 Sampling time for TWAs

 8-hour

 15-min

 5-min

 Instantaneous

 Minimum amount of sampling time = 7 hr

8−hr TWA = 𝐶𝑥𝑇𝑥 +⋯ 𝐶𝑛𝑇𝑛

8

 Cx = concentration measured during

time interval Tx

 n = total number of intervals measured

 8 = total time of exposure (hours)

 OSHA PEL for oil mist = 5 mg/m3

 Worker’s exposure to oil mist

Measured Amount Sampling Time

Sample 1 8 mg/m3 3 hours

Sample 2 6 mg/m3 2 hours

Sample 3 9 mg/m3 3 hours

5

 STEL

 Have only one 15-minute sampling

interval

 15−min TWA = 𝐶𝑥𝑇𝑥 +⋯ 𝐶𝑛𝑇𝑛

?

 Cx = concentration measured during

time interval Tx

 n = total number of intervals measured

 ? = total time of exposure (mins)

 Level of exposure that cannot be exceeded

at any time during the work shift

 Level that exceeds the ceiling limit, but

allowed by OSHA for a specific limited time

during the workshift

 Must never be exceeded

 Must be compensated for by periods of

exposure during which concentration is low

enough so that the cumulative 8-hr TWA is

below the PEL

 To provide protection for workers who are

exposed to 2 or more substances that

affect the same organ or cause the same

disease or impairment

 Synergism

𝑃𝐸𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝐶1

𝑃𝐸𝐿1 +

𝐶2

𝑃𝐸𝐿 2 + ⋯

𝐶𝑛

𝑃𝐸𝐿3

 C – measured concentration of a

contaminant

 PEL – OSHA PEL for the contaminant

Solvent OSHA PEL 8-hr Measured

Exposure

Ethyl acetate 400 ppm 245 ppm

Benzyl chloride 1 ppm 0.65 ppm

 Does the exposure exceed the allowed

level under the OSHA mixture rule?

 Airborne concentration that trigger

certain provision of a regulation

 Example: Worker training, use of PPE,

medical surveillance

Hazard PEL Action Level

Vinyl chloride 1 ppm 0.5 ppm

Lead 50 ug/m3 30 ug/m3

 30-minute TWA exposure limit that cannot

be exceeded during the workday

 Example: Asbestos – 1.0 f/cc averaged

over a sampling period of 30 minutes

6

 Gases and vapors

 Parts per million (ppm)

 Particulates

 Milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3)

 TLV-TWA

 Concentration for a

normal 8-hr workday, 40-

hr week, to which it is

believed nearly all

workers may be

repeatedly exposed, day

after day, with no

adverse effect TLVs for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents

(“TLV Booklet”)

 TLV-STEL

 15-min TWA that should not

be exceeded

 Not >4 times each day

 At least 60 min between

each successive exposures

at STEL range

 TLV-C

 Should not be exceeded

during any part of the work

day

 Instantaneous sampling

TLVs for Chemical

Substances and Physical

Agents

(“TLV Booklet”)

 Skin notation

 Biological exposure indices (BEI)

 Immediately dangerous to life and health

(IDLH)

 Carcinogens

 Absorption through the skin is considered

to be a significant route for the material

to enter the body

 Consider not only measured airborne

concentration, but the entire process (i.e.

work habits, use of PPE, etc.)

 Prevent contact with skin by

 Use of protective gloves, aprons and

impermeable clothing

 Good work habits

 Other appropriate measures

 Useful in assessing the overall amount of a

chemical that is absorbed into the body

 Biological specimens collected from exposed

individuals, and then analyzed for a specific

chemical

 Determinant – indicator chemical

 Chemical itself

 Metabolic product of the chemical

 Change in the body’s chemistry induced by

the chemical

7

Chemicals Determinants BEI

Carbon

monoxide

Carboxyhemoglobin

in blood

3.5% of

hemoglobin

Chromium

(VI)

Total chromium in

urine

25 ug/L

Lead Lead in blood 30 ug/100 mL

Parathion Total p-nitrophenol

in urine

0.5 mg/g

creatinine

Toluene O-cresol in urine 0.5 mg/L

Source: TLVs for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents

 Immediately dangerous to life and health

 Maximum concentration from which the

worker could escape without loss of life or

irreversible health effects

 IDLH condition

 Poses a threat of exposure to airborne

contaminants that is likely to cause death,

immediate or delayed permanent adverse

health effects, or prevent escape

 Immediate evacuation is recommended

Substance IDLH Value

Acrolein 2 ppm

Chlorine 10 ppm

Acetic acid 50 ppm

Benzene 500 ppm

Carbon monoxide 1,200 ppm

Ethyl alcohol 3,300 ppm

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/intridl4.html

 Substances known to cause or suspected of

causing cancer in exposed humans

 Ca as notation used by NIOSH to indicate

“potential occupational carcinogen”

OSHA Regulated- Carcinogens

2- Acetylaminofluorene 4-Nitrobiphenyl

Methyl chloromethyl

ether

Benzidine alpha-Naphthylamine

Ethyleneimine beta-Naphthylamine

Category Description

A1 Confirmed human carcinogen

A2 Suspected human carcinogen

A3 Animal carcinogens

A4 Not classified as human

carcinogen based on

inadequate data for humans

and animals

A5 Not suspected as human

carcinogens

*ACGIH classification

 The OSHAct of 1970 was created to assure

safe and healthful working conditions.

 It is the employers’ responsibility to ensure

worker protection under the general duty

clause.

 Exposure limits may be 8-hr TWA, STEL or

ceiling limits.

 Examples of exposure limits are OSHA PEL,

ACGIH TLVs and NIOSH REL.

 Special terms used exposure limits include

the skin notation, BEI, IDLH and

carcinogenicity.