study guide need by tomorrow afternoon

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EHST 3700/3701: Industrial Hygiene

� To define industrial hygienist and industrial hygiene

� To identify responsibilities of an industrial hygienist

� To identify areas of applied science that are used in industrial hygiene practice

� To identify persons who have made significant contributions to industrial hygiene in the past

� To discuss the 3 elements of industrial hygiene

� To list the 3 basic control strategies for health hazards

� To describe the key elements of an IH program

�Definition of industrial hygiene

�Responsibilities of an industrial hygienist

�Contributors to industrial hygiene

�Industrial hygiene as a recognized profession

�Elements of an industrial hygiene program

� Industrial hygiene

� Occupational safety

� Occupational therapy

� Occupational toxicology

� Occupational medicine

� Occupational health nursing

� Ergonomics

� Workplace sanitation

� Occupational health nurses � Occupational medicine physicians � Industrial hygienists � Safety professionals � Workers compensation specialists � Ergonomists � Toxicologists � Epidemiologists � Lawyers � Engineers � Human resources

� Ultimate Goal: To reduce the amount of disease and injury, premature death and disease/injury produced discomfort, disability and cost

� Uniqueness lies in the approach of each discipline

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� Science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, prevention, and control of those environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace which may cause sickness, impaired health and well being, or significant discomfort among workers or among citizens of the community (AIHA)

In the workplace, industrial hygienists

Recognize

Evaluate

Control environmental factors that may cause health and safety problems

1. Anticipate and recognize the environmental factors and understand their effects on people and their well-being

2. Evaluate, on the basis of experience and with the aid of quantitative measurement techniques, the magnitude of these stresses in terms of the stressor’s ability to impair human health and well-being

3. Prescribe methods to eliminate, control, or reduce such stresses when necessary to diminish their effects

� Ultimate goal: To prevent occupational diseases among workers

Industrial hygienists unite management and workers behind the common goal of having a healthy and safe workplace.

Everyday, an average of:

�9,000 U.S. workers sustain disabling injuries on the job

�16 workers die from an injury at work

�137 workers die from work related diseases

(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)

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� On-the-job injuries cost $156.2 billion in 2003, of which $78.3 billion was wage and productivity losses. (National Safety Council)

� For every $1 invested in safety, a company saves between $3 and $6. (Liberty Mutual Research Institute)

� Solves occupational health problems by a 3- step approach: i.e. recognition, evaluation and control

� Acts as a liaison between the medical group and actual production/ service people

� Is an epidemiologist concerned with the etiology of occupational disability

� Is a risk assessor

Disciplines Involved Applications in Industrial Hygiene

Physics, mathematics, human anatomy, and physiology

Hazard evaluation of: noise, illumination, lasers, radiation, and ergonomics

Chemistry, anatomy and physiology, toxicology

Toxic chemical exposure evaluations of: carcinogen and reproductive hazard assessments

Physics, chemistry, statistics Measuring exposures to chemical and physical agents; interpreting laboratory analytical reports; use of direct-reading instruments

Statistics, epidemiology, physics, chemistry, anatomy and physiology, toxicology, language skills

Interpreting study and laboratory results; critical review of research; performing research

Language skills Interactions with workers, management and clients; report writing; preparing manuscript or original research studies for publication; design and delivery of employee education programs

Industrial Hygienist � Evaluation of

workplace exposures � Identification of

workers at risk based on evaluation of workplace exposures

� Implementation of controls

� Compliance with medical restrictions

Medical Doctor

� Conduct of medical examinations; note screenable health effects

� Reporting of medical results to workers

� Prescribe medical restrictions to affected workers

Analysis of Results

Determine Relationships (Exposure data and medical examinations)

Industrial Hygienist Medical Doctor

Occupational Safety

“Safety” “Injury”

Safety Professionals

Occupational Health

“Health” “Illness”

Industrial Hygienists

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�c. 460-370 BC

�First recorded mention of occupational diseases

� Lead poisoning in miners and metallurgists

�Provided more frequent allusions to this group of diseases

� a.k.a. Pliny the Elder

� 1st century AD

� Described dangers to workers exposed to zinc and sulfur

� Identified use of animal bladders intended to prevent inhalation of dust and lead fume

� Refers to the control of work hazards

“Minimum refiners... envelop their faces with loose bladders, which enable them to see without inhaling the fatal dust.”

� a.k.a. Georg Bauer

� 1494 - 1555

� Early chronicler of occupational hazards and control measures

� Described the prevalent diseases and accidents in mining, smelting, and refining

� Described prevention measures including the need for ventilation of mines

� De Re Metallica

� A 12-volume set published in 1556

� Topics included

| Mining geology

| Environmental contamination

| Management techniques

| Mine ventilation

| Ergonomics

| Illnesses suffered by miners

� De Re Metallica

� State-of-the-art text on mining, smelting and refining operations

� Described diseases suffered by the miners: lungs, joints and eyes

� Examples of diseases

| Silicosis

| Tuberculosis

| Lung cancer

� Included many illustrations of methods to provide ventilation in hazardous atmosphere

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� Included many illustrations of protective equipment used by mine and smelter workers � 1567

� Described respiratory diseases among miners

� Father of toxicology

� Dose-response relationship

“All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right

dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.”

� On the Miner’s Sickness and Other Diseases of Miners � Differentiated between chronic and acute

poisonings � Physical and behavioral effects on mercury-

exposed workers

� Wrote a 40-chapter book, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Diseases of Workers) � Published in 1713 � First book considered a complete treatise

on occupational diseases

� Accurately described occupations, their hazards, and resulting diseases

� “Of what trade are you?”

� Recommended some specific and general preventive measures

� Workers should cover their faces to avoid breathing dust

� Most of his control recommendations were therapeutic and curative

� Father of Industrial Medicine

�1775: Found an association between exposure to soot and a high incidence of scrotal cancer in English chimney sweeps

An English chimney sweep (mid-1700s)

A German chimney sweep (mid-1700s)

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�First scientist to demonstrate that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen

�Demonstrated the first occupational link to cancer

�Contributed to the science of epidemiology and the Chimney Sweeper's Act of 1788

�1900’s �Investigated dangerous

occupations �Studied occupational illnesses

and the dangerous effects of industrial metals and chemical compounds on the human body

�Interested in the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses in industrial workers, and in hazard control to prevent further cases

�Had tremendous influence on early regulation of occupational hazards in the United States

�1919: First woman faculty member at Harvard University

�Wrote “Exploring the Dangerous Trades: The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, M.D”

� 1833: English Factory Act was passed (compensation for workers injured on the job)

� British Factories Act of 1864: Required the use of dilution ventilation to reduce air contaminants

� British Factories Act of 1878: Specified the use of exhaust ventilation by fans

� British Factories Act of 1901: Provided for the creation of regulations to control dangerous trades � Investigation of workplace hazards � Enforcement of control measures

� 1900s: Workers’ compensation in the U.S. � 1970: OSH Act was passed

�2008 AIHA Salary Survey � $81,000 or less (25%) � $120,000 or more (25%) � $81,000 – 120,000 (50%)

� Mean: $94,947.00 � Median: $90,000.00 � Maximum: $375,000.00

https://www.aiha.org/get- involved/outreach/Documents/Industrial%20Hygiene_Profession%20with%20Many%20Options.pdf

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�2013 AIHA Compensation Survey � Mean: $105,166.00 � Median: $100,000.00 � 90th percentile: $150,000.00

� <35 y.o. - $75,233 (average) � t65 y.o. - $143,445 (average) � $81,000 – 120,000 (50%)

https://www.aiha.org/membership/Documents/2013-Compensation-Survey-Summary.pdf

� 2013 AIHA Compensation Survey : Average Annual Salary � Pharmaceuticals/Biotechnology - $117,106 � Construction - $112,579 � Manufacturing - $106,396 � Energy - $116,404 � Other Industry - $104,597 � Government/ Military - $96,291 � Consulting Firm | Employee - $102,328 | Independent - $135,023

� Academia - $96,587 � Other - $100,953

https://www.aiha.org/membership/Documents/2013-Compensation-Survey-Summary.pdf

� American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)

� American Academy of Industrial Hygiene (AAIH)

� American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

� Purpose: � To promote the field of industrial hygiene � To provide education and training � To provide a forum for the exchange of ideas

and information � To represent the interests of industrial

hygienists and those they serve � Membership � Professional IH � Students � Health care professionals � Others in an interest in IH

� Member services: � Government affairs

representation � Input to Congress on

proposed health and safety regulations

http://admin.aihaaccreditedlabs.org/accredprograms/IHLAP/Pages/default.aspx

� Aimed at ensuring analytical accuracy for lead, asbestos, metals, silica and organic solvents

www.aiha.org

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The Right Thing to Do video (7:20): https://www.aiha.org/publications-and- resources/TheSynergist/AIHANews/Pages/AIHA-Celebrates-NAOSH- Week-with-Informative-Video-about-Industrial-Hygiene.aspx

� Mission: To promote excellence in occupational and environmental health

� Began as an organization of industrial hygienists employed by federal, state and local government health and safety agencies

� 1938: National Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

� 1946: Changed name to ACGIH

� Signature Publications � Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances

and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices � “TLV booklet”

� Non-profit professional organization whose members are individuals who have successfully met the certification requirements for industrial hygiene as set by ABIH

� Purpose: � To recruit and train industrial hygienists from

among graduates of scientific and engineering disciplines

� To promote recognition of industrial hygiene practices

� To promote the ABIH Certification as a basic qualification for employment as an IH professional

� To establish guidelines for ethical conduct in the practice of industrial hygiene

� An independent organization that administers certification programs for industrial hygiene professionals

� Certified industrial hygienist (CIH)

http://www.abih.org/

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� Certification process

� Review of applicant’s education and experience

� Passing of a written exam

� Certification maintenance process

� CIH must earn points to keep certification in good standing

� Several people had significant contributions to the beginnings of industrial hygiene.

� Industrial hygiene has evolved to a multi- disciplinary science with its primary focus on preventing occupational health problems.

� The primary mission of an industrial hygienist is described as the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of health hazards.

� The industrial hygienist has an important role in worker training programs, which ensures effective application of necessary hazard controls.