Prof. Macqueen
youvis1201
015commerce_and_empire.pptxCommerce and Empire
History 015
S
Key major points
1.Understand the creation of the first true global economy in the period 1450–1750.
2. Examine Western European commercial expansion in a context that gives due weight to the contributions of other societies.
Key Major Points
3.To encourage appreciation of China as the world’s largest economy in the early modern period
4.To increase awareness of the high costs of the commercial boom of the early modern period in ecological and human terms
5.To investigate the various models of trading post empires that were created in this period
Major Themes
Europeans were increasingly prominent in long-distance trade, but other peoples were also important.
Commerce and empire were the two forces that drove globalization between 1450 and 1750.
Portuguese Empire Map
Portuguese Commerce
A Portuguese Empire of Commerce
1.Indian Ocean commerce was highly rich and diverse
2.Portuguese did not have goods of a quality for effective competition
Portuguese took to piracy on the sea lanes
a.Portuguese ships were more maneuverable, carried cannons
b. Established fortified bases at key locations (Mombasa, Hormuz, Goa, Malacca, Macao)
Portuguese forts
Fort Jesus, Mombasa,
Kenya
Portuguese Forts
Fort Aguada, Goa
Portuguese created a “trading post empire”
Goal was to control commerce, not territories or populations
.Operated by force of arms, not economic competition
.At height, controlled about half of the spice trade to Europe
Spain and the Philippines
Spain was the first to challenge Portugal’s control of Asian trade
Spain and the Philippines
establishment of a Spanish base in the Philippines
Spain and the Philippines
. first encountered when
Ferdinand Magellan
circumnavigated
the globe (1519–1521)
.
Spain and the Philippines
Philippines were
organized in small,
competitive chiefdoms
Spain and the Philippines
Spaniards established full colonial rule there (takeover occurred 1565–1650)
Spain and the Philippines
the Philippines remained a Spanish colonial territory until 1898, when the United States assumed control
Spain and the Philippines
Major missionary
campaign made Filipino
society the only major
Christian outpost in Asia
Spain and the Philippines
women’s ritual and
healing roles were attacked
Spain and the Philippines
Spaniards introduced forced relocation, tribute, taxes, unpaid labor
Large estates for Spanish settlers, religious orders, and Filipino elite
Spain and the Philippines
Manila became
a major center
with a diverse
population
The East India Companies
Dutch and English both entered Indian Ocean commerce in the early seventeenth century
soon displaced the Portuguese
competed with each other
The East India Companies
1600: both the Dutch and the English organized private trading companies to handle Indian Ocean trade
The East India Companies
merchants invested, shared the risks
Dutch and British East India companies were chartered by their respective governments
had power to make war and govern conquered peoples
The East India Companies
established their own trading post empires
a. Dutch empire was focused on Indonesia
b. English empire was focused on India
Dutch Indonesia
British East India
Dutch East India Company
Dutch East India Company
controlled both shipping and production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace
seized small spice-producing islands and forced people to sell only to the Dutch
destroyed the local economy of the Spice Islands; made the Dutch rich
British East India Company
British East India Co.
http://navigator-kutztown.passhe.edu/login?url=http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=8044&xtid = 9178
British East India Company
was not as well financed or as commercially sophisticated as the Dutch; couldn’t break into the Spice Islands
b. established three major trade settlements in India (seventeenth century)
c.British navy gained control of Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf
British East India Company
could not compete with the Mughal Empire on land
negotiated with local rulers for peaceful establishment of trade bases
Britons traded pepper and other spices, but cotton textiles became more important
East India Company
Dutch and English also became involved in “carrying trade” within Asia
both gradually evolved into typical colonial domination
Asian Commerce
European presence was much less significant in Asia than in Americas or Africa
Europeans were no real military threat to Asia, yet.
Japan
Portuguese reached Japan in the mid-sixteenth century
Japan at the time was divided by constant conflict among feudal lords (daimyo) supported by samurai
Japan
at first, Europeans were welcome
but Japan unified politically under the Tokugawa shogun in the early seventeenth century
Tokugawa Shogun
Japan
Distrust of foreigners
Christian martyrs in Japan
Japan
Japanese were barred from travel abroad
Europeans were banned, except the Dutch at a single site
Japan
Japan was closed off from Europe from 1650 to 1850
ASIA
Asian merchants continued to operate, despite European presence
overland trade within Asia remained in Asian hands
tens of thousands of Indian merchants lived throughout Central Asia, Persia, and Russia
