questions are due by 9 p.m. central standard time.

E-Book is: introduction to networking

Week: 1

Short Answer assignment

Use the title of each assignmet as the title to each lab file!!!!!!!!

Key Networking Concepts and Terminology Answer the following questions on key networking concepts:

1. What are open standards, and what, if any, are the advantages of such standards?

2. In general, why would a layered architecture be viewed as beneficial?

3. What is a protocol and why would one be used? Provide an example of a technological protocol or a society-based protocol.

4. What are the four different types of networks and what are the key characteristics of each?

5. How are the OSI and TCP/ IP models similar? How do they differ?

Submission Requirements: In a Microsoft Word document, answer each question in approximately 100–300 words. Save the document as "Short Answer 1.1_ initials_mmddyy" and submit it as an attachment.

Week 2

Lab:1

To study more about networking commands, read the following articles in the ITT Tech Virtual Library:

· Rooting out the lazy workers with Tracert

Ping and Tracert: We lose, the hackers win; * Ping no more

IT Certifications Looking at "hot" or "current" certifications, which are in demand, is reflective of what technologies are new and current in the market. Research the ITT Tech Virtual Library and find articles or news reports on IT certifications that have been in demand for the past five years and will continue to be in demand. Then, answer these questions:

1. List the top five IT certifications along with a brief description that appears in at least three different sources. Which of these IT certifications will be in demand in the future and why?

2. Has the demand for IT certifications increased in the last few years? Why or why not?

3. Have any new IT certifications emerged in the last two years?

Remember to cite the sources you research using APA. Submission Requirements: In a Microsoft Word document, answer the questions in approximately 300–500 words. Save the document as "Lab 2.1_ initials_mmddyy" and submit it as an attachment.

Lab:2

Finding Network Settings In this lab, you will explore the network settings for your connection to the local network using the command-line interface on a Windows machine; this is the professional method for troubleshooting networks and determining network information. You will use the commands to gather information about your network devices and adapters, as well as your default gateway and other networked resources. Studying these commands will help you as you progress to setting up a wireless local-area network (WLAN) in the next chapter. In this lab, you will practice using some widely used networking tools found in Microsoft Windows, such as IPCONFIG, PING, TRACERT, and NETSTAT. Compile a lab report of the solutions to the assigned exercises and include a review of the work necessary to arrive at the solution.

Submission Requirements: In a Microsoft Word document, include the answers to the questions in approximately 10–60 words. Save the Word document as "Lab 2.2_initials_mmddyy" and submit it your instructor.

NT1210: Week 2 Using DOS Commands Lab 2.2 Finding Network Settings

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Using ipconfig

The ipconfig command will provide you with all the information you can get from using the Network Connections folder to check the status of your network connections and adapters on a Windows machine directly from the command-line interface. You can enter the code by itself to display connection information such as the IP address, default gateway (also an IP address), and subnet mask in use.

Note: You should be familiar with this command and what it returns from the earlier lab in which you tested your ability to access the command line. This time, you should have a better understanding of the information it returns.

Your default gateway is the device through which you connect to the Internet or any other interconnected networks.

You can add arguments to ipconfig to make it more useful for gathering and setting network information. There are two arguments in particular that you will practice here: release and renew.

Exercise 5.3.1

For this exercise, you will release your IP address using ipconfig. This is a beneficial tool for troubleshooting your own local network and correcting any problems with the assignment of IP addresses. This exercise requires that you have DHCP in use for assigning IP addresses, which is a typical default setting. To begin, you should type the command ipconfig at the command-line interface and press Enter. Record the information it presents for the IP address and default gateway; you can ignore the rest of the

information for now.

When you have completed this, type the following command to release the IP address:

ipconfig /release

What information is displayed as a result?

To renew your lease on the IP address for your network card or adapter, you will use the following command:

ipconfig /renew

This will create a new lease on an IP address for your network card or adapter. When the command to renew the IP address is complete, you should compare the result to the initial run of ipconfig and compare the results. Are the entries the same for the IP address and for the default gateway? NT1210: Week 2 Using DOS Commands Lab 2.2 Finding Network Settings

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Using ping

The ping command is used to test connectivity between two hosts on a network (or interconnected network). On Windows machines, this is activated by entering ping at the command-line interface. However, ping requires arguments to function. In the exercises for this lab, you will explore the functionality and format of using the ping command.

Exercise 5.3.2

You can use the ping command on your local machine. This does not send traffic out onto the network, but it is an effective means of making sure that your network adapter is functional. To ping the local host, use the following command:

ping localhost

What address is returned as the IP address of localhost? How many times is the ping message sent by default?

Exercise 5.3.3

For this exercise, you will ping the default gateway and two web addresses to see the difference in timing of the response. First, ping the default gateway (which you can get from running the ipconfig command if you forgot what it is) using the following format (replace the IP address given with the address of your default gateway):

ping 192.168.1.1

How much time (in the time= part of the output) did it take for the ping response to come back to the local machine? If there were different values, report the average response time.

Next you will ping a destination farther away than your local network. You must have Internet connectivity enabled for this to work.

Note: The ping command is a professional tool for troubleshooting and investigating networks, but most networks disable this message from crossing network boundaries because it has a high potential to clog the network.

Execute the following command from the command-line interface:

ping www.google.com NT1210: Week 2 Using DOS Commands Lab 2.2 Finding Network Settings

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How much time (on average) did it take to get a response from the host? How does this compare to the time it took to get a response from the default gateway? Choose another web address and send a ping command to it. Did the ping command get a response? If so, how long did it take (on average)?

What makes the difference in the timing of these messages?

Exercise 5.3.4

For this exercise, you will use the -a argument for ping. This will force the ping command to return the host name as well as the IP address. To force a host name return, enter the following command (replacing the IP address with that of your default gateway):

ping –a 192.168.1.1

What is the name of the host for the default gateway? Use this argument to ping localhost. What name does it return?

Exercise 5.3.5

You can use the -n argument and a number to specify the number of ping messages that should be sent. To ping the default gateway six times, enter the following command (again you should replace the IP address given with the IP address of your default gateway):

ping –n 6 192.168.1.1

What is the benefit of being able to send a set number of ping messages to a host? You can use your textbook and Internet research to compose your answer.

Using tracert

The tracert command is used to determine the complete path between your machine and a network destination (to trace the route). In Windows, this command is given as tracert; this command requires a destination IP address or web address to work. The tracert command is an extension of the ping command, which pings each device in the path between the originating host and the destination host requesting a reply message.

Exercise 5.3.6

For this exercise, you will compare the tracert results for two different web addresses. To begin, though, you will start with running tracert to your default gateway with the following command (replacing the IP address shown with your default gateway IP address): NT1210: Week 2 Using DOS Commands Lab 2.2 Finding Network Settings

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tracert 192.168.1.1

How many devices are returned in the path between your machine and the default gateway?

Now you will use the tracert command to access two different web hosts and compare the devices returned in the path. To begin, use the following command:

tracert www.google.com

Record the path that is returned from the host. Next, choose another web host (such as www.microsoft.com) and run the tracert command to it. Record the path that is returned. How many lines of the device path do these two hosts have in common? What do these devices represent?

Using netstat

The netstat command is used to determine the network status of any currently active connections. This will return only recent activity because the cache for this empties as the active connections are closed. This is a helpful command to determine what protocols are in use and what hosts are being contacted by your machine.

Exercise 5.3.7

Run the netstat command (without any arguments) on your machine from the command-line interface. How many active connections are returned? What protocols are in use?

Open a web browser such as Internet Explorer and enter a destination web address in the address bar. When this page has loaded, run the netstat command from the command-line interface again. How many connections are returned this time? Where did these connections originate? Use your textbook and Internet research to compose your answer.

Lab 5.3 Review

1. The ping command has an argument, -t, that allows the ping to send messages repeatedly until it is manually stopped by a user pressing Ctrl+C. Why would this functionality be beneficial in networking? How could it be misused?

2. Running commands such as ping and tracert initiates connections to external hosts; this will also send ARP requests as the hosts are connected. Run one of these commands for a web host and then run the arp -a command. What IP/MAC address pairs are returned? Why is this the case? NT1210: Week 2 Using DOS Commands Lab 2.2 Finding Network Settings

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Source: Richardson, T. (2013). Introduction to networking lab manual. Boston, MA: Pearson IT Certification.