I have a draft of an Argument Research Paper and need it to be the Final

Racial Profiling:

Stephanie Smith

ENG 122: English Composition II

Professor January Pearson

February 8, 2016

I. Introduction

Racial Profiling:  The events occurring in the past five (5) have raised questions that are affecting the culture.  Is police brutality calculated as it appears to be or is it possible that it is just random?  The Bureau of Justice Statistics speaks volumes when it shows an ordinarily higher number of improper police protocols when it comes to Blacks, Racial profiling itself is categorical mostly in America. When a police uses his power to stop an individual, questions him or her, searches and even goes ahead to arrest someone solely under the basis of the person’s ethnicity or race: this is termed as narrow definition. Concurrently under the same context broader definitions expresses whenever a police officer routinely uses race as a factor that, in conjunction with other factors causes a police officer to act with suspicion and take action.

One might wonder how this racial profiling started or gained its origin: back in the year 1963 when slavery used to be the order of the day and activity deemed to improve the economy of other countries. Philadelphia’s court officials gave police all legal authority to detain any Negro individual (slaved or freed) seen loitering and wandering around the streets. This discriminatory practice survived through years and decades up to the twenty first century where it’s prevalent across all cities in the U.S with the African Americans-Gangs, Chinese Americans, Arab, Muslims, Hispanic and Latinos.

We are living in the year 2016 and it is definitely apparent that there is still racial profiling taking place in all parts of the country. For example: The Story of Sandra Bland. In July 2015 Sandra Bland was pulled over in a traffic stop by a State Trooper named Brian Encindia and was arrested for allegedly assaulting the officer which also led to her death in Waller County, Texas. The arrest of Sandra Bland a 28-year-old black woman who was found hung in a Waller County jail cell, ruled a suicidal death and was followed by heavy protestors when the circumstances surrounding the minor traffic pullover spouted concern because after authorities viewed the officer’s dashboard camera video, Brian Encinia was put on administrative leave for failing to follow proper traffic stop procedures. The case surrounding Sandra Bland was so strong that it is already mentioned in traffic articles.

II. Racial Profiling is Alive

This brief discusses the questionable protocol on traffic stops. The St. Louis County Police Chief, Jon Belmar is asking the University of California Los Angeles consortium to review its protocol on traffic stops and wants recommendations to help avoid racial profiling. Basically, they have discovered that the numbers in traffic violations are producing large complaints surrounding racial profiling and there seems to be that issue across the U.S.

While many police departments don't believe they have shortcomings, the complaints are starting to increase in numbers and this information will give some actual numbers and examples of what is taking place in police protocol. Chief said. The request comes in the wake of a complaint of racial profiling in traffic stops near the South County Mall. The Center for Policing Equality has provided guidance to 44 communities across the country, including Las Vegas and Denver.” (Geigerch, 2014)

Consequently, In December 2001 Assem Bayaa an American citizen from middle-Eastern was ordered to leave the plane after clearing all the security checks and giving all relevant documents at Los Angeles airport and attempted to board the plane. The order to alight the plane were in conjunction with those sentiments that he made the passengers on board uncomfortable. No further questions and information was attached to those words he was given only consolation by being offered a pass for the next flight. He filed a lawsuit terming the act on the basis of discrimination against United Airlines which issued a counter filing motion which was dismissed in 2002.Later, American Civil Liberties Union had the settlement between Bayaa and United Airlines done and announced but noted that it “was in the best interest of all.”

There are several strong facts surrounding the Sandra Bland case that heavily support that the officer in question, Brian Encinia acted with racism; however, after you watch the film that is attached to the article, he blatantly, without any question is abusing his authority. This article depicts that this arrest was much more than racism. This article also has all the facts leading up to Ms. Bland’s death. Even though the officer’s dash board video captures all of the conversation back forth between the Officer Encinia and Ms. Bland what it doesn’t capture is the unnecessary physical force he uses on Ms. Bland.

III. Statistics

It has been stated in a scholarly journal that over 30 years the use of racial and demographic profiling by local authorities and higher new level law enforcements to continue to proceed. The street cops in America use this act of racial profiling more often where they first frisk them to check for enough evidence to be arrested for the very particular relevant crime. Practically, the stops provide eminent display of substantial racial disparity: Hispanic and Black people generally represent more than 85 per cent of those stopped by law officials and police, though these combined populations make up a small share of the whole states’ racial composition (Baker, 2001)

IV. The Stories, The People, The End Results

In December 2001 Assem Bayaa an American citizen from middle-Eastern was ordered to leave the plane after clearing all the security checks and giving all relevant documents at Los Angeles airport and attempted to board the plane. The order to alight the plane were in conjunction with those sentiments that he made the passengers on board uncomfortable. No further questions and information was attached to those words he was given only consolation by being offered a pass for the next flight. He filed a lawsuit terming the act on the basis of discrimination against United Airlines which issued a counter filing motion which was dismissed in 2002.Later, American Civil Liberties Union had the settlement between Bayaa and United Airlines done and announced but noted that it “was in the best interest of all.” (ACLU, 2010).

V. Proper Police Protocol

While many police departments don't believe they have shortcomings, the complaints are starting to increase in numbers and this information will give some actual numbers and examples of what is taking place in police protocol. Chief said. The request comes in the wake of a complaint of racial profiling in traffic stops near the South County Mall. The Center for Policing Equality has provided guidance to 44 communities across the country, including Las Vegas and Denver.” (Geigerch, 2014)

When St. Louis County Police Lieutenant was put on leave for racial profiling. The St. Louis County Police commanders decided to work with researchers from the University of California-Los Angeles to determine the accuracy of persistent racial profiling accusations and find ways to avoid biased policing within their department. Internal Affairs was brought in after several accusations of racial profiling was approved by St. Louis Police Lieutenant, Patrick Hayes. Officers who were interviewed confirmed that the Lieutenant gave inappropriate racially based orders to arrest blacks in and around the South County Shopping Center as well as in the nearby Walmart. Basically, he was telling his officer to racial profile. “Police sources say the lieutenant told about 20 officers to check license plates of black drivers and arrest them if there were outstanding warrants.” (Geigerich 2015).

Legality matters are significant. The new April 2010, Arizona law that require the police officers who should verify the origin and citizenship of suspected individuals they stop if there exists reasonable and substantial suspicion. The law enforcement officers may not consider “race”, “national origin” and “color” in the act of exercising law enforcement except and only under the circumstances allowed under the Arizona constitutions and United States. (Adam, 2012). The law state that “Any person who is arrested and detained shall have the person’s immigration status determined before he/she is released.”

Racial profiling critics argue that the very individual rights of a person or suspected are totally violated factors as race are used in as suspicion element. The American civil liberties such as American Civil Liberties Union have termed racial profiling a very critical form of discrimination. Talking of discrimination basing it on factors such as ethnicity, race and nationality or any identity undermines the basic freedom and human rights to which every individual is entitled

VI. Summary

It’s no secret that the black voice is starting to take notice. Famous Black people are starting to speak out in volumes surrounding the Black People Matter’s movement. You almost really need to pay close attention to black activist, black actors and black singers. I’m not sure if any other individuals were paying close attention, but Beyoncé put on a controversial political performance of a lifetime by introducing and performing her hit single “Formation,” which is a tribute to the Black People Matter’s movement and her heritage, which she hasn’t forgotten where she came from phrase. At one point during the performance the backup dancers and Beyoncé gave a salute, and they later formed an X formation, which was a tribute to Malcom X and it just so happens that the Super Bowl Sunday marks the 50th anniversary of the Black Panther Party.

REFERENCES

Anjana Mebane-Cruz, Incarceration by Category: Racial Designations and the Black Borders of

Indianness, 38 PoLAR: Pol. & Legal Anthropology Rev. 226, 238 (2015)

Mullen, Tom (2015, July 22),