Marketing Unit VII

Malkta

unitvii_chapter16presentation.ppsx

Home >Business & Finance homework help >Marketing homework help >Marketing Unit VII

Chapter 16

Pricing Objectives and Policies

CHAPTER SIXTEEN

Lecture Notes for

Essentials of Marketing 14e

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

At the end of this presentation, you should be able to:

understand how pricing objectives should guide strategy planning for pricing decisions.

understand choices marketing managers must make about price flexibility.

know what a marketing manager should consider when setting the price level for a product in the early stages of the product life cycle.

understand the many possible variations of a price structure including discounts, allowances, and who pays transportation costs.

16-‹#›

At the end of this presentation, you should able to:

1. understand how pricing objectives should guide strategy planning for pricing decisions.

2. understand choices marketing managers must make about price flexibility.

3. know what a marketing manager should consider when setting the price level for a product in the early stages of the product life cycle.

4. understand the many possible variations of a price structure including discounts, allowances, and who pays transportation costs.

This slide refers to material on p. 440.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

At the end of this presentation, you should be able to:

understand the value pricing concept and its role in obtaining a competitive advantage by offering target customers superior value.

understand the legality of price level and price flexibility policies.

understand important new terms.

16-‹#›

At the end of this presentation, you should be able to:

5. understand the value pricing concept and its role in obtaining a competitive advantage by offering target customers superior value.

6. understand the legality of price level and price flexibility policies.

7. understand important new terms.

This slide refers to material on p. 440.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Strategy Planning and Pricing Objectives and Policies (Exhibit 16-1)

CH 17: Price Setting in the Business World

CH 16: Pricing Objectives and Policies

Pricing objectives

Pricing policies

Pricing and customer value

Legal issues and pricing policies

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

This chapter will help you better understand pricing objectives and policies that influence how firms make pricing decisions.

Key Issues

Price is what a customer must give up to get the benefits offered by the rest of a firm’s marketing mix, so it plays a direct role in shaping customer value.

Price is one of the four major variables a marketing manager controls.

Price-level decisions are especially important because they affect both the number of sales a firm makes and how much money it earns.

This chapter will discuss “Price” in the following categories

Pricing objectives

Pricing policies

Pricing and customer value

Legal issues and pricing policies

Chapter 17 will discuss how prices are set

This slide refers to material on p. 441.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Price Has Many Strategy Dimensions

Discounts & Allowances—To Whom & When

Price Levels Over Product Life Cycle

Price Flexibility

Key

Pricing

Policies

Transportation Costs—Who Pays & How

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Guided by the company’s objectives, marketing managers must develop a set of pricing objectives and policies.

Key Issues

The pricing objectives and policies should spell out.

How flexible prices will be.

At what level prices will be set over the product life cycle.

To whom and when discounts and allowances will be given.

How transportation costs will be handled.

Clearly, prices reflect many dimensions, which in turn impact customer value and buyer behavior.

Discussion Question: Many retailers advertise what appear to be very low prices on computers, but with a closer look, the prices are not what they seem. Why? What impact does this pricing have on consumer behavior?

This slide refers to material on p. 441-443.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Shaping Customer Value

16-‹#›

Price plays a direct role in shaping customer value. The Starbury line of basketball shoes comes at a significantly lower price than most of its competitors.

Video Operation:

Use the onscreen player controls to operate the video.

To view the video at Full Screen, right-click the video and choose Full Screen. To go back to your presentation you can either hit the Escape key, right-click on the video and uncheck Full Screen, or type Alt+Enter. You can do this at anytime during the video playback.

Under certain circumstances, the video may not fill the video player window. To restore, right-click the video player object and select Zoom 200%.

The videos will only play in Slide Show View. Macros must be enabled in order to play the videos from within PowerPoint.

This slide refers to material on p. 442.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Price Exchanged for Something of Value (As Seen by Consumer or User) (Exhibit 16-2)

Exchange

Price

List Price

Less: Discounts

Quantity

Seasonal

Cash

Temporary sales

Less: Allowances

Trade-ins

Damaged goods

Less: Rebate & coupon

Plus: Transportation and Taxes

Something of Value

Product

Physical good

Service

Assurance of quality

Repair facilities

Packaging

Credit

Warranty

Psychic benefit

Place of delivery or when available

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Price is the amount of money that is charged for “something” of value. The things for which prices are charged range from purely physical products, to products with substantial service components, to pure services. College tuitions, apartment rents, hotel room rates, country club dues, bank interest rates, airline fares, and attorneys’ fees are all examples of price.

Key Issues

This exhibit summarizes some possible variations of price for consumers or users.

On the price side, discounts, allowances, rebates or coupons, transportation, and taxes may alter the list price.

 The price ultimately paid equals the value component of the “something.”

As shown, this component may be much more than a purely physical good, and may encompass intangible value assessments, such as the assurance of quality.

Discussion Question: Can you provide an example of a product for which you’d gladly pay more because you perceive the quality of the product to be better than the competition?

This slide refers to material on p. 442.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Price Exchanged for Something of Value(As Seen by Channel Members) (Exhibit 16-3)

Exchange

Price

List Price

Less: discounts

Quantity

Seasonal

Cash

Trade or functional

Temporary “deals”

Less: allowances

Damaged goods

Advertising

Push money

Stocking fees

Plus: Transportation, taxes, tariffs, and costs of handling or disposal

Something of Value

Product

Branded—well known

Guaranteed & warranted

Service/repair facilities

Convenient packaging

Place

Availability--when/where

Promotion

Promotion aimed at end-user customers

Price

Price-level guarantee

Sufficient margin & inventory turns to allow for profit

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

This exhibit shows the price equation as seen by channel members.

Key Issues

On the price side, discounts, allowances, transportation, and taxes may alter the list price, although they may operate somewhat differently than in the consumer market.

For example, quantity discounts and trade-in allowances are typically more important to channel members than to final consumers.

 Again, the price ultimately paid equals the value component of the “something."

As shown, this component may encompass elements of each of the four Ps.

Certain elements of the four Ps have greater or lesser importance to channel members, depending on what the “something” is and how long it will be in the channel.

For example, the expected profit margin on resale is a critical issue for channel members, as is packaging that facilitates shipping and handling farther down the line in the channel.

Discussion Question: When would a channel member be motivated to stock a product that offered a relative low profit margin when resold?

This slide refers to material on p. 442.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Possible Pricing Objectives (Exhibit 16-4)

Profit oriented

Target return

Maximize profits

Pricing objectives

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Company-level and marketing objectives provide the guidance for setting pricing objectives. Pricing objectives should be explicitly stated because of their effect on the pricing policies adopted by the company. Pricing policies also affect the marketing mix (product, promotion, place, target customers) as marketing managers use strategy planning to support the information communicated to consumers through the product’s price.

Key Issues

Two types of profit-oriented objectives are common:

Target return objective: sets specific guidelines for a level of profit.

Prices may be linked to a percentage of sales or return on investment. Some companies just want satisfactory profits that ensure the firm’s survival and provide adequate returns to shareholders.

Companies that are industry leaders, as well as public service companies, often pursue satisfactory profits because of the public scrutiny they receive.

 Profit maximization objective: the firm sets prices to seek as much profit as possible. This objective may be used to recoup high investment costs or it may be simply a matter of company policy.

Profit maximization can be socially responsible, as it does not always lead to high prices. Prices that are initially high during market introduction can go down in the later stages of the product life cycle, thus expanding sales and profits.

Discussion Question: Can you provide examples of products that entered the market at a high price and got progressively less expensive as they matured?

This slide refers to material on p. 443-444.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Profit oriented

Target return

Maximize profits

Sales oriented

Dollar or unit sales growth

Growth in market share

Pricing objectives

Possible Pricing Objectives (Exhibit 16-4)

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

With sales-oriented objectives, pricing supports the objective of increasing sales, without regard to their effects on profit.

Key Issues

 Sales growth doesn’t necessarily mean big profits, because marketers may overlook the costs associated with delivering those sales.

 Market share growth objectives are popular.

Coupled with a long-run view of the overall market growth rate and attention to costs, this approach can lead to long-term competitive advantages.

Discussion Question: What is the danger of pricing a product too low in an attempt to maintain market share?

This slide refers to material on p. 443-444.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Profit oriented

Target return

Maximize profits

Sales oriented

Dollar or unit sales growth

Growth in market share

Status quo oriented

Meeting competition

Nonprice competition

Pricing objectives

Possible Pricing Objectives (Exhibit 16-4)

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

For firms content with the way things are, two status quo objectives are often used. They might be termed “don’t-rock-the-pricing-boat” objectives.

Key Issues

 Meeting competition stabilizes market prices because no firm benefits from raising or lowering prices.

This objective is often used when the total market for a product is not growing.

 With nonprice competition, aggressive action is taken in the other three areas of the 4 Ps, staying clear of price as a competitive “battleground.”

Many specialty goods compete using nonprice competition aimed at the consumer who is seeking advantages other than price—such as a prestige image or high quality.

Discussion Question: For some specialty products, there is an old saying, “If you have to ask how much it costs, you can’t afford it.” Can you give examples of these kinds of products? Is price emphasized in their promotion?

This slide refers to material on p. 443-445.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Checking Your Knowledge

An industry-leading high technology company just announced that it was cutting its prices and would price its products at whatever level was necessary to protect its market share. This is evidence of a ____________ pricing objective.

A. target return

B. status quo-oriented

C. profit maximization

D. sales-oriented

E. non-price competition

16-‹#›

Checking Your Knowledge :

Answer: D

Feedback: A sales-oriented objective seeks some level of unit sales, dollar sales, or share of market—without referring to profit. This example shows evidence of a sales-oriented pricing objective. The best answer selection is ‘D’.

This slide relates to material on p. 442-445

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Most Firms Set Specific Pricing Policies to Reach Objectives

One-Price Policy

The same for everyone

Frequently purchased items

Convenient

Low cost

Maintains goodwill

Flexible Price Policy

Different customers, different prices

Databases make it easier

Salespeople can adjust prices

Too much cutting can hurt profits

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Price policies usually lead to administered prices—consciously set prices. This practice is difficult with indirect distribution, but administered prices help achieve pricing objectives. One key decision is about price flexibility policies.

Key Issues

One-price policy: the same for everyone.

It is common with frequently purchased, inexpensive items.

It can be more convenient, entail lower transaction costs, and maintain goodwill with customers.

Flexible-price policy: offering different prices for different customers.

Pricing databases make flexible pricing easier, less costly, and less time consuming, because they contain information about different customers.

Dynamic pricing means pricing changes with demand

Salespeople can also adjust prices to take into account the competition, the firm’s relationship with a customer, and the customer’s bargaining ability. However, too much price-cutting may erode profits (see Exhibit 16-5 in next slide)

A flexible-price policy may prompt resentment by customers who do not get the lowest price.

Channel conflict may also result, or an unauthorized “gray” channel may evolve if customers buy in large quantities, say, to get a price break, and then resell what they don’t need.

Discussion Question: Airlines and auto dealers often use flexible pricing. Is this practice fair to all consumers? Why or why not?

This slide refers to material on p. 446-448.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Too Much Price-Cutting Erodes Profits (Exhibit 16-5)

$10

$20

$100

$60

$40

$20

Cost per unit = $80

$100 list price

10% price cut

 new price = $90

50% profit margin cut

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

This slide displays Exhibit 16-5, which illustrates the impact of price cutting on profit.

Key Issues

A small price cut may not seem like much; but keep in mind that the revenue lost would have gone to profit.

Let’s take an example of a company selling a product for $100.

 A 10% price cut reduces the price to $90.

 In this example, let’s assume the cost per unit is $80. Now the 10% price cut results in a 50% drop in profit margin.

Marketing managers must approach price cutting carefully.

Discussion question: Under what conditions might a price cut still be a good strategy decision?

This slide refers to material on p. 448.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Price-Level Policies Over the Product Life Cycle

Introductory Prices

Product Life-Cycle

Prices Above, Below, or Relative to the Market

Key Considerations for Marketing

Managers

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

In administering prices over the product life cycle, marketing managers must set price level policies. They must consider where the product life cycle is—and how fast it’s moving. Further, they must decide if their prices should be above, below, or somewhere in-between relative to the market. Price policies have strategy implications that must be supported with appropriate resources.

Key Issues

For a new product with few (or no) direct substitute marketing mixes, price-level decision should focus first on the nature of market demand.

A high price may lead to higher profit from each sale, but also to fewer units sold

A low price might appeal to more potential customers

This slide refers to material on p. 449.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Alternative Introductory Pricing (Exhibit 16-6)

Initial

skimming

price

Second

price

Final

price

Quantity

Firm starts with a high price to a limited market

Over time price falls & quantity rises

Initial

skimming

price

Quantity

Penetration Pricing

“Skim the Cream” Pricing

Firm starts with a low price to sell immediately to the whole market

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Two of the major price-level policies are price skimming and price penetration.

Key Issues

 The skimming price policy feels out demand at a high price before aiming at more price-sensitive customers.

Skimming may maximize profits in market introduction if there are few substitutes or if customers are not price sensitive.

Skimming has critics, who charge that this policy should not be used for products, such as prescription drugs, that have important social consequences.

On the other hand, the profit generated from this strategy provides the firm with an incentive to pursue other breakthrough opportunities.

 When well executed, price moves down the demand curve when each price-linked segment is nearly exhausted.

The new price, and new features, should attract a new target market and help maximize profits over the course of the product’s life cycle.

The penetration pricing policy tries to achieve volume at a low price.

A penetration policy typically aims at setting a price low enough to discourage competition.

If successful, large volume may help producers lower costs further, leading to still lower prices.

Discussion Question: How does price sensitivity differ in price skimming compared to price penetration?

This slide refers to material on p. 448-450.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Other Price-Level Policies

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Marketing managers have several other options in setting price levels:

Key Issues

Introductory price dealing uses a temporary low price to attract customers to new product launches or new versions of products.

Corti-care and Google ads illustrate that marketers often use introductory price dealing—in the form of temporary price cuts, introductory coupons, or trade-in allowances—to speed new products into a market.

There may be different price-level policies throughout the channel. When selling to members of a channel of distribution, prices must allow for the intermediaries to make a profit.

Discussion Question: If you were an intermediary, how would the prices charged by your suppliers affect your willingness to aggressively market a particular supplier’s product?

The price of money may affect the price level.

As more firms compete internationally, exchange rate changes can have a significant effect on price level policies.

Fluctuations in exchange rates subsequently affect the demand for products in international markets.

Marketers often use introductory price dealing—in the form of temporary price cuts, introductory coupons, or trade-in allowances—to speed new products into a market.

This slide relates to material on p. 451.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Discount Policies: Reductions from List Prices

Seasonal

Cash

Trade

Quantity

Discounts From

List Price

Sale

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Basic list price: the price final consumers or users are normally asked to pay for products. Discounts are reductions from list price given to buyers who either give up a marketing function or provide it themselves.

Key Issues

Quantity discounts encourage volume buying; the customer pays less per unit.

Cumulative quantity discounts: apply to all purchases in a given period.

Noncumulative discounts: apply only to individual orders.

 Seasonal discounts encourage buyers to buy sooner.

Manufacturers use this policy to help shift the storing function down the channel and to stabilize demand.

 Cash discounts are reductions in the net—the face value of the invoice due immediately—to encourage buyers to pay quickly.

2/10 net 30: 2% off the price if the invoice is paid in 10 days, with the net due within 30 days, and an additional interest charge after 30 days.

Discussion Question: A 2% discount doesn’t sound like much. Why are cash discounts given and why should buyers evaluate them?

Consumers say “charge it.” Retailers that accept credit cards pay a percent of the revenue from each credit sale for the service.

This raises some ethical concerns: Are banks making credit too easy, helping trap low-income consumers in debt?

 Trade discounts: reductions in list price given to channel members that perform one or more marketing functions for the producer.

 Sale prices reduce list prices temporarily to encourage immediate buying. Frequent price-dropping can condition buyers and sellers to shop for sales and may erode brand loyalty.

Everyday low pricing: using low list prices rather than relying on frequent sales, discounts, or allowances.

This slide refers to material on p. 453-456.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Allowance Policies—Off List Prices

Push Money

Stocking

Advertising

Common Types of Allowances

Trade-Ins

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Allowances are given to channel members or final consumers for doing something or accepting less of something.

Key Issues

Advertising allowances exchange something for something else: price reductions given to firms in the channel to promote the supplier’s products locally.

 Stocking allowances: Also called slotting allowances, these are given to intermediaries to get attention and shelf space for a product.

Stocking allowances are used mainly in supermarkets, where space is at a premium, forcing producers to pay for product placement.

Are stocking allowances unethical?

Some producers think so, calling them a form of extortion.

Small producers think that stocking allowances put them at a real disadvantage compared to larger producers with more resources.

Retailers, on the other hand, call stocking allowances an insurance against product failures. Producers must produce better products that consumers really want in order to secure shelf space.

Discussion Question: Do stocking allowances harm consumers?

 Manufacturers or wholesalers give push money allowances to retailers to be used as incentives for their salesclerks to aggressively push the targeted items.

 Trade-in allowances: the customer receives a price reduction for used products when similar new products are bought.

This slide refers to material on p. 456

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Checking Your Knowledge

A construction company is considering purchasing a new crane from a distributor of such equipment. The distributor offers to provide the construction company with a few thousand dollars worth of credit on an old crane that the company would like to replace. This credit offered by the distributor is a:

trade-in allowance.

sale price.

seasonal discount.

trade discount.

cash discount.

16-‹#›

Checking Your Knowledge

Answer: A

Feedback: A trade-in allowance is a price reduction given for used products when similar new products are bought. The credit offered to the construction company is considered a trade-in allowance. The best answer selection is ‘A’.

This slide relates to material on p. 456.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Some Customers Get Something Extra

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Consumers using coupons and rebates can receive other reductions in price.

Key Issues

Coupons are printed vouchers that entitle buyers to a price reduction at checkout.

In clipping coupons, consumers get more for less.

Retailers accept coupons because they tend to increase sales volume at no additional promotion expense to the retailer, and retailers are typically paid for the trouble of handling the coupons.

Many firms offer discounts through coupons.

In this ad, Living Social offers customers real bargains—often half off or more. The bargain offers come from local businesses—usually retailers, restaurants, or service providers—and arrive in daily e-mails customers sign up to receive

Rebates are refunds given consumers after a purchase. These ensure that the final consumer actually receives the price reduction.

Coupons, deals, and rebates can segment the market

Discussion Question: How does a manufacturer’s rebate on a new car provide more flexibility for the seller’s marketing of the vehicle? How does it provide flexibility for the buyer?

This slide relates to material on p. 457.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Coupon Distribution

16-‹#›

An advantage of coupon mailings is that they can be targeted to specific customer groups. Val-Pak is a leader in coupon distribution by mail. Val-Pak provides a cost-effective way for firms of all sizes to generate sales.

Video Operation:

Use the onscreen player controls to operate the video.

Under certain circumstances, the video may not fill the video player window. To restore, right-click the video player object and select Zoom 200%.

The videos will only play in Slide Show View. Macros must be enabled in order to play the videos from within PowerPoint.

This slide refers to material on p. 457.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

List Price May Depend on Geographic Pricing Policies

Uniform Delivered

Zone

F.O.B.

Common Geographic Policies

Freight Absorption

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Retail prices sometimes vary according to the location of the buyer relative to the seller. For many industries, geographic pricing policies are an important component of the price variable in the marketing mix.

Key Issues

F.O.B.: Free on board.

The seller pays to have the product loaded on a transportation vehicle at which time the title is transferred to the buyer, who pays shipping and is responsible for the product at that point.

F.O.B. pricing is easy for the seller but may limit the range of the market.

 Zone pricing smoothes delivered prices by applying an average freight charge to all customers in the same specified geographic area.

This simplifies billing and helps buyers know the delivery charges in advance.

 Uniform delivered pricing charges one price to all buyers.

In effect, all buyers are in the same “zone,” helping to open large-area markets.

Discussion Question: In the catalog business, uniform delivered pricing is used as a competitive tool. If all buyers pay the same delivery charge, and it also does not vary by order size, what might the effect be on order size?

 Freight absorption pricing: the company pays the cost of shipping without changing the price in order to get the sale.

Freight absorption helps a distant company to compete on equal grounds in another territory.

This slide refers to material on p. 458-459.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Checking Your Knowledge

Janet Eckerd wants to buy a new Volvo. She lives in Richmond, Virginia, but can’t find the exact color and model she wants at her local Volvo dealers. She searches the Web and discovers that a dealership 90 minutes away, in Alexandria, Virginia, has the car she wants. She called the dealer and found that the price of the vehicle is the same as it would be in Richmond, although the Alexandria dealer wants to charge Janet an additional $150 to have someone drive the car from Alexandria to Janet’s home in Richmond. As Janet was about to reject the offer and hang up the phone, the dealer offered to waive the extra “shipping charge” and make the price exactly equal to the price in Richmond. This geographic pricing tactic by the Alexandria dealer is a form of:

A. F.O.B. pricing.

B. zone pricing.

C. uniform delivered pricing.

D. intermediary pricing.

E. freight absorption pricing.

16-‹#›

Checking Your Knowledge

Answer: E

Feedback: With freight-absorption pricing, the firm absorbs the freight cost so that a firm’s delivered price meets the nearest competitor’s price. In this example, the geographic pricing policy used is the freight-absorption pricing. The best answer selection is ‘E’.

This slide relates to material on p. 458-459.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Checking Your Knowledge

The simplest geographic pricing policy for a seller to administer is:

A. uniform delivered pricing.

B. F.O.B. pricing.

C. zone pricing.

D. freight absorption pricing.

E. life cycle pricing.

16-‹#›

Checking Your Knowledge

Answer: A

Feedback: Uniform delivered pricing can be considered the simplest geographic pricing policy because it applies the same (average) freight charge to all buyers. The best answer selection is ‘A’.

This slide relates to material on p. 458-459.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Pricing Policies Combine to Impact Customer Value

Define Target Market and Competition

Value Pricing = Customer Value

Look at Customer’s Viewpoint

Value Pricing Fits with Market-Oriented Strategy

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Many of the traditional views of pricing emphasize the perspective of the marketing manager.  However, it’s also important to look at price from the customer’s viewpoint.

Key Issues

 Value pricing: setting a fair price level for a marketing mix that really gives the target market superior customer value.

There are price choices in most markets.

The focus of value pricing is on the customer’s requirements—and how the whole marketing mix meets those needs.

Value pricers try to give the customer pleasant surprises because they increase value and build customer loyalty.

Discussion Question: Can you provide examples of receiving these pleasant surprises from a firm, thus increasing the value of the firm and its products in your eyes?

 Value pricers define the target market and the competition.

For example, people may want low prices or exceptional personal service.

The market structure and dynamics mean that meeting competitors’ prices may be necessary—especially in an oligopoly.

 Value pricing fits with strategy planning.

It expands the definition of price beyond money and links it with customer-oriented value. That way the desired value is what is actually received.

This slide refers to material on p. 459-460.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Interactive Exercise: Pricing Policies & Discounts

16-‹#›

The purpose of this exercise is to help students distinguish between the various pricing policies and discounting tactics that are often implemented when marketing a product. Three pricing scenarios are described; students are challenged to identify the correct pricing policy or discounting tactic being used for each example.

For complete information and suggestions on using this Interactive Exercise, please refer to the “Notes on the Interactive Exercise” section for this chapter in the Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing. That same information is available as a Word document in the assets folder for the PowerPoint file.

This slide refers to material on p. 460.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Legality of Pricing Policies

Phony List Prices

Dumping

Unfair Trade Practice Acts

Key Issues

Price Fixing

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Some pricing decisions are limited by government legislation.

Key Issues

Minimum prices are sometimes controlled.

Unfair trade practice acts: put a lower limit on prices, especially at the wholesale and retail levels.

These acts protect the viability of certain types of intermediaries, and indirectly benefit the consumer by providing more choices.

 Dumping is pricing a product sold in a foreign market below the cost of producing it in its domestic market.

Antidumping laws protect domestic producers from foreign competition.

Regulators can set prices.

 You can’t lie about prices. Phony list prices: prices shown to consumers to suggest that the price has been discounted from list.

In the U.S., the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) tries to stop this practice, using the Wheeler-Lea Amendment, which bans “unfair or deceptive acts in commerce.”

Discussion Question: Why do phony list prices still exist, if they are illegal?

 Price fixing: competitors getting together to raise, lower, or stabilize prices. It is considered conspiracy under the FTC Act and the Sherman Act. Price fixing is illegal—you could go to jail!

Producers may set minimum retail prices. Manufacturers usually suggest a retail list price and leave it up to the retailers to decide what to charge in local markets.

This slide refers to material on p. 462-463.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Price Discrimination

Meeting Competition

Cost Differences

“Like Grade & Quality”

Robinson-Patman Act

Key Issues

“Proportionately Equal” Basis

16-‹#›

Summary Overview

Price level and price flexibility policies can lead to price discrimination.

Key Issues

U. S. antimonopoly laws, such as the Robinson-Patman Act, ban price discrimination—selling the same products to different buyers at different prices--IF it injures competition. Differences in price have to be based on cost differences or the need to meet competition.

 Robinson-Patman permits charging different prices for similar products if they are not of “like grade and quality.” But what does this mean? The FTC says that if the physical characteristics of products are similar, then they are of like grade and quality. Therefore, producers wanting to sell several brands at different prices should probably build in physical or other differences that are really useful.

 Robinson-Patman allows some price differences based on cost, such as quantity discounts. Can cost analysis justify price differences? Yes, but the justification must be developed before setting different prices.

 Can a seller legally meet price cuts made by a competitor? Yes, if it is done in good faith.

 If allowances and special promotion aids are not made available to all customers on proportionately equal terms, these special promotions might not be allowed.

Discussion Question: What could happen if this rule did not exist?

How can marketers avoid discriminating illegally? The best advice is to be on sound legal footing through consultation with an attorney.

This slide refers to material on p. 464-465.

 Indicates place where slide “builds” to include the corresponding point (upon mouse click).

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

You should now be able to:

understand how pricing objectives should guide strategy planning for pricing decisions.

understand choices marketing managers must make about price flexibility.

know what a marketing manager should consider when setting the price level for a product in the early stages of the product life cycle.

understand the many possible variations of a price structure including discounts, allowances, and who pays transportation costs.

16-‹#›

You should now:

1. understand how pricing objectives should guide strategy planning for pricing decisions.

2. understand choices marketing managers must make about price flexibility.

3. know what a marketing manager should consider when setting the price level for a product in the early stages of the product life cycle.

4. understand the many possible variations of a price structure including discounts, allowances, and who pays transportation costs.

This slide refers to material on p. 440.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

You should now be able to:

understand the value pricing concept and its role in obtaining a competitive advantage by offering target customers superior value.

understand the legality of price level and price flexibility policies.

understand important new terms.

16-‹#›

You should now:

5. understand the value pricing concept and its role in obtaining a competitive advantage by offering target customers superior value.

6. understand the legality of price level and price flexibility policies.

7. understand important new terms.

This slide refers to material on p. 440.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Key Terms

price

target return objective

profit maximization objective

sales-oriented objective

status quo objectives

nonprice competition

administered prices

one-price policy

flexible-price policy

skimming price policy

penetration pricing policy

introductory price dealing

basic list prices

16-32

Summary Overview

These are key terms you should be familiar with based upon the material in this presentation.

Key Issues

Price: the amount of money that is charged for "something" of value.

Target return objective: a specific level of profit as an objective.

Profit maximization objective: an objective to get as much profit as possible.

Sales‑oriented objective: an objective to get some level of unit sales, dollar sales, or share of market‑‑without referring to profit.

Status quo objectives: "don't-rock-the-pricing-boat" objectives,

Nonprice competition: aggressive action on one or more of the Ps other than Price.

Administered prices: consciously set prices aimed at reaching the firm's objectives.

One‑price policy: offering the same price to all customers who purchase products under essentially the same conditions and in the same quantities.

Flexible‑price policy: offering the same product and quantities to different customers at different prices.

Skimming price policy: trying to sell the top of the market—the top of the demand curve—at a high price before aiming at more price-sensitive customers.

Penetration pricing policy: trying to sell the whole market at one low price.

Introductory price dealing: temporary price cuts to speed new products into a market.

Basic list prices: the prices that final customers or users are normally asked to pay for products.

This slide refers to boldfaced terms appearing in Chapter 16.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Key Terms

discounts

quantity discounts

cumulative quantity discounts

noncumulative quantity discounts

seasonal discount

net

cash discount

2/10, net 30

trade (functional) discount

sale price

everyday low pricing

allowances

advertising allowances

stocking allowances

push money (or prize money) allowances

trade-in allowance

16-33

Summary Overview

These are additional key terms.

Key Issues

Discounts: reductions from list price given by a seller to buyers, who either give up some marketing function or provide the function themselves.

Quantity discounts: discounts offered to encourage customers to buy in larger amounts.

Cumulative quantity discounts: reductions in price for larger purchases over a given period, such as a year.

Noncumulative quantity discounts: reductions in price when a customer purchases a larger quantity on an individual order.

Seasonal discounts: discounts offered to encourage buyers to buy earlier than present demand requires.

Net: an invoice term meaning that payment for the face value of the invoice is due immediately--also see cash discounts.

Cash discounts: reductions in the price to encourage buyers to pay their bills quickly.

2/10, net 30: allows a 2 percent discount off the face value of the invoice if the invoice is paid within 10 days.

Trade (functional) discount: a list price reduction given to channel members for the job they are going to do

Sale price: a temporary discount from the list price.

Everyday low pricing: setting a low list price rather than relying on frequent sales, discounts or allowances.

Allowances: reductions in price given to final consumers, customers, or channel members for doing something or accepting less of something.

Advertising allowances: price reductions to firms in the channel to encourage them to advertise or otherwise promote the firm's products locally.

Stocking allowances: allowances given to intermediaries to get shelf space for a product—sometimes called slotting allowances.

Push money (or prize money) allowances: allowances (sometimes called PMs or spiffs) given to retailers by manufacturers or wholesalers to pass on to the retailers' salesclerks for aggressively selling certain items.

Trade‑in allowance: a price reduction given for used products when similar new products are bought.

This slide refers to boldfaced terms appearing in Chapter 16.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›

Key Terms

dumping

phony list prices

Wheeler Lea Amendment

price fixing

Robinson-Patman Act

price discrimination

rebates

F.O.B.

zone pricing

uniform delivered pricing

freight-absorption pricing

value pricing

unfair trade practice acts

16-34

Summary Overview

These are additional key terms.

Key Issues

Rebates: refunds to consumers after a purchase.

F.O.B.: a transportation term meaning free on board some vehicle at some point.

Zone pricing: making an average freight charge to all buyers within specific geographic areas.

Uniform delivered pricing: making an average freight charge to all buyers.

Freight-absorption pricing: absorbing freight cost so that a firm's delivered price meets the nearest competitor's.

Value pricing: setting a fair price level for a marketing mix that really gives the target market superior customer value.

Unfair trade practice acts: puts a lower limit on prices, especially at the wholesale and retail levels.

Dumping: pricing a product sold in a foreign market below the cost of producing it or at a price lower than in its domestic market.

Phony list prices: misleading prices that customers are shown to suggest that the price they are to pay has been discounted from list.

Wheeler Lea Amendment: law that bans unfair or deceptive acts in commerce.

Price fixing: competitors illegally getting together to raise, lower, or stabilize prices.

Robinson‑Patman Act: a 1936 law that makes illegal any price discrimination if it injures competition.

Price discrimination: injuring competition by selling the same products to different buyers at different prices.

This slide refers to boldfaced terms appearing in Chapter 16.

Multimedia Lecture Support Package to Accompany Essentials of Marketing

Lecture Script 16-‹#›