Sociology 50 Questions

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Question 1

1 The sworn virgins of Albania, and berdache in Native American groups demonstrate that gender roles are:  

2	3 a.	4 cultural and fluid
5	6 b.	7 universal
8	9 c.	10 fixed and unchanging
11	12 d.	13 biological

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Question 2

1 In “The Code of the Street,” sociologist Elijah Anderson describes behaviors of people who live in inner city urban ghetto neighborhoods as:    

2	3 a.	4 naturally violent
5	6 b.	7 a cultural adaptation to poverty, discrimination in public services, and social marginality
8	9 c.	10 lazy and lack of a work ethic
11	12 d.	13 immoral and indecent

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Question 3

1 In “Uses of the Underclass”, sociologist Herbert Gans asserts that most people who are fortunate and privileged are blind to what?    

2	3 a.	4 their own social locations in society and the social influences that shaped their seemingly natural success
5	6 b.	7 their own flaws
8	9 c.	10 the taken-for-grantedness of their own social networks
11	12 d.	13 structural causes of unemployment and poverty-related causes of pathology and crime

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Question 4

1 In “The Construction of Masculinities,” Michael Messner proposes that all boys are to a greater or lesser degree are judged according to their ability (or not) in what?    

2	3 a.	4 making money
5	6 b.	7 playing competitive sports
8	9 c.	10 abilities in math and science
11	12 d.	13 making sound moral judgements

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Question 5

1 Sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that we need to understand how both structural and cultural factors influence the "plight of inner city Black males."What is meant by “structural” factors?    

2	3 a.	4 employer bias and a subculture of defeatism
5	6 b.	7 religious beliefs and moral fortitude
8	9 c.	10 globalization of economic activity, the decline of a manufacturing industry in the U.S., the growth of service industries, and decreased demand for low-skilled labor.
11	12 d.	13 mental fatigue due to chronic poverty, adopting a cool pose posture related to employment failures and disillusionment with poorly-performing public schools

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Question 6

1 How did Max Weber define “social class”?  

2	3 a.	4 the socioeconomic background of one’s family
5	6 b.	7 earning a livable wage
8	9 c.	10 matters of social position, prestige and power
11	12 d.	13 proletariat and bourgeoisie

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Question 7

1 In the essay, “On Face Work” , author Erving Goffman discusses how people work at negotiating how they think they are being perceived by others. Which theoretical perspective does this illustrate?  

2	3 a.	4 macrosociology
5	6 b.	7 conflict theory
8	9 c.	10 functionalism
11	12 d.	13 symbolic interactionism

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Question 8

1 In "Racial Formations", Omi and Winant argue that race is a modern cosnciousness shaped by ideas of what three social institutions?  

2	3 a.	4 biology, physics and chemistry
5	6 b.	7 biology, genetics and neuroscience
8	9 c.	10 science, religion and law
11	12 d.	13 sociology, anthropology and psychology

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Question 9

1 In “Nickel and Dimed” Ehrenrich challenges the premise of what reform?       

2	3 a.	4 commerce
5	6 b.	7 healthcare
8	9 c.	10 educational
11	12 d.	13 welfare

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Question 10

1 In “Uses of the Underclass” Herbert Gans argues that labeling the poor as an “undeserving” underclass helps to give more privileged people a sense of moral legitimation. What type of function does Gans argue this supplies mainstream society?    

2	3 a.	4 political
5	6 b.	7 microsocial
8	9 c.	10 economical
11	12 d.	13 normative

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Question 11

1 What legal case from 1982 do Omi and Winant discuss as a way of making a point about the arbitrariness of racial classifications or racial formations?  

2	3 a.	4 Susie Guillory Phipps
5	6 b.	7 Tiger Woods
8	9 c.	10 Baghat Singh Thind
11	12 d.	13 Takao Ozawa

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Question 12

1 ______________________________ is defined as the structured inequalities between groups in society in terms of their access to material or symbolic resources.  

2	3 a.	4 living wage
5	6 b.	7 deindustrialization
8	9 c.	10 stratification
11	12 d.	13 poverty line

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Question 13

1 The most recent waves of “newcomers” to the United States are from where?    

2	3 a.	4 Africa, Asia and Latin America
5	6 b.	7 Northwestern Europe
8	9 c.	10 Canada and Greenland
11	12 d.	13 Central and Southern Europe

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Question 14

1 What theory and law shaped ideas about who was classified as "Negro" or "White" especially in southern states of the United States in the twentieth century? For instance the idea that if you had "one drop" of Negro blood you would be classified as Nego?  

2	3 a.	4 hyperreality
5	6 b.	7 hyodescent
8	9 c.	10 redlining
11	12 d.	13 hippocratic oath

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Question 15

1 Humans have approximately 30,000 genes. On the average, how many genes separate all members of any so-called “race” from all members of another “race”?    

2	3 a.	4 0
5	6 b.	7 1008
8	9 c.	10 157
11	12 d.	13 1

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Question 16

1 In “The Economic Plight of Inner City Black Males” author William Julius Wilson argues that both structural and cultural factors need interact in matters of inner city poverty. What are examples of “cultural” factors?    

2	3 a.	4 movement of manufacturing and other low-skilled jobs overseas
5	6 b.	7 mental fatigue due to chronic poverty, a resigned attitude about the prospects of a better future, and adoption of a cool pose posture related to employment failures
8	9 c.	10 globalization of economic activity, the decline of a manufacturing industry, and the growth of service industries
11	12 d.	13 deindustrialization of urban neighborhoods

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Question 17

1 According to the Preamble Center for Public Policy what are the odds against a typical welfare recipient landing a “living wage” job?    

2	3 a.	4 2 to 1
5	6 b.	7 19 to 1
8	9 c.	10 97 to 1
11	12 d.	13 50 to 1

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Question 18

1 In our in-class discussion of the film Down Germantown Avenue, many students made the point that the filmakers did a poor job in representing matters of:  

2	3 a.	4 stratification in moving from one neighborhood to another
5	6 b.	7 diversity in neighborhoods
8	9 c.	10 matters of social inequality and socioeconomic difference between neighborhoods
11	12 d.	13 reindustrialization

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Question 19

1 What is the main idea of Omi and Winant's essay "Racial Formations"?  

2	3 a.	4 that race is illusory and it is what individuals believe
5	6 b.	7 that race is a social construction; that there is a new formation of racial consciousness shaped by ideas that are about 300 years old.
8	9 c.	10 that race and ethnicity are interchangeable concepts
11	12 d.	13 that race is as old as human beings are as it is a biological reality

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Question 20

1 The two Rutgers University students who filmed “Down Germantown Avenue” tried to illustrate, visually, what sociological concept?      

2	3 a.	4 stereotypes
5	6 b.	7 structural compliance
8	9 c.	10 street and decent
11	12 d.	13 stratification

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Question 21

1 What term does sociologist Elijah Anderson (author of Code of the Street) use for living in an area shaped by "deepest poverty"?    

2	3 a.	4 hyperreality
5	6 b.	7 hyperghetto
8	9 c.	10 underclass
11	12 d.	13 ghetto

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Question 22

1 What question in the film Down Germantown Avenue raises reference to the research and work of sociologist William Julius Wilson?  

2	3 a.	4 How did we all get in the same boat?
5	6 b.	7 What can be achieved when people are offered a living wage?
8	9 c.	10 What happens to a community when work disappears?
11	12 d.	13 How will our country change if youth turn out to vote?

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Question 23

1 According to Marx and Engels much of history has been one of oppression and class struggles. They note in "Manifesto of the Communist Party" that all previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in the interests of minorities. On the other hand, what movement do Marx and Engels assert is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority?       

2	3 a.	4 proletarian movement
5	6 b.	7 world peace movement
8	9 c.	10 women's suffragette movement
11	12 d.	13 green and sustainability movement

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Question 24

1 Who was the first person to create racial classifications for human beings?  

2	3 a.	4 Greek philosopher Aristotle
5	6 b.	7 Genetecist Svante Paabo
8	9 c.	10 Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus
11	12 d.	13 Greek philosopher Plato

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Question 25

1 What sociological perspective is affiliated with "Manifesto of the Communist Party" or with the works of Karl Marx and Friederich Engels, in general?  

2	3 a.	4 conflict theory
5	6 b.	7 postmodern
8	9 c.	10 symbolic interactionism
11	12 d.	13 functionalism

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Question 26

1 The "African Eve" hypothesis would support what scientific theory?  

2	3 a.	4 monotheism
5	6 b.	7 polytheism
8	9 c.	10 monogenesis
11	12 d.	13 polygenesis

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Question 27

1 According to Erving Goffman, two basic kinds of face-work include:    

2	3 a.	4 flagellation and being a martyr
5	6 b.	7 bluffing and rogue behavior
8	9 c.	10 not caring and ignoring challenges to relationships
11	12 d.	13 avoidance and correction

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Question 28

1 In “Optional Ethnicities for Whites Only” author Mary Waters defines “ethnicity” as:    

2	3 a.	4 a term that is interchangeable with “race”
5	6 b.	7 primarily a social phenomenon shaped by language and culture
8	9 c.	10 being a physical reality encoded “in the blood”
11	12 d.	13 fixed by DNA

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Question 29

1 What is the significance of “Hanging Tongues” in E. Thompson’s essay?    

2	3 a.	4 the dangerous job of slaughtering cattle at a beef processing plant in the Midwest
5	6 b.	7 encounters of “hooking up” in a middle school in the Midwest
8	9 c.	10 the consequences of idle chit chat and gossip in a southern town
11	12 d.	13 demeaning and depersonalized jobs working in the porn industry

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Question 30

1 What term is applicable if a person holds an idealized or oversimplified (positive or negative) image of another person or social group? 

3	4 a.	5 stereotype
6	7 b.	8 face
9	10 c.	11 symbolic identity
12	13 d.	14 self image

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Question 31

1 In the essay, "Optional Ethnicity for Whites Only?", what term is used to describe the process by which European immigrants and their descendants stopped being treated as minority groups, and became assimilated into the dominant group?  

2	3 a.	4 the ethnic miracle
5	6 b.	7 hybrid identity
8	9 c.	10 transnationalism
11	12 d.	13 acculturation

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Question 32

1 In “Boyhood, Organized Sports and the Construction of Masculinities” what “method” does Michael A. Messner employ to find out about how professional athletes were socialized into sports when they were younger?    

2	3 a.	4 he surveyed 50 boys who were members of a HS baseball team
5	6 b.	7 he gathered statistics on the numbers of sports that are played at little league level
8	9 c.	10 he interviewed 30 male former athletes
11	12 d.	13 he conducted participant observation at soccer matches

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Question 33

1 According to Elijah Anderson, what is at the heart of "The Code of the Street"?  

2	3 a.	4 a natural propensity for violence
5	6 b.	7 a lack of moral conscience
8	9 c.	10 a rational worldview shaped by religious beliefs
11	12 d.	13 a campaign for respect and honor despite living in a poor neighborhood and having a pessimistic feeling about life opportunity and social mobility

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Question 34

1 What concept from the essay “Optional Ethnicity for whites only” below best describes the notion of being Irish-American, Slovak-American or Italian-American?    

2	3 a.	4 assimilation
5	6 b.	7 symbolic identity
8	9 c.	10 cultural diffusion
11	12 d.	13 globalization

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Question 35

1 What term or concept best defines “a system in which advancement is based on individual ability, achievement or work ethic” often associated with rags to riches stories?    

2	3 a.	4 plutarchy
5	6 b.	7 dynasty
8	9 c.	10 oligarchy
11	12 d.	13 meritocracy

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Question 36

1 Mary Waters, the author of “Optional Ethnicities for Whites Only,” building on the work of sociologist Herbert Gans, uses what term in discussing cultural identity as individualistic in nature and without any real social cost for the individual? Such identifications, Waters asserts, are essentially leisure time activities, rooted in nuclear family traditions and reinforced by a voluntary enjoyable aspect.  

2	3 a.	4 symbolic identity
5	6 b.	7 face
8	9 c.	10 racial formation
11	12 d.	13 underclass

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Question 37

1 ________________________ may be defined as a positive social value a person effectively claims for him or herself by the line that others assume s/he has taken during a particular contact or interaction , that is, a person projects a positive self-image that makes a good showing for their occupation or religion or social group.    

2	3 a.	4 mudra
5	6 b.	7 coercion
8	9 c.	10 face
11	12 d.	13 latent function

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Question 38

1 The main idea that D. Stanley Eitzen asserts in "Upward Mobility Through Sport" is:  

2	3 a.	4 that all ambitious, hard working individuals regardless of race, class or gender can achieve social mobility through sports i.e. make it as a professional athlete
5	6 b.	7 that upward mobility through sport is a sure ticket out of poverty.
8	9 c.	10 that female athletes have an even greater chance to receive full scholarships to college.
11	12 d.	13 while the possibility of staggering wealth and status through sport is possible, the reality is that the dramatic upward mobility through sport is highly improbable.

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Question 39

1 According to sociologist Herbert Gans author of “Uses of the Underclass”, the rationale and label of “undeserving poor” provides a latent function that explains a persistence of poverty in an affluent nation. What does latent mean?    

2	3 a.	4 positive
5	6 b.	7 negative
8	9 c.	10 maliciously intentional
11	12 d.	13 unrecognized or unintended

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Question 40

1 What is significant, demographically in terms of projections for the year 2050?  

2	3 a.	4 overall there will be a significant decrease in the US population as families are having fewer and fewer children
5	6 b.	7 there will be a significant decrease in the numbers of people living to age 65 and older
8	9 c.	10 whites will no longer be the majority population as it is anticipated that Hispanic and Asian populations will triple, and the Black population will increase as well
11	12 d.	13 it is projected that Spanish and Chinese will be official languages of the US

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Question 41

1 With regard to matters of a division of labor, what two groups do Marx and Engels differentiate and discuss (at length) in In “Manifesto of the Communist Party”?   

2	3 a.	4 illuminati and microserfs
5	6 b.	7 proletariat and bourgeoisie
8	9 c.	10 lords and serfs
11	12 d.	13 men and women

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Question 42

1 According to the National Coalition for the Homeless what is the reason(s) or cause(s) for a rising pattern homelessness among persons in families over the past 25 years?    

2	3 a.	4 poor attitudes and a lack of work ethic on the part of homeless individuals
5	6 b.	7 alcoholism and mental illness
8	9 c.	10 increases in poverty, unemployment and a lack of affordable housing
11	12 d.	13 a lack of family values and a desire to make a living “on the street” a personal priority

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Question 43

1 In “Optional Ethnicities for Whites Only”, the author references the work of what anthropologist who documented the tendency of minorities in several societies who have experienced severe blocked social mobility for long periods of time to develop “oppositional identities.” One important component of this, he argues, is that this oppositional identity provides a way to describe others “of your group” who do not join in group solidarity as devaluing and denying their core identity such as “acting White” or not acting “Black enough.”  

2	3 a.	4 Michael Messner
5	6 b.	7 John Ogbu
8	9 c.	10 Richard Rodriguez
11	12 d.	13 Elijah Anderson

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Question 44

1 In the type work that is discussed in “Hanging Tongues” what concept does the author employ to explain why people continue to work in dirty, dangerous or demeaning jobs?    

2	3 a.	4 the race to the bottom
5	6 b.	7 the golden carrot
8	9 c.	10 the glass ceiling
11	12 d.	13 the financial trap

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Question 45

1 Most genetic variation can be found:    

2	3 a.	4 between tall people and short people
5	6 b.	7 between two populations on different continents for example Chinese and Ecuadoreans
8	9 c.	10 between any two populations on the same continent for example between Irish and Poles
11	12 d.	13 within any local population for example among Micronesians or Uzbeks; on the average there is 85% genetic diversity within any local population

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Question 46

1 Where was the video Down Germantown Avenue filmed?  

2	3 a.	4 Philadelphia
5	6 b.	7 Trenton
8	9 c.	10 Berlin
11	12 d.	13 Camden

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Question 47

1 Whose story is associated with the “American Dream”? He wrote rags to riches stories that professed that if anyone just worked hard enough, sacrificed and persevered, they could achieve social and economic success.    

2	3 a.	4 Horatio Alger
5	6 b.	7 William Thompson
8	9 c.	10 Andrew Carnegie
11	12 d.	13 Jeremy Lin

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Question 48

1 What concept could be defined as “social expectations about behavior with regard to social attitudes of social formed traits of “masculinity” and “femininity”?    

2	3 a.	4 status
5	6 b.	7 gender
8	9 c.	10 sex
11	12 d.	13 face

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Question 49

1 In “Nickel and Dimed” Ehrenrich challenges the philosophy of what drove the conservative legislative welfare reforms . What statement below most closely can be associated with the philosophy behind TANF legislation and reform in 1996?    

2	3 a.	4 Once a person makes a livable wage, they can become more productive, socially mobile and self-satisfied if they have autonomy, education or training enough to feel a sense of mastery in their environment, and have a sense of purpose.
5	6 b.	7 Work first. Regardless of pay, even the humblest of jobs are morally uplifting and psychologically buoying.
8	9 c.	10 The most poor and vulnerable citizens deserve a safety net.
11	12 d.	13 A “livable wage” is necessary for people to make ends meet and to lift themselves out of poverty.

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Question 50

1 Elijah Anderson describes what two types of orientation to life in inner city communities in “The Code of the Street”?    

2	3 a.	4 “moral” and “immoral”
5	6 b.	7 “established” and “newcomer”
8	9 c.	10 “street” and “decent”
11	12 d.	13 “white” and “black”

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