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md_final_tr.docxRunning Head: SUICIDE: Prevention, Intervention and the Relationship with Mood Disorders 1
Running Head: SUICIDE: Prevention, Intervention and the Relationship with Mood Disorders 9
· Remember that the “Running head” is a shortened version of the title. For example, you could simply use “SUICIDE.” Also, remember that all font, even in the Running head, needs to be 12 pt. Times New Roman
Suicide: Prevention, Intervention, and the Relationship with Mood Disorders
Abstract
The text reviews suicide. It reviews the prevention strategies that are used in order to ensure there is little occurrence of suicide attempts. This is done by the review of various articles and research on the best prescribed methods of preventing suicide.
The text also describes the methods of interventions that can be used by both practitioners and the family members when the individual try to commit suicide and the necessary steps that should be taken. The text also covers the relationship between mood disorders and suicide. It covers the mood disorders that have been identified to cause higher risks of suicide with the support of evidence from various research and articles.
The discussion and conclusion is a summary of the data discussed in the earlier parts that is suicide prevention, intervention and relationship with mood disorders sections. It puts the whole paper into one perspective. (Fyi, I know this is incorrect. It is just an idea of what I was going to place into the abstract?)
SUICIDE Comment by Julie Davis: Center the title
Suicide is the act of intentionally taking one’s own life. Suicide is often carried out ones once an individual feels despair, which is mostly caused by a mental disorder. Some of the common mental disorders include depression, bipolar, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder and drug abuse. Stress factors such as financial difficulties and bullying can also cause one to commit suicide. Suicide is a tragic event that causes untold pain to both the survivors and the relatives to the victims. Comment by Julie Davis: Overall, the introduction sets up what will be covered in the paper. Instead of having multiple paragraphs discussing what you will cover in the paper, this information should be consolidated into one paragraph. Comment by Julie Davis: How do you know this?
According to statistics, more than 41,000 people in the United States commit suicide every year. The cases of suicide are not biased on one age group. In the recent times Recently, there has been an increase in the number of middle aged people who are committing suicide. According to the statistics, men have four times the number in comparison to women who commit suicide. The highest rate of suicide was recorded to be among American Indian and Alaskan natives. Comment by Julie Davis: What statistics? Where did you get this information? Comment by Julie Davis: How do you know this? Comment by Julie Davis: Again, what statistics? Where did you get this information? Comment by Julie Davis: Awkward sentence structure. Suggestion: men are four times more likely to commit suicide than women; or perhaps when compared, four times more men committed suicide then did women. Comment by Julie Davis: When? Why? What makes these two groups more prone to suicide?
The paper will cover various parts of the topic of suicide. This includes suicide prevention, intervention methods and how the mood disorders and suicide are related. Effective suicide prevention methods can help reduce the number of deaths as a result of suicide. According to statistics, out of every one suicide committed 25 of them are attempts that failed. This therefore means that the risk of higher number of people committing suicide can go higher.
Identifying a good method to prevent the attempts attempted suicides would help immensely in reducing the suicide deaths. The various methods of suicide prevention will be discussed in this paper and their effectiveness also addressed. The major goal of the prevention strategy is to ensure that the person does not try and attempt suicide
If the individual tries to commit suicide, an intervention strategy must be in place to ensure that the individual does not succeed in taking their life. The major goal of crisis intervention is to keep the individual alive and help the individual reduce the distress.
The paper also tries to identify the relationship between suicide and mood disorders. The aim of this is to be able to identify if mental disorders are risk factors of suicide. In case the two are related that would mean that there would be need to manage the mental disorders in order to decrease the number of suicides committed.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Prevention
There are various ways in which prevention can be exercised. One is through the education of physicians. Lethal substances that are used to attempt suicide can also be kept hidden or away from easy access to ensure that the people who want to commit suicide do not find the means to do so. Comment by Julie Davis: Why? How? explain Comment by Julie Davis: Such as? Comment by Julie Davis: Where?
The media can also be educated on how to report cases of suicide to ensure that the people watching the news do not get the wrong impression on suicide. Awareness campaigns can also be carried out to educate the public of ways about how to identify people who are suicidal and in the process can advise and prevent them from doing it. Comment by Julie Davis: How? explain Comment by Julie Davis: Such as? How would these work?
There are very many community-based programs that have also established suicide prevention programs. These programs are also there in schools and some programs are meant for elderly people. There are multi-level programs that have also been initiated and help reduce suicide. Comment by Julie Davis: Actually, I would combine the three little paragraphs above and let them serve as the “introduction” to this section. It would be helpful to also include a purpose statement for the section so that it is clear how suicide prevention will be correlated to mood disorders.
A review that was conducted by Donker et al. (2013), on the prevention method that can be used in patients with schizophrenia, the research was impaired by sample heterogeneity. The motivation for committing suicide among the patients was different depending on the phase (i.e., acute psychotic phase or recovery state) in which the patient was in. the patient can either be in acute psychotic phase or recovery state. The suicidal process was also different for patients who are in the early on-set in comparison to the chronic patients. This made prevention tough as one method or strategy cannot suit all. Comment by Julie Davis: Another example of a very awkward sentence structure. To help revise this sentence, think about the main point(s) and just write them down; then, put the information together in a sentence. For example, a possible revision could be something such as: Donker and colleagues (2013) reviewed suicide prevention methods used with patients who have schizophrenia; the research, however, was impaired because of sample heterogeneity. Comment by Julie Davis: While this is appropriate, it is typically more acceptable to use the “et al.” in the in-text citation and not in the narrative of the paper. Thus, a suggestion would be: Donker and colleagues (2013)
Psychosocial intervention and psychological intervention are also ways that can be used in prevention of suicide. Psychosocial intervention is a strategy that encompasses the promotion of mental health by improving the social, physical and economic environment that determine mental health. The main aim of psychosocial intervention is to reduce the occurrence, prevalence and re-occurrence of mental disorders. Comment by Julie Davis: Be sure to address each of these. Also, provide more specifics. HOW and WHY are these approaches appropriate? HOW do they attend to the mood disorder that may be prompting the suicide ideation?
In the prevention of suicide in patients with mood disorders, it is prudent to always have ready a crisis management plan ready. The plan should include details on what precipitating factors, signs and symptoms of a relapse and the actions that should be taken in terms of who to contact and pharmacological interventions. The plan should be available to the patients and any other health practitioners who that treats the patients as well as relatives. Comment by Julie Davis: Why??? Comment by Julie Davis: Awkward structure Comment by Julie Davis: Ok, but remember you are to link suicide prevention with mood disorders. This needs to be developed more.
Intervention
Psychological support is essential for a patient with mood disorders. Cognitive behavior is one of the methods that is used in intervening. Support can be enhanced by ensuring that the patient increases contact with the clinicians, psychological therapy to reduce their thinking on hopelessness and providing an emergency number in case the relative or patient have to seek the clinicians help. Research has shown that cognitive behavior therapy can yield results in reducing subsequent attempts (Saunders, K., & Hawton, K. (2013). Comment by Julie Davis: How? Why? What makes CBT so effective? What does it do that helps? Does CBT work with all mood disorders? Which mood disorders are more responsive? More development
Careful clinical management of the mood disorders is essential in ensuring no re-occurrence of any suicide attempts. Mood stabilization is a vital process in ensuring the patient does not commit suicide. The patients can also be given drugs such as anti-depressant to stabilize their moods. Comment by Julie Davis: What exactly do you mean by this? Comment by Julie Davis: Ok, but what else? If you are discussing “stabilization” in this paragraph, what else can aid in that? And, HOW can stabilization be maintained? HOW is the mood disorder stabilized? WHAT is the connection between stabilized mood disorder and suicide?
There might be need for the patients to be hospitalized in order to ensure that the lethal substance they took is neutralized and to observe the patient during the healing process. In the process, the patient can go through a psychiatrist and have their moods disorders managed. The psychiatrist can help in addressing the issues that the patients have such as alcohol and drug misuse (Saunders, K., & Hawton, K. 2013). Comment by Julie Davis: Another example of number agreement error: “patient” is singular but “their” is plural Comment by Julie Davis: Note the formatting correction above.
Relationship with Mood Disorders
Mood disorders are medical conditions that are caused by changes in chemistry in the body and brain. They include bipolar, depression, schizophrenia and others. They cause symptoms such as intense sadness, hopelessness, inability to concentrate, loss of interest, and, the most germane important to our to the current paper, is the thoughts of suicidal ideation.
that the patients have difficulty in ignoring.
The act of committing suicide is usually a desperate attempt by the patient to control their mood disorder. For example, a patient can have intense depression, the patient feels that he/she has little or no control over of their painful and disturbing thoughts and feelings. Comment by Julie Davis: More development needed. HOW is personal life control connected with suicide? Comment by Julie Davis: Another number agreement error Comment by Julie Davis: Another number agreement error
A research carried out by (Weiss and colleagues et al., (2016), showed that most of the people who were in treatment for mood disorder were at a risk of suicide. Men had a higher risk of committingsuicide than women. Those patients who had depression were at a high risk of committing suicide than the other patients who did not have depression. The degree of depression determined whether the individual would commit suicide or not and whether the patient would be successful in doing it. Comment by Julie Davis: Why? Comment by Julie Davis: Why? What is the difference? What separates the mood disorders?
Women who lacked love and support were at a higher chance of committing suicide. Humiliation and fear was also a contributor of suicidal thoughts and attempts. Anxiety had more effect in men than in women in leading them to suicidal thoughts. The research by (Weiss et al., and colleagues (2016) showed that there was no difference between the in suicidal risk between for individuals with depression and with bipolar disorders. Comment by Julie Davis: Incomplete comparison – higher chance than what other group? Also, WHY? Comment by Julie Davis: Subject-verb agreement error
WHY? Comment by Julie Davis: Why? Comment by Julie Davis: Why? What traits do these mood disorders have in common that could lead to suicide?
In a Researchers, that was conducted in a prison institute on studying prisoners who had mood disorders, The research showed discovered that the risk of suicide was higher in prisoners who had bipolar disorder (Fazel, S., Wolf, A., & Geddes, J. R. (2013). In general, the researchers showed that inmates with mood disorders had higher
there were high risks of suicide in patients with mood disorders. The risk was however highest in prisoners who had bipolar disorder. The risk of suicide was also found to be higher in bipolar patients than the general population. Comment by Julie Davis: This paragraph is redundant. That is, it only says that bipolar individuals had the highest suicide risk, but individuals with any mood disorder were also at risk. What is missing is explanation and analysis. WHY is bipolar the greatest risk for inmates? HOW does the mood disorder work in the brain to cause this risk? Etc. Comment by Julie Davis: See previous note correcting in-text citation formt
Discussion
The early identification of mood disorders is vital in the reduction of suicides. According to the research above the highest number of people who commit or attempt to commit suicide are those with mood disorders. The identification of mood disorder is vital in the prevention of suicides. Comment by Julie Davis: Provide more explanation as to WHY Comment by Julie Davis: What research? No in-text citations included Comment by Julie Davis: This is the same sentence as the first one.
Care must be taken in the management of patients with mood disorder in order to prevent the occurrence of any suicide attempts. Physician should take the prevalence of mood disorder in a patient as a major symptom and sign that they could have suicidal idealities. This would ensure that the physicians treat the patients with extra care and be more observant in order for them to identify when the patients are having suicidal idealities or have severe mood disorders that can lead to their committing suicide.
The use of a good intervention determines whether the individual preserve their life. The intervention method comes into play once the individual has tried to commit suicide. Care must be taken to ensure the individual does not die through the use of pharmacology to neutralize the toxicity of the lethal substance that they take as well as the use of psychiatrist. This will help in making the individual get past easily the issues that led to the attempt of suicide. Comment by Julie Davis: Number agreement error Comment by Julie Davis: Word choice
Conclusion
If physicians were able to identify mood disorders in the early stages, it would make it easy for suicide attempts to be reduced. This is because preventive measures can be taken early as well as the early management of the disorders in order to ensure that the patients do not reach a point where they attempt or commit suicide.
References Comment by Julie Davis: center
Donker, T., Calear, A., Busby Grant, J., van Spiker, B., Fenton, K., Hehir, K. K.. . Christensen, H. (2013). Suicide prevention in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and psychosis: A systematic review. BMC Psychology, 1 (1), 6. Doi: 10.1186/2050-7283-1-6 Comment by Julie Davis: note the formatting change and make throughout
Fazel, S., Wolf, A., & Geddes, J. R. (2013). Suicide in prisoners with bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders: A systematic review. Bipolar Disorders, 15(5), 491-495. doi:10.1111/bdi.12053
Hauser, M., Galling, B., & Correll, C. U. (2013). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: A systematic review of prevalence and incidence rates, correlates, and targeted interventions. Bipolar Disorders, 15(5), 507-523. doi:10.1111/bdi.12094
Hegerl, U., Rummel-Kluge, C., Värnik, A., Arensman, E., & Koburger, N. (2013). Alliances against depression - A community based approach to target depression and to prevent suicidal behavior. Neuroscience and Bio Behavioral Reviews, 37(10 Pt 1), 2404-2409. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.009
Weiss SJ, Muzik M, Deligiannidis K M, Ammerman RT, Guille C, et al. (2016). Gender differences in suicidal risk factors among individuals with mood disorders. J Depress Anxiety 5: 218. doi:10.4200/2167-1044.1000218 Comment by Julie Davis: incorrect…if there are more than seven authors. You list 6, then use ellipses, and finish with the very last author. Do not put “et al.” in the reference list. Comment by Julie Davis: is this the entire name? Be sure to spell out the entire name and not the accepted abbreviation
