Business Plan or Business Proposal
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reference_only_announcement_citations.docxCitations are just one of the many APA style rules to master. The purpose of citations is to direct the reader to the source writers have used in the reference list . This reference entry then allows the reader to find the original source a writer has used in each sentence. Believe it or not, the rules are much simpler than you would think. There are just three main elements that are needed for in-text citations, and they will remain the same regardless of the source:
1. Author
2. Publication year
3. Page or paragraph number, which is only required for direct quotations
This information appears either in the sentence (in-text) or parenthetically:
In the sentence: Kokkinos (2007) showed employers cause burnout when employees are stressed by too much work.
Parenthetically: Employers cause burnout when employees are stressed by too much work (Kokkinos, 2007).
For quotations of a source, the page or paragraph numbers also is included parenthetically:
Quote: Kokkinos (2007) described burnout as "a negative affective response occurring as result of chronic work stress" (p. 2).
With two or more authors in a parenthetical citation, use & rather than and before the last author. If not in parentheses, use and. For example: Other authors (Foyt & Andretti, 2005) agreed, but Lewis and Martin (2007) found otherwise.
“Et al.” should not be used the first time a work is cited unless that work has six or more authors. For sources with three to five authors, list all authors in the first citation, then use the surname of the first author and “et al.” and the year in subsequent references. For works with six or more authors, use the surname of the first author and “et al” and the year the first time the work is cited as well as in all subsequent citations. The correct spelling is et al. e-t{space}a-l{period}.
Reference list: For three to five authors:
Hitt, M., Miller, C., Colella, A. (2011). Organizational behavior. (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reference list: For six or more authors: (notice you only list 6)
Lee, H., Boot, W. R., Baniqued, P. L., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., . . . C., & Kramer, A. F. (2015). The Relationship between Intelligence and Training Gains is Moderated by Training Strategy. Plos ONE, 10(4), 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123259
In-text citations:
Hitt, Miller, and Colella (2011) showed/subsequent use: Hitt et al. (2011) showed
(Hitt, Miller & Colella, 2011) subsequent use: (Hitt, et al., 2011)
In-text citations:
Six or more authors – always use et al.
Lee, et al. (2015) showed
(Lee, et al., 2015).
When a work has two authors, cite both names every time used in the text. When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time used; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et.al. (not italicized and with a period after al) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within the paragraph. If you have used the author more than once in the same paragraph, drop the date. Here is an example:
Krakoff (2011) stressed the importance of using telemedicine in the effective control of hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors. Karloff noted that, home blood pressure monitoring devices improved risk factors for hypertensive patients. Krakoff concluded telemedicine can improve the control of hypertension. Comment by Scott, Joni: For the second citation representing the same reference in a paragraph do not use the date in parentheses unless one of the following occurs: There is another source cited in between the two citations from the same source. The author(s) are in parentheses at the end of a sentence. Please see APA section 6.11, p. 174 for additional clarification.
George et al. (2012) noted that telemedicine may heighten the access for specialty care treatment for populations living in metropolitan areas, yet researchers have limited knowledge as to the acceptability among these residents. Latinos were less concerned than African Americans about confidentiality and the lack of personal contact from their physician (George et al., 2012). The absence of trust from African Americans may result from a history of past abuse from the medical community compared to Latinos who may not have faced the same experience (George et al., 2012). Comment by Scott, Joni: Please note the proper formatting of using et al. in these two examples.
