Leadership paper
These slides compliment the Leadership chapter and additional modules in the course reading packet.
Together these should be used to formulate your leadership self‐assessment.
To understand leadership and our roles as leaders and managers, we need to consider the leader in context.
Research on leadership has focused on the traits of leaders, the behaviors they enact, and how they make decisions.
However, one size does not fit all. Different leader styles and behaviors are needed depending on the characteristics of the followers and the situation. How one might lead unskilled workers would be very different than how one might lead experienced professionals. Some job tasks are more routine while others call for greater creativity and flexibility. Understanding the demands of the situation and the needs of followers is critical to effective leadership.
Lets break down this transactional model. First consider the characteristics of leaders.
Many years of research have attempted to identify those traits that typically characterize leaders. The six traits represented here are those most consistently identified among successful leaders. Certainly leaders tend to have high energy levels, tend to be intelligent and are self‐confident. Other traits are more situation dependent. For example a leader of a multi‐disciplinary team will likely not have specific task knowledge of all the disciplines within the team. The leader in this situation needs to rely on the task knowledge of her team members. Similarly, while many leaders are dominant, increasingly servant leadership has attracted attention. Charisma is often seen as a trait of public figures, but may or may not be a feature among other leadership situations.
The four leader behaviors listed here represent degrees of focus of the leader with respect to their followers. Leaders may focus attention on the well being and satisfaction of their members (consideration) or may focus more attention on defining and directing the work. Some models place consideration and structure on a continuum and suggest a dynamic tension between focus on the tasks versus relationships in the team. Certainly, the leader subordinate relationship is one of exchange. The leader provides direction, guidance, resources and rewards and in turn receives the work, attention, and commitment of the follower.
Finally, leaders may differ in the extent to which they involve followers in deciding what needs to be done and how to do the work. Some leaders tend to be more autocratic. The consultative style involves asking for input from key members, and then making decisions, while the participative style involves more direct involvement of members in decisions. The participative style requires transparency and open dialog, and implies that the leader is open to influence from the members. Delegation requires a great deal of two way trust in that the leader gives a great deal of discretion to the follower in what and how to do the work.
The importance and value of different leader traits, behaviors and decision styles depends on the characteristics of the followers. When followers have a great deal of competence and maturity, less directive forms of leadership are needed. These workers appreciate and thrive on a great deal of independence, autonomy and self direction. A highly directive leader will put unnecessary structure on the task and be seen as intrusive. A directive leader with such followers would be criticized as a “micro manager.”
Leading in a situation of high demographic dissimilarity requires a leader who is much more attuned to the needs of the followers. When everyone is the same it is easy to assume that they all want and need the same things. However, as people differ in backgrounds, age, maturity, etc., they have widely different needs and views of work. Additionally, when a great deal of diversity exists, more attention to the interactions and interpersonal relations among workers is needed and more attention needs to be given to the relationships between the leader and members. Trust, loyalty and support are key aspects of leader‐member relationships.
The second determinant of effective leader actions is the characteristics of the situation.
Economic conditions and the selection system may determine characteristics of the workforce. Additionally economic conditions affect the stability of the organization, its market and what it needs to do to be competitive.
Some tasks are more concrete and stable and can thus be routinized more effectively. Other tasks require a great deal of flexibility. Bureaucratic cultures are designed for standardization and require much more direction while entrepreneurial cultures require more innovation, autonomy and flexibility.
Characteristics of the leader’s position may determine how much and what forms of power the leader has to influence or control the situation.
The extent to which leaders involve subordinates in directing the work depends on characteristics of the task and the leaders inclination.
Note first that while these are represented as dichotomies (e.g. democratic versus autocratic) both dimensions can be seen as continua, with degrees of directive and democratic orientation.
The upper right quadrant is the most autocratic‐directive style, with little flexibility given to the worker. The lower left quadrant is most participative with a great deal of autonomy given to the worker.
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Path‐Goal Theory is a form of situational leadership model. Path‐Goal theory stipulates that subordinates are motivated by a leader only to the extent they perceive this individual as helping them to attain valued goals.
Effective leadership determined by complex interaction of leader behaviors, subordinate characteristics, and aspects of the work environment.
Charismatic leaders exert especially powerful effects on followers by virtue of their commanding confidence and clearly articulated visions. Some characteristics of charisma are identified here.
While charismatic leaders tend to have a devoted following there are two particularly important things to note.
First, charisma is not a necessary condition to be a leader. Clearly we have reviewed a number of leadership behaviors and styles that when appropriately applied will be successful regardless of charisma.
Second, charisma is only one aspect of transformational leaders.
Transformational leaders are able to articulate a vision for the future that drives change toward higher goals. While many transformational leaders are charismatic, the critical factors are the leader’s ability to stimulate thinking, engage followers and inspire.
For this reason, transformational leaders are able to facilitate change by inspiring, challenging and engaging. A key aspect of transformational leadership is being able to articulate a strong empowering vision and sense of mission for the organization.
Note that a differentiating factor between transformational leaders and strictly charismatic leaders, is that charismatic leaders focus on getting followers to do what the leader wants them to do, while the transformational leader has the effect of people wanting to do what achieves the vision and mission.
The transformational model of leadership suggest that within the context of the leader and follower characteristics and culture of the organization, leaders’ transformational behaviors will effect followers and work groups to increase motivational factors, identification and capabilities.
These result in outcomes of greater commitment, satisfaction and performance.
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The image here depicts how vision fits with other aspects of leadership.
Transformational leaders are able to articulate a clear and elevating vision.
Vision should provide a vivid picture of a future state.
Vision serves the purpose of inspiring and stimulating the development of effective strategies. Strategies much then be converted into tactics that will be carried out in daily operations.
The vision provides common direction
Effective management and leadership requires a balance of both transactional management and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership and management skills are needed for effective day‐to‐day operations. The implementation of tactics requires clear goals and operating procedures. Thus, transactional attention to task and human resource needs is necessary. This requires understanding the needs of people and the situations in which we lead.
However, in today’s business environment change has become constant. Transformation skills to clearly articulate a vision and to keep the organization navigating the ever changing paths to accomplish that vision are increasingly needed. In many situations leadership means multiple people, each taking on different roles of leadership.
As you study the material for this leadership module, consider work life as you have experienced it, and think about how situations, coworkers, and leaders differ. Consider your own beliefs, behaviors and styles to understand what situations you are prepared to lead, and what areas you need to work on should you find yourself in different situations.