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Biosolids

Citation

Modified from:

Lesikar, B.J., A. Kenimer and D.Gustafson. 2005. Septage-Biosolids – PowerPoint Presentation. in (M.A. Gross and N.E. Deal, eds.) University Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater Management. National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR.

Septage

  • Septage is a product of onsite wastewater treatment
  • Includes solids and liquids in septic tank
  • Collected through pumping of septic systems

Septage Characteristics

Characteristics of Septage: Metals

Choices for Septage Handling

  • Land Application
  • Most popular method
  • WWTP
  • Second most popular method
  • Septage Treatment Plant
  • Very rare due to high costs

Wastewater Treatment Plant

  • Transfers treatment to different entity
  • Treatment plant must have capacity for additional loading
  • Follow receiving facility’s guidelines for discharging

Methods for Land Application

  • Surface

Box Spreader, Tractor Towed

Slurry Irrigation

Tank Truck

Tank Wagon, Tractor Towed

  • Sub-Surface

Plow- Furrow- Cover

Injection from Tank Wagon or Truck

Injection from Crawler Tractor

Criteria for Selecting Application Equipment

  • Sludge Moisture Content
  • Sludge Quantity
  • Type of Storage System
  • Application Rate
  • Application Schedule (frequency, season)
  • Topography
  • Transport Distance
  • Cost and Availability

Septage Application Methods vs. Solids Content

Solids Content Application Method
1-6% Slurry Irrigation
4-10% Tank Wagon or Tank Truck; Surface Spread
4-15% Tank Wagon or Tank Truck; Soil Injection
25-80% Box Spreader
40%+ Spreader Truck

Direct Injection

  • Incorporate septage as passing across field
  • Tank trucks can inject septage into soil
  • Drag hose can supply liquid to an injection implement

Liquid Spreading

  • Spreading with the tank truck hauling septage
  • Pan at end of outlet spreads liquid on ground behind truck

Semi Solid Material Spreading

  • Load into a spreader
  • Distribute material onto the land surface

Potential Septage Issues

  • Perceptions
  • Nutrients
  • Metals
  • Emerging Contaminants
  • Odors
  • Public Health
  • Pathogens
  • Vectors

The solution for Perception

  • Professionalism
  • Records
  • Procedures
  • Timing
  • Locations
  • Education
  • You
  • Public

Land Application Siting

  • Application sites must be permitted and thus meet permit criteria
  • Slope
  • Setbacks
  • Soil type
  • Water table

Application Site Permit Requirements

Report Requirements

  • Report must be prepared by licensed soil scientist, professional geologist, or professional engineer.

Soil Fertility and Metals Analysis

*Acidity

*Base Saturation

*Calcium

*Cation Exchange Capacity

*pH

*Phosphorus

*Potassium

*Sodium

*Exchangeable Sodium Percentage

*Humic Matter Percentage

*Total Metal Analysis

*Arsenic

*Cadmium

*Copper

*Lead

*Nickel

*Selenium

*Mercury- if biosolids from treatment plant

NC Department of Ag & Consumer Services

Division of Agronomic Services provides analysis

Sampled annually and for initial permit.

Soil Profile Descriptions

* Horizon (soil layer) thickness

* Soil color- hue, value and chroma with Munsell color chart

* Soil texture- sand/silt/clay% estimates using texture by feel method

* Soil structure- aggregation category of soil (granular, blocky, platy, etc.,)

* Restrictive zones- hard pans present?

* Wetness conditions- high water table or poor internal drainage

Profile descriptions to 4 ft, unless application rate is > 125,000 g/acre/yr, then 6ft

Soil Wetness Conditions

Group I soils: suitable if SHWT is greater than 36” below point of application

Group II soils: suitable if SHWT is greater than 24” below point of application

Group III soils: suitable if SHWT is greater than 18” below point of application

Setbacks

Surface Water Classifications

Soil Map

Scale 1” = 400’ or less, major soil mapping units North arrow, legend, setbacks

Tensiometers Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)

Nutrient Management

The solution for Nutrients

  • CWA Section 503 Based Loading rates
  • Daily
  • 10,000 gal/acre
  • Annual
  • Crop need

Other Conditions

Septage can make YOU sick

The Solution for Public Health:
Pathogen and Vector Control

  • Lime Stabilization
  • Proper timing
  • Composting
  • Digestion
  • Incorporation
  • Covered Storage

Lime Treatment

  • Pathogen Control
  • Disease causes
  • Vector Control
  • Movement
  • Odor Mitigation
  • Soil Conditioning

One Method for Lime Treatment

  • Pump Tank
  • ADD LIME
  • Check pH
  • Reaction Time
  • Land Apply

Lime addition

  • Powder
  • Slurry

Check pH

How Much Lime?

  • 25 # per 1,000 gallons
  • Stronger waste more lime
  • Carry over in the tank

How long for Reaction?

  • 30 minutes after mixing above pH of 12 or greater
  • Some States require 2 hours

Odor Management

  • Use Stabilized Sludge
  • e.g., Composting, digestion, lime treatment

  • Minimize Stockpiling

  • Low Application Rate (surface)

  • Soil Injection or quickly incorporate after surface application

  • Field Location (distance, direction)

Benefits of Good Septage Land Application Practice

  • Perception
  • Odor reduction
  • Soil treatment
  • Pathogen reduction

Septage Treatment Plant

  • Usually process septage for land application
  • Remove grit and debris from septage
  • Transfer products to other vehicle for transport
  • Effluent

Sewer

Land Application

  • Solids

Landfill

Land Application

  • Grit

Landfill

Summary

  • Septage land application is generally the first choice for management
  • Public Health Protection
  • Nutrients are beneficially reused
  • Lime stabilization is a simple and cost-effective pretreatment for land application

Table 3.

Characteristics of Septage: Conventional Parameters

Concentration (mg/L)

Parameter

Average

Minimum

Maximum

Total solids

34106

1132

130475

Total volatile solids

23100

353

71402

Total suspended solids

1286

2

310

93378

Volatile suspended solids

9027

95

51500

Biochemical oxygen demand

6480

440

78600

Chemical oxygen demand

31900

1500

703000

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen

588

66

1060

Ammonia nitrogen

97

3

116

Total phosphorus

210

20

760

Alkalinity

970

522

4190

Grease

5600

208

23368

pH

-

1.5

12.6

EPA (1994)

Concentration

(mg/L)

Parameter

Average

Minimum

Maximum

Metals

Iron

39.3

0.2

2740

Zinc

9.97

<.001

444

Manganese

6.09

0.55

17.1

Barium

5.76

0.002

202

Copper

4.84

0.01

261

Lead

1.21

<0.025

118

Nickel

0.526

0.01

37

Chromium (total)

0.49

0.01

34

Cyanide

0.469

0.001

1.53

Cobalt

0.406

<0.003

3.45

Arsenic

0.141

0

3.5

Silver

0.099

<0.003

5

Cadmium

0.097

0.005

8.1

Tin

0.076

<0.015

1

Mercury

0.005

0.0001

0.742

EPA (1994)