Financial Institutions and Policy

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1

We define the net worth of the bank as the difference between the present discounted value of the incomes from the assets and the present discounted value of the interest payments on its deposits. Define, the interest rate risk as the change in the net worth of the bank as the consequence of change in the interest rate or as the difference between the change in the present discounted value of the assets and the change in the present discounted value of deposits.

A bank has $100 million of assets with an average duration of 4 years and $90 million of deposits with an average duration of 6 years.

c) Estimate the interest rate risk when the interest rate increases from 0.02 (=2%) to 0.04 (=4%)? .

d) To reduce its interest rate risk should the bank try to change and in which direction the average durations of its assets and its liabilities?

Exercise 2

a) If people were free to join or not a defined contribution pension plan, would most of them choose not to be members?

b) What is the difference between a defined benefit plan and the Canadian Pension Plan?

Read pages 20-26 of the paper “The Relative Roles of Monetary Policy and Financial Regulations in the development of Financial Crises” By Hassouna Moussa. Answer the following questions using the arguments and data contained in the article.

c) Consider the following assertion: “Some people claim that the banking regulation and supervision in Canada allowed the Canadian financial system to escape unscathed from the 2009-2009 financial crises”.

What are the major differences between the US and Canadian systems of banking regulation and supervision that could justify the previous assertion?

End

Bank of America liable for Countrywide mortgage fraud

By Nate Raymond, NEW YORK Wed Oct 23, 2014 6:57pm EDT

(Reuters) - Bank of America Corp was found liable for fraud on Wednesday over defective mortgages sold by its Countrywide unit, a major win for the U.S. government in one of the few trials stemming from the financial crisis. After a four-week trial, a federal jury in New York found the bank liable on one civil fraud charge. Countrywide originated shoddy home loans in a process called "Hustle" and sold them to government mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac , the government said. The four men and six women on the jury also found former Countrywide executive Rebecca Mairone liable on the one fraud charge she faced.

The U.S. Justice Department has said it would seek up to $848.2 million, the gross loss it said Fannie and Freddie suffered on the loans. But it will be up to U.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff to decide on the penalty. Arguments on how the judge will assess penalties are set for December 5. Any penalty would add to the more than $40 billion Bank of America has spent on disputes stemming from the 2008 financial crisis. "The jury's decision concerned a single Countrywide program that lasted several months and ended before Bank of America's acquisition of the company," Bank of America spokesman Lawrence Grayson said. "We will evaluate our options for appeal."

Marc Mukasey, a lawyer for Mairone, called his client a "woman of integrity, ethics and honesty," adding they would fight on. "She never engaged in fraud, because there was no fraud," he said. Wednesday's verdict was a major victory for the Justice Department, which has been criticized for failing to hold banks and executives accountable for their roles in the events leading up to the financial crisis. The government continues to investigate banks for conduct related to the financial crisis. The verdict comes as the government is negotiating a $13 billion settlement with JPMorgan Chase & Co to resolve a number of probes and claims arising from its mortgage business , including the sale of mortgage bonds .

RISKY LOANS

The lawsuit stemmed from a whistleblower case originally brought by Edward O'Donnell, a former Countrywide executive who stands to earn up to $1.6 million for his role. The case centered on a program called the "High Speed Swim Lane" - also called "HSSL" or "Hustle" - that government lawyers said Countrywide started in 2007. The Justice Department contended that fraud and other defects were rampant in HSSL loans because Countrywide eliminated loan-quality checkpoints and paid employees based on loan volume and speed. The Justice Department said the process was overseen by Mairone, a former chief operating officer of Countrywide's Full Spectrum Lending division. Mairone is now a managing director at JPMorgan.

About 43 percent of the loans sold to the mortgage giants were materially defective, the government said. Bank of America bought Countrywide in July 2008. Two months later, the government took over Fannie and Freddie. Bank of America and Mairone denied wrongdoing. Lawyers for the bank sought to show the jury that Countrywide had tried to ensure it was issuing quality loans and that no fraud occurred. The lawsuit was the first financial crisis-related case against a bank by the Justice Department to go to trial under the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (FIRREA). The law, passed in the wake of the 1980s savings-and-loan scandals, covers fraud affecting federally insured financial institutions.

The Justice Department, and particularly lawyers in the office of U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara in the Southern District of New York, have sought to dust off the rarely used law and bring cases against banks accused of fraud. Among its attractions, FIRREA provides a statute of limitations of 10 years and allows the government to bring civil cases for alleged criminal wrongdoing. Virginia Gibson, a lawyer at the law firm Hogan Lovells, said the Bank of America verdict was a "big deal because it shows the scope of a tool the government has not used frequently since its inception." Gibson and other lawyers say any appeal by Bank of America would likely focus on a ruling made by the judge before the trial that endorsed a government position that it can bring a FIRREA case against a bank when the bank itself was the financial institution affected by the fraud.

The case was one of three lawsuits in New York where judges had endorsed that interpretation. Banks have generally argued that the interpretation is contrary to the intent of Congress, which they said is more focused on others committing fraud on banks. Bank of America's case was the first to go to trial, a rarity given that banks more typically choose to settle government claims instead of face a jury. But Bank of America had said that it "can't be expected to compensate every entity that claims losses that actually were caused by the economic downturn." In a statement, Bharara said Bank of America "chose to defend Countrywide's conduct with all its might and money, claiming there was no case here." "This office will never hesitate to go to trial to expose fraudulent corporate conduct and to hold companies accountable, particularly when it has caused such harm to the public," Bharara said.

In late afternoon trading, Bank of America shares were down 27 cents at $14.25 on the New York Stock Exchange. The case is U.S. ex rel. O'Donnell v. Bank of America Corp et al, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, No. 12-01422.

(Reporting by Nate Raymond; Additional reporting by Jonathan Stempel; Editing by Leslie Gevirtz)