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Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Chapter 4

Software: Systems and Application Software

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Topics

Computer Software
System Software
Application Software
Programming Languages
Software Issues and Trends

Why Learn About Software?

Software is indispensable for any computer system and the people using it
Applications software:
Key to helping you achieve your career goals and enrich your life
Stock trading, scientific, accounting, tax, etc.
Most organizations spend more on software than on computer hardware

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

An Overview of Software

Computer programs:
Sequences of instructions for the computer
Documentation:
Describes program functions to help the user operate the computer system
Types of software:
Systems software
Application software

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Systems Software

Set of programs that coordinates the activities and functions of hardware and other programs
Computer system platform:
Combination of a hardware configuration and systems software
Each type of systems software is designed for a specific CPU and class of hardware

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Application Software

Helps users solve particular problems
In most cases, resides on the computer’s hard disk
Can be stored on CDs, DVDs, and even USB flash drives
An increasing amount of is available on the Web as a rich Internet application

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals

Sphere of influence:
Scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization
Personal sphere of influence:
Serve the needs of an individual user
Personal productivity software:
Help users improve their personal effectiveness
Workgroup:
When two or more people work together to achieve a common goal

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals (continued)

Workgroup sphere of influence:
Serves the needs of a workgroup
Enterprise sphere of influence:
Supports the firm in its interaction with its environment

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Systems Software

Controls the operations of computer hardware
Supports the application programs’ problem-solving capabilities
Types of systems software:
Operating systems
Utility programs
Middleware

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems

Set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs
Kernel:
The heart of the operating system
Ties all components of the OS together and regulates other programs

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems (continued)

Combinations of OSs, computers, and users includes:
Single computer with a single user
Single computer with multiple simultaneous users
Multiple computers with multiple users
Special-purpose computers

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems (continued)

Activities performed by the operating system:

Perform common computer hardware functions
Provide a user interface and input/output management
Provide a degree of hardware independence
Manage system memory
Manage processing tasks
Provide networking capability
Control access to system resources
Manage files

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems (continued)

Common hardware functions:
Get input from keyboard or another input device
Retrieve data from disks
Store data on disks
Display information on a monitor or printer

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems (continued)

User interface and input/output management

User interface:
Allows individuals to access and command the computer system
Command-based user interface:
Requires that text commands be given to the computer to perform basic activities
Graphical user interface (GUI):
Uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to the computer system
Natural user interface
Allow people to use touch screens

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems (continued)

Hardware independence:
Application program interface (API):
Allows applications to make use of the operating system
Enables software developers to build applications software without needing to understand the inner workings of the operating system and hardware
Memory management:
Allows computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Processing tasks:
Multitasking:
More than one program can run at the same time
Time-sharing:
Allows more than one person to use a computer system at the same time
Scalability:
Ability of the computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems (continued)

Networking capability:
Allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share computing resources
Access to system resources and security:
Protection against unauthorized access
OS establishes a logon procedure
File management:
Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed and that they are protected from access by unauthorized users

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Current Operating Systems

Microsoft PC operating systems:
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Windows 8
Apple Computer Operating Systems:
Mountain Lion
Mac users can dual boot to run either Windows or Mac OS
Linux:
Red Hat Linux
OpenSUSE
Caldera OpenLinux

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Current Operating Systems (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Current Operating Systems (continued)

Google Chrome OS:
Linux-based operating system designed for netbooks and nettops
Designed to run on inexpensive low-power computers
Chromium OS:
Open-source version of Chrome OS
Android
Operating system for mobile devices

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Workgroup Operating Systems

Windows Server:
Can be used to prevent unauthorized disclosure of information
UNIX:
Can be used on many computer system types and platforms
Red Hat Linux:
Can manage a cluster of up to eight servers
Mac OS X Server:
Includes support for 64-bit processing

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Enterprise Operating Systems

z/OS:
IBM’s first 64-bit enterprise OS
HP-UX and Linux:
HP-UX:
Robust UNIX-based OS from Hewlett-Packard
Supports Internet, database, and business applications on server and mainframe enterprise systems

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Operating Systems for Small Computers, Embedded Computers, and Special-Purpose Devices

Cell phone embedded systems and operating systems:
Embedded systems provide communication and limited personal information management services
Windows embedded:
Included with or embedded into small computer devices
Proprietary Linux-based systems:
Linux is a major competitor to Symbian

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

INFO 101 Ch 4 – Slide

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Utility Programs

Help perform variety of tasks
Common types of utilities:
Hardware utilities
Security utilities
File-compression utilities
Spam-filtering utilities
Network and Internet utilities
Server and mainframe utilities

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Utility Programs (continued)

Other utilities:
Key logging software allows a manager to see every keystroke a worker makes on a computer system
Monitoring software can catalog the Internet sites that employees visit
Keyboard shortcut utilities allow users to map common tasks to defined keyboard combinations

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Middleware

Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data
Can also be used as an interface between the Internet and older legacy systems
Service-oriented architecture (SOA):
Uses modular application services to allow users to interact with systems, and systems to interact with each other

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Application Software

Application programs:
Interact with systems software
Help you perform common tasks, such as:
Creating and formatting text documents
Performing calculations
Managing information

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Overview of Application Software

Proprietary software:
One-of-a-kind program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company
Off-the-shelf software:
Existing software program that is purchased
Application service provider (ASP):
Company that can provide software, support, and computer hardware on which to run the software from the user’s facilities over a network

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Overview of Application Software (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Overview of Application Software (continued)

Software as a service (SaaS):
Allows businesses to subscribe to Web-delivered business application software by paying a monthly service charge or a per-use fee
Can reduce expenses by sharing its running applications among many businesses
Concerns about security of data and programs
Cloud computing:
Use of computing resources on the Internet (the cloud) rather than on local computers

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Personal Application Software (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Personal Application Software (continued)

Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages
Collection of single programs packaged together in a bundle
Word processor, spreadsheet, database management, graphics, communications tool, organizers
Programs designed to work similarly
Cost effective

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Personal Application Software (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Mobile Application Software

Number of apps has exploded
Tens of thousands of apps available from Apple’s App Store
Thousands of apps available in Android Market
Microsoft and other software companies investing in mobile app software

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Workgroup Application Software

Support teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world
Groupware:
Software that helps groups of people work together more effectively
Also knows as collaborative software

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Enterprise Application Software

Software that benefits an entire organization
Helps managers and workers stay connected
Cost, installation and ability to integrate with other software are concerns in selecting this software
Increasingly, enterprise software can be used on smartphones and mobile devices

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Application Software for Information, Decision Support, and Specialized Purposes

Available in every industry:
Specialized application software for information, decision support, and other purposes

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Programming Languages

Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements:
By which humans can communicate instructions to be executed by a computer
Program code:
Set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuit-switching operations
Syntax
Set of rules associated with a programming language

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

The Evolution of Programming Languages

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Visual, Object-Oriented, and Artificial Intelligence Languages

Visual programming:
Uses a graphical or “visual” interface combined with text-based commands
Object-oriented programming languages:
Programming languages that are based on objects
Fifth-generation languages (5GLs):
Used to create artificial intelligence or expert systems applications
Compiler:
Converts the programmer’s source code into machine-language instructions

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Visual, Object-Oriented, and Artificial Intelligence Languages (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Software Issues and Trends

Software bug:
Defect in a program that keeps it from performing as it should
Some tips for reducing impact of software bugs:
Register all software
Check read-me files for work-arounds
Access support area of the manufacturer’s Web site for patches
Install latest software updates

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Copyrights and Licenses

Most software products are protected by law using copyright or licensing provisions:
In some cases, you are given unlimited use of software on one or two computers
In other cases, you pay for your usage; if you use the software more, you pay more
Some software now requires that you register or activate it before it can be fully used

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Copyrights and Licenses (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Freeware and Open-Source Software

Freeware:
Software that is made available to the public for free
Open-source software:
Distributed, typically for free, with the source code
GPL grants you the right to:
Run the program for any purpose
Study how the program works and adapt it to your needs
Redistribute copies so you can help others
Improve the program and release improvements to the public

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Freeware and Open-Source Software (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Software Upgrades

Software companies revise their programs and sell new versions periodically
Most software upgrades:
Offer new features and capabilities
Some users do not always get the most current software upgrades or versions:
Unless it includes significant improvements or capabilities

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Global Software Support

Supporting local operations:
One of the biggest challenges IS teams face when putting together standardized, company-wide systems
Trend:
Outsourcing global support to one or more third-party distributors

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition