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Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Chapter 3

Hardware: Input, Processing, and

Output, and Storage Devices

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Topics

Introduce computer hardware components
Components
Processing and memory devices
Secondary storage
I/O devices
How a computer works
Computer Data
Computer Systems Types

Why Learn About Hardware?

Organizations invest in computer hardware to:
Improve worker productivity
Increase revenue, reduce costs
Provide better customer service
Speed up time-to-market
Enable collaboration among employees
Managers:
Must assess opportunities to apply computer hardware and evaluate options and features

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of Technology

Hardware components:
Central processing unit (CPU):
Arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areas
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU):
Performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons
Control unit :
Sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of the ALU, registers, primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of Technology (continued)

Registers:
High-speed storage areas
Used to temporarily hold small units of program instructions and data
Primary storage:
Also called main memory
Closely associated with the CPU

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of Technology (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Hardware Components in Action

Step 1: Fetch instruction
Step 2: Decode instruction
Step 3: Execute instruction
Step 4: Store results

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Hardware Components in Action (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity

System unit:
Houses the components responsible for processing (the CPU and memory)
All other computer system devices are:
Linked either directly or indirectly into the system unit housing

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Processing Characteristics and Functions

Machine cycle time is measured in:
Nanoseconds (1 billionth of a second)
Picoseconds (1 trillionth of a second)
MIPS (millions of instructions per second)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Processing Characteristics and Functions (continued)

Clock speed:

Series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time
Often measured in:
Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second
Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Processing Characteristics and Functions (continued)

Physical characteristics of the CPU:

Most CPUs are:
Collections of digital circuits imprinted on silicon wafers, or chips, each no bigger than the tip of a pencil eraser
Moore’s Law:
Hypothesis stating that transistor densities on a single chip will double every two years

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions

Main memory
Provides the CPU with a working storage area for programs and data
Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU
Storage capacity
Eight bits together form a byte (B)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions (continued)

Types of memory:

Random access memory (RAM):
Temporary and volatile
Types of RAM:
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
DDR2 SDRAM and DDR3 SDRAM
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)
Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (DDR SDRAM)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions (continued)

Types of memory (continued):

Read-only memory (ROM):
Nonvolatile
Provides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change
Cache memory:
High-speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Multiprocessing

Multiprocessing:
Simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time
Coprocessor:
Executes specific types of instructions
Speeds processing
Multicore microprocessor:
Combines two or more independent processors into a single computer

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Multiprocessing (continued)

Graphics processing unit (GPU):

A specialized processor that offloads the tasks associated with 3D graphics rendering from the CPU
Can also be used in certain applications that require massive vector operations to provide performance several orders of magnitude higher than a traditional CPU

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Parallel Computing

Parallel computing:
Simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster
Massively parallel processing:
Links hundreds or thousands of processors to operate at the same time
Grid computing:
Use of a collection of computers to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Secondary Storage

Compared with memory, offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy
On a cost-per-megabyte basis:
Secondary storage is considerably less expensive than primary memory
Types used, access methods, storage capacities, and portability required of secondary storage media determined by the information system’s objectives

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Access Methods

Sequential access:
Data must be retrieved in the order in which it is stored
Devices used called sequential access storage devices (SASDs)
Direct access:
Records can be retrieved in any order
Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Secondary Storage Devices

Magnetic tapes:
Primarily for storing backups of critical organizational data
Magnetic disks:
Direct-access storage device
Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID):
Method of storing data that generates extra bits of data from existing data

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Secondary Storage Devices (continued)

Virtual tape:
Used for less frequently needed data
Optical secondary storage devices:
Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM):
Storage capacity is 740 MB
Digital video disc (DVD):
6 x capacity of CD
Blue-ray high-definition video disk:
3 x capacity of DVD

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Secondary Storage Devices (continued)

Solid state secondary storage devices:
Store data in memory chips rather than magnetic or optical media
Have few moving parts, so they are less fragile than hard disk drives
Disadvantages of SSD
High cost per GB of data storage
Lower capacity compared to current hard drives

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Enterprise Storage Options

Network-attached storage (NAS):
Hard disk storage that is set up with its own network address rather than being attached to a single computer
Storage area network (SAN):
Special-purpose, high-speed network that provides direct connections among data-storage devices and computers

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Enterprise Storage Options (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Enterprise Storage Options (continued)

Storage as a service:
A data storage model where a data storage service provider rents space to people and organizations
Providers for enterprises:
AT&T, Aviva, Amazon.com, EMC, Google, Microsoft, ParaScale
Providers for individuals
Box.net, Carbonite, SugarSynch, Symantec, Mozy

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Input and Output Devices: The Gateway to Computer Systems

Input and output devices:
Gateways to the computer system
Part of a computer’s user interface
Organizations:
Should keep their business goals in mind when selecting input and output devices

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Characteristics and Functionality

Data can be human- or machine-readable
Data entry converts human-readable data into machine-readable form
Data input transfers machine-readable data into system
Source data automation captures and edits data where data is initially created and in a form that can be directly input to a computer

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Input Devices

Devices used to input general types of data:
Personal computer input devices
Speech recognition technology
Digital cameras
Scanning devices
Optical data readers
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
Magnetic stripe card

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Input Devices (continued)

Devices used to input general types of data (continued):
Chip-and-PIN cards and contactless cards
Point-of-sale devices
Automated teller machine (ATM) devices
Pen input devices
Touch-sensitive screens
Bar-code scanners
Radio frequency identification chips

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Input Devices (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Output Devices

Display monitors used to display output from computer
Plasma display:
Uses thousands of smart cells (pixels) consisting of electrodes and neon and xenon gases that are electrically turned into plasma to emit light
LCD displays:
Flat displays that use liquid crystals
Brighter, flicker-free, and do not emit radiation

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Output Devices (continued)

OLED displays
Uses layer of organic material sandwiched between two conductors
Provide sharper and brighter colors than LCDs and CRTs
Power usage
Plasma (most), LCD, OLED (least)
Digital audio player:
Can store, organize, and play digital music files

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Output Devices (continued)

Printers and plotters:
Laser printers and inkjet printers
Plotters used for general design work
Digital Audio Players
MP3 players compress sound sequence into small file while preserving original level of sound quality
E-books:
Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Output Devices (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Computer System Types (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Portable Single-User Computers

Handheld computers:
Single-user computers that provide ease of portability because of their small size
Smartphone:
Combines functionality of mobile phone, camera, Web browser, e-mail tool, MP3 player, and other devices into a single device

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Portable Single-User Computers (continued)

Laptop computer:
Designed for use by mobile users
Notebook computer:
Weighs less than 5 pounds
Netbook computer:
Small, light, inexpensive
Tablet computers:
Portable, lightweight computers with no keyboard

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Nonportable Single-User Computers

Thin client:
Low-cost, centrally managed computer with no extra drives
Desktop computers:
Single-user computer systems that are highly versatile

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Nonportable Single-User Computers (continued)

Nettop computer:
Inexpensive desktop computer designed to be smaller, lighter, and consume much less power than a traditional desktop computer
Workstations:
More powerful than personal computers but still small enough to fit on a desktop

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Multiple-User Computer Systems

Server:
Used by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or Internet applications
Scalability:
The ability to increase the processing capability of a computer system so that it can handle more users, more data, or more transactions
Blade server:
Houses many computer motherboards

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Multiple-User Computer Systems (continued)

Mainframe computer:
Large, powerful computer shared by dozens or even hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network
Supercomputers:
The most powerful computers with the fastest processing speed and highest performance

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Multiple-User Computer Systems (continued)

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition

Green Computing

Concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products
Goals:
Reduce the use of hazardous material
Enable companies to lower their power-related costs
Enable safe disposal or recycling of equipment

Principles of Information Systems, Eleventh Edition