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University Associates The 1980 Annual Handbook for Group Facilitators

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PERSONAL STYLE INVENTORY R. Craig Hogan and David W. Champagne

Just as every person has differently shape feet and toes from every other person, so we all have differently “shaped” personalities. Just as no person’s foot shape is “right” or “wrong,” so no person’s personality shape is right or wrong. The purpose of this inventory is to give you a picture of the shape of your preferences, but that shape, while different from the shapes of other persons’ personalities, has nothing to do with mental health or mental problems. The following items are arranged in pairs (a and b) and each member of the pair represents a preference you may or may not hold. Rate your preference for each item by giving it a score of 0 to 5 (0 meaning you really feel negative about it or strongly about the other member of the pair. 5 meaning you strongly prefer it or do not prefer the other member of the pair). The scores for a and b MUST ADD UP TO 5 (0 and 5, 1 and 4, 2 and 3, etc.) Do not use fractions such as 2 ½. I prefer: 1a. ______ Making decisions after finding out what others think. 1b. ______ Making decisions without consulting others. 2a. ______ Being called imaginative or intuitive. 2b. ______ Being called factual and accurate. 3a. ______ Making decisions about people in organizations based on

available data and systematic analysis of situations. 3b. ______ Making decisions about people in organizations based on

empathy, feelings, and understanding of their needs and values. 4a. ______ Allowing commitments to occur if others want to make them. 4b. ______ Pushing for definite commitments to ensure that they are made. 5a. ______ Quite, thoughtful time alone. 5b. ______ Active, energetic time with people. Copyright©1979 by D.W. Champagne and R.C. Hogan. Reprinted with permission of the authors from the privately published book, Supervisory and Management Skills: A Competency Based Training Program for Middle Managers of Educational Systems by D.W. Champagne and R.C. Hogan. This material may be freely reproduced for educational training research activities. There is no requirement to obtain special permission for such uses. However, systematic or large-scale reproduction or distribution – or inclusion of items in publications for sale – may be done only with prior written permission of the authors.

6a. _______ Using methods I know well that are effective to get the job

done. 6b. _______ Trying to think of new methods of doing tasks when confronted

with them. 7a. _______ Drawing conclusions based on unemotional logic and careful

step-by-step analysis. 7b. _______ Drawing conclusions based on what I feel and believe about life

and people from past experiences. 8a. _______ Avoiding making deadlines. 8b. _______ Setting a schedule and sticking to it. 9a. _______ Talking awhile and then thinking to myself about the subject. 9b. _______ Talking freely for an extended period and thinking to myself at a

later time. 10a. _______ Thinking about possibilities. 10b. _______ Dealing with actualities. 11a. _______ Being thought of as a thinking person. 11b. _______ Being thought of as a feeling person. 12a. _______ Considering every possible angle for a long time before and

after making a decision. 12b. _______ Getting the information I need, considering it for a while, and

then making a fairly quick, firm decision. 13a. _______ Inner thoughts and feelings others cannot see. 13b. _______ Activities and occurrences in which others join. 14a. _______ The abstract or theoretical. 14b. _______ The concrete or real. 15a. _______ Helping others explore their feelings. 15b. _______ Helping others make logical decisions.

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16a. _______ Change and keeping options open. 16b. _______ Predictability and knowing in advance. 17a. _______ Communicating little of my inner thinking and feelings. 17b. _______ Communicating freely my inner thinking and feelings. 18a. _______ Possible views of the whole. 18b. _______ The factual details available. 19a. _______ Using common sense and conviction to make decisions. 19b. _______ Using data, analysis, and reason to make decisions. 20a. _______ Planning ahead based on projections. 20b. _______ Planning as necessities arise, just before carrying out the plans. 21a. _______ Meeting new people. 21b. _______ Being alone or with one person I know well. 22a. _______ Ideas. 22b. _______ Facts. 23a. _______ Convictions. 23b. _______ Verifiable conclusions. 24a. _______ Keeping appointments and notes about commitments in

notebooks or in appointment books as much as possible. 24b. _______ Using appointment books and notebooks as minimally as

possible (although I may use them). 25a. _______ Discussing a new, unconsidered issue at length in a group. 25b. _______ Puzzling out issues in my mind, then sharing the results with

another person. 26a. ______ Carrying out carefully laid, detailed plans with precision. 26b. ______ Designing plans and structures without necessarily carrying

them out. 27a. ______ Logical people. 27b. ______ Feeling people.

28a. ______ Being free to do things on the spur of the moment. 28b. ______ Knowing well in advance what I am expected to do. 29a. ______ Being the center of attention. 29b. ______ Being reserved. 30a. ______ Imagining the nonexistent. 30b. ______ Examining details of the actual. 31a. ______ Starting meetings at a prearranged time. 31b. ______ Starting meetings when all are comfortable or ready.

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PERSONAL STYLE INVENTORY SCORING SHEET Instructions: Transfer your scores for each item of each pair to the appropriate blanks. Be careful to check the a and b letters to be sure you are recording scores in the right blank spaces. Then total the scores for each dimension.

Dimension Dimension I E N S Item Item Item Item 1b._______ 1a.______ 2a._______ 2b.______ 5a._______ 5b.______ 6b._______ 6a.______ 9a._______ 9b.______ 10a.______ 10b._____ 13a.______ 13b._____ 14a.______ 14b._____ 17a.______ 17b._____ 18a.______ 18b._____ 21b.______ 21a._____ 22a.______ 22b._____ 25b.______ 25a._____ 26b.______ 26a._____ 29b.______ 29a._____ 30a.______ 30b._____ Total I _____ Total E______ Total N_______ Total S_____ Circle the highest scoring letter and place in the blank space for each paired dimension. I E = ________ N S = _________ T F = ________ P J = _________

Dimension Dimension T F P J Item Item Item Item 3a._______ 3b._______ 4a._______ 4b._______ 7a._______ 7b._______ 8a._______ 8b._______ 11a.______ 11b.______ 12a.______ 12b.______ 15b.______ 15a.______ 16a.______ 16b.______ 19b.______ 19a.______ 20b.______ 20a.______ 23b.______ 23a.______ 24b.______ 24a.______ 27a.______ 27b.______ 28a.______ 28b.______ 31b.______ 31a.______ 32b.______ 32a.______ Total T______ Total F ______ Total P ______ Total J_____ Now turn to page 4 and read your portrait based on your 4-letter personal style type.

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S ISTJ Serious, quiet, earn success by concentration and thoroughness. Practical, orderly, matter- of-fact, logical, realistic and dependable. See to it that everything is well organized. Take responsibility. Make up their own minds as to what should be accomplished and work toward it steadily, regardless of protests or distractions.

ISFJ Quiet, friendly, responsible and conscientious. Work devotedly to meet their obligations and serve their friends and school. Thorough, painstaking, accurate. May need time to master technical subjects, as their interests are usually not technical. Patient with detail and routine. Loyal, considerate, concerned with how other people feel.

INFJ Succeed by perseverance, originality and desire to do whatever is needed or wanted. Put their best efforts into their work. Quietly forceful, conscientious, concerned for others. Respected for their firm principles. Likely to be honored and followed for their clear convictions as to how best to serve the common good.

INTJ Usually have original minds and great drive for their own ideas and purposes. In fields that appeal to them, they have a fine power to organize a job and carry it through with or without help. Skeptical, critical, independent, determined, often stubborn. Must learn to yield less important points in order to win the most important.

ISTP Cool onlookers-quiet, reserved, observing and analyzing life with detached curiosity and unexpected flashes of original humor. Usually interested in impersonal principles, cause and effect, how and why mechanical things work. Exert themselves no more than they think necessary, because any waste of energy would be inefficient.

ISFP Retiring, quietly friendly, sensitive, kind, modest about their abilities. Shun disagreements; do not force their opinions or values on others. Usually do not care to lead but are often loyal followers. Often relaxed about getting things done, because they enjoy the present moment and do not want to spoil it by undue haste or exertion.

INFP Full of enthusiasms and loyalties, but seldom talk of these until they know you well. Care about learning, ideas, language, and independent projects of their own. Tend to undertake too much, then somehow get it done. Friendly, but often too absorbed in what they are doing to be sociable. Little concerned with possessions or physical surroundings.

INTP Quiet, reserved, brilliant in exams, especially in theoretical or scientific subjects. Logical to the point of hair- splitting. Usually interested mainly in ideas, with little liking for parties or small talk. Tend to have sharply defined interests. Need to choose careers where some strong interest can be used and useful.

ESTP Matter-of-fact, do not worry or hurry, enjoy whatever comes along. Tend to like mechanical things and sports, with friends on the side. May be a bit blunt or insensitive. Can do math or science when they see the need. Dislike long explanations. Are best with real things that can be worked, handled, taken apart or put together.

ESFP Outgoing, easygoing, accepting, friendly, enjoy everything and make things more fun for others by their enjoyment. Like sports and making things. Know what’s going on and join in eagerly. Find remembering facts easier than mastering theories. Are best in situations that need sound common sense and practical ability with people as well as with things.

ENFP Warmly enthusiastic, high-spirited, ingenious, imaginative. Able to do almost anything that interests them. Quick with a solution for any difficulty and ready to help anyone with a problem. Often rely on their ability to improvise instead of preparing in advance. Can usually find compelling reasons for whatever they want.

ENTP Quick, ingenious, good at many things. Stimulating company, alert and outspoken. May argue for fun on either side of a question. Resourceful in solving new and challenging problems, but may neglect routine assignments. Apt to turn to one new interest after another. Skillful in finding logical reasons for what they want.

ESTJ Practical, realistic, matter-of-fact, with a natural head for business or mechanics. Not interested in subjects they see no use for, but can apply themselves when necessary. Like to organize and run activities. May make good administrators, especially if they remember to consider others’ feelings and points of view.

ESFJ Warm-hearted, talkative, popular, conscientious, born cooperators, active committee members. Need harmony and may be good at creating it. Always doing something nice for someone. Work best with encouragement and praise. Little interest in abstract thinking or technical subjects. Main interest is in things that directly and visibly affect people’s lives.

ENFJ Responsive and responsible. Generally feel real concern for what others think or want, and try to handle things with due regard for other people’s feelings. Can present a proposal or lead a group discussion with ease and tact. Sociable, popular, active in school affairs, but put time enough on their studies to do good work.

ENTJ Hearty, frank, able in studies, leaders in activities. Usually good in anything that requires reasoning and intelligent talk, such as public speaking. Are usually well informed and enjoy adding to their fund of knowledge. May sometimes be more positive and confident than their experience in an area warrants.

INTUITIVE TYPESSENSING TYPES

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PERSONAL STYLE INVENTORY INTERPRETATION SHEET Letters on the score sheet stand for: I – introversion E – extroversion N – intuition S – sensing T – thinking F – feeling P – perceiving J – judging If your score is: the likely interpretation is:

20 - 21 balance in the strengths of the dimensions.

22 – 24 some strength in the dimension; some weakness in the other member of the pair.

25 – 29 definite strength in the dimension; definite weakness

in the other member of the pair. 30 – 40 considerable strength in the dimension; considerable

weakness in the other member of the pair. Your typology is those four dimensions for which you had scores of 22 or more, although the relative strengths of all the dimensions actually constitute your typology. Scores of 20 or 21 show relative balance in a pair so that either member could be part of the typology. DIMENSIONS OF THE TYPOLOGY The following four pairs of dimensions are present to some degree in all people. It is the extremes that are describes here. The strength of a dimension is indicated by the score for that dimension and will determine how closely the strengths and weaknesses described fit the participant’s personality. Introversion – Extroversion Persons more introverted than extroverted tend to make decisions somewhat independently of constraints and prodding from the situation,

culture, people, or things around them. They are quiet, diligent at working alone, and socially reserved. They may dislike being interrupted while working and may tend to forget names and faces. Extroverted persons are attuned to the culture, people, and things around them, endeavoring to make decisions congruent with demands and expectations. The extrovert is outgoing, socially free, interested in variety and in working with people. The extrovert may become impatient with long, slow tasks and does not mind being interrupted by people. Intuition – Sensing The intuitive person prefers possibilities, theories, gestalts, the overall, invention, and the new and becomes bored with nitty-gritty details, the concrete and actual, and facts unrelated to concepts. The intuitive person thinks and discusses in spontaneous leaps of intuition that may leave out or neglect details. Problem solving comes easily for this individual, although there may be a tendency to make errors of fact. The sensing type prefers the concrete, real, factual, structured, tangible here and now, becoming impatient with theory and the abstract, mistrusting intuition. The sensing type thinks in careful, detail-by-detail accuracy, remembering real facts, making few errors of fact, but possibly missing a conception of the overall. Feeling – Thinking The feeler makes judgments about life, people, occurrences, and things based on empathy, warmth, and personal values. As a consequence, feelers are more interested in people and feelings than in impersonal logic, analysis, and things, and in conciliation and harmony more than in being on top or achieving impersonal goals. The feeler gets along well with people in general. The thinker makes judgments about life, people, occurrences, and things based on logic, analysis, and evidence, avoiding the irrationality of making decisions based on feelings and values. As a result, the thinker is more interested in logic, analysis, and verifiable conclusions than in

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empathy, values, and personal warmth. The thinker may step on others’ feelings and needs without realizing it, neglecting to take into consideration the values of others. Perceiving – Judging The perceiver is a gatherer, always wanting to know more before deciding, holding off decisions and judgments. As a consequence, the perceiver is open, flexible, adaptive, nonjudgmental, able to see and appreciate all sides of issues, always welcoming new perspectives and new information about issues. However, perceivers are also difficult to pin down and may be indecisive and noncommittal, becoming involved in so many tasks that do not reach closure that they may become frustrated at times. Even when they finish tasks, perceivers will tend to look back at them and wonder whether they are satisfactory or could have been done another way. The perceiver wishes to roll with life rather than change it. The judger is decisive, firm, and sure, setting goals and sticking to them. The judger wants to close books, make decisions, and get on to the next project. When a project does not yet have closure, judgers will leave it behind and go on to new tasks and not look back. STRENGTHS AND WEAKENESSES OF THE TYPES Each person has strengths and weaknesses as a result of these dimensions. Committees and organizations with a preponderance of one type will have the same strengths and weaknesses. Possible Strengths Possible Weaknesses Introvert Independent misunderstands the external Works alone avoids others Is diligent is secretive Reflects loses opportunities to act Works with ideas is misunderstood by others Is careful of generalizations needs quiet to work Is careful before acting dislikes being interrupted

Possible Strengths Possible Weaknesses Extrovert Understands the external has less independence Interacts with others does not work without people Is open needs change, variety Acts, does is impulsive Is well understood is impatient with routine Intuitor Sees possibilities is inattentive to detail, precision Sees gestalts is inattentive to the actual and

practical Imagines, intuits is impatient with the tedious Works out new ideas leaves things out in leaps of logic Works with the complicated loses sight of the here-and-now Solves novel problems jumps to conclusions Senser Attends to detail does not see possibilities Is practical loses the overall in details Has memory for detail, fact mistrusts intuition Works with tedious detail does not work out the new Is patient is frustrated with the complicated Is careful, systematic prefers not to imagine future Feeler Considers others’ feelings is not guided by logic Understands needs, values is not objective Is interested in conciliation is less organized Demonstrates feeling is uncritical, overly accepting Persuades, arouses bases justice on feelings

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Possible Strengths Possible Weaknesses Thinker Is logical, analytical does not notice people’s feelings Is objective misunderstands others’ values Is organized is uninterested in conciliation Has critical ability does not show feelings Is just shows less mercy Stands firm is uninterested in persuading Perceiver Compromises is indecisive See all sides of issues does not plan Is flexible, adaptable has no order Remains open for changes does not control circumstances Decides based on all data is easily distracted from tasks Is not judgmental does not finish projects Judger Decides is unyielding, stubborn Plans is inflexible, unadaptable Orders decides with insufficient data Controls is judgmental Makes quick decisions is controlled by task or plans Remains with a task wishes not to interrupt work

GENERALIZATIONS The following generalizations can be helpful in applying this inventory to individual settings.

1. People who have the same strengths in the dimensions will seem to “click,” to arrive at decisions more quickly, to be on the same wavelength. Their decisions, however, may suffer because of their weaknesses, exhibiting blind spots and holes that correspond to the list of weaknesses for that type.

2. People who have different strengths in the dimensions will not

see eye-to-eye on many things and will have difficulty accepting some views, opinions, and actions of the others. The more dimensions in which the two differ, the greater the conflict and misunderstanding of each other. However, decisions resulting from their interaction will benefit from the differing points of view and strengths of each.

3. People may be sensitive about criticisms in their areas of

weakness and likely will prefer not to use these dimensions. As a result, conflict may occur when they must do so or when others point out deficiencies in these areas.

4. People will normally gravitate toward others who have similar

strengths and weaknesses, although people of differing types are often drawn to one another because the strengths of one are admired and needed by the other.

5. People’s values, beliefs, decisions, and actions will be profoundly

influenced by all four of the stronger dimensions in their typology.

6. While a person’s typology cannot be changed to its opposite, each

person can learn to strengthen the weaker dimensions to some extent and to develop personal life strategies to overcome problems that result from the weaknesses.

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IMPLICATIONS The Personal Style Inventory raises several implications to consider.

1. Individuals, groups, and organizations with a preponderance of members whose strengths are in one type should seek out and listen to people of the opposite types when making decisions. Task-oriented groups would often benefit from a mixture of types.

2. People should realize that many differences in beliefs, values, and

actions are the result of differences in style rather than of being right or wrong. Rather than be concerned over the differences, we need to understand and accept them and value the perspective they give.

3. When people must, of necessity, interact often with the same

people (in teaching, business, marriage, etc.), interactions can be more congenial, satisfying, and productive if those involved, especially those with the greater power, understand the needs of others based on typology differences and adjust to them.

4. When interacting to accomplish tasks, people should be careful to

label their values as values and then proceed to examine the facts and forces involved without defending the value position.