Global health Issue
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chapter_3.pptxChapter Three
Health, Education, Poverty, and the Economy
Global Health 101
Chapter 3:
Health, Education, Poverty, and the Economy
Health, Education, Productivity, and Poverty
Health and Education
Health and education of parents affects health and education of children
Malnutrition and disease affect cognitive development
Education contributes to disease prevention
Figure 3.1: Percentage of 1-Year-Old Children Receiving Measles Immunization, by Mothers with No Education and Mothers with Higher Education, for Selected Countries
Health, Education, Productivity and Poverty
Health Productivity and Earnings
Good health increases longevity, lifetime earnings
Healthy workers are more productive than unhealthy workers
Health, Education, Productivity, and Poverty
Health, the Costs of Illness, and Poverty
Costs of health care are high
Illness often leads to a decrease in earnings
Health and Equity
Equity Across Countries
Enormous variance in basic indicators of health across countries
Largely, but not completely varies by income
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Health and Equity
Equity Within Countries
Some countries have substantial variation in health indicators across population groups
Tend to be low- and middle-income countries or high-income countries with significant ethnic minorities
Health and Equity
Equity and Location
Urban dwellers tend to enjoy better health status, coverage, and access to services than rural dwellers
Rural people tend to have lower incomes, less education, less access to services, and weaker political voice
Health and Equity
Equity and Income
Large gap in access, coverage, fairness, and benefits between less well off and better off
Illustrated by Figure 3-7 which shows percentage of underweight children by income group in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Figure 3.7: Percentage of Underweight Children 0-5 Years of Age, by Income Quintile, Selected Regions
Source: Data from UNICEF. Progress for Children: Achieving the
MDGs with Equity. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/media/files/
Progress_for_Children-No.9_EN_081710.pdf. Accessed September 17,
2010.
Figure 3.2: Under-5 Child Mortality Rates, for Selected States, India, 2005-2006
Health and Equity
Equity and Gender
“Being born female is dangerous to your health”
Women face health concerns related to their diminished place in many societies
Examples: female infanticide, less food for female children, lower enrollment in school, violence against women
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Jimmy Carter: Why I believe the mistreatment of women is the number one human rights abuse
Health and Equity
Equity and Ethnicity
Strong association between ethnicity and health status, access, and coverage
Linked to strong association between ethnicity and power, education, and income
Health and Equity
Equity and Financial Fairness
Substantial out-of-pocket costs for poor in low-income countries
Benefit of public subsidies often received by better off people
Health Expenditure and Health Outcomes
Most high-income countries spend 9-12% of GDP and have higher life expectancies
Most low-income countries spend 3-6% of GDP and have lower life expectancies
Important outliers like Sri Lanka and Cuba spend relatively little, but achieve higher life expectancies
Figure 3.12: Expenditure on Health as Share of GDP
Source: Data from World Health Organization. Core Health Indicators, 2006. Available at: http://www3.who.int/whosis/core/core_select_process.cfm.
Accessed July 18, 2006.
Public and Private Expenditure on Health
Public Expenditure: expenditure by any level of government or government agency
Private Expenditure: expenditure by sources other than the government such as a non-governmental organization
Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: expenditure by individuals that is not covered or reimbursed by an insurance program
Health Costs: How the U.S. Compares With Other Countries
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) — an international economic group comprised of 34 member nations
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Health Costs: How the U.S. Compares With Other Countries
Health Costs: How the U.S. Compares With Other Countries
Health Costs: How the U.S. Compares With Other Countries
Commonwealth Fund
The Cost Effectiveness of Health Interventions
Compares cost of an intervention with the amount of health that can be purchased with that investment
Compares alternative approaches to achieving a specific goal/intervention, such as TB drug therapy
Compares different interventions to assist investment choices
Can help to set priorities among different ways of achieving a health goal
Health and Development
Good health promotes economic development
Higher levels of economic development also promote better health, but not quickly enough
Therefore, low- and middle-income countries must adopt policies that speed achievement of health goals, even with constrained incomes
How can they do this as fast as possible, and at the least possible cost?
