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Research question: In patients with more than fifty years of age, how does the rate of patient mortality as a result of cardiac arrest compared to succumbing from bacterial infections influence their risk of death during the hospitalization period

Beurskens, C., Horn, J., de Boer, A., Schultz, M., van Leeuwen, E., Vroom, M., & Juffermans, N. (2014). Cardiac arrest patients have an impaired immune response, which is not influenced by induced hypothermia. Critical Care, 18(4), R162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc14002

1. The study focuses on cardiac arrest patients and looks at whether these patients have an impaired immune response that is not influenced by induced hypothermia.

2. This is a prospective observational cohort study where 20 patients who had survived cardiac arrest were recruited and their body temperatures regulated. In addition, their plasma cytokines was measured to determine the level of body immunity

3. 9 patients kept at 36°C had increased cytokines levels while 11 patients kept at 33°C had also increased plasma cytokines levels.

4. The study is relevant as it helps to indicate how patients who have survived from cardiac arrest have reduced systemic inflammatory response and low immune cells response which may increase their risks of other diseases and increase mortality

Bloom, H., Shukrullah, I., Cuellar, J., Lloyd, M., Dudley, S., & Zafari, A. (2007). Long-term survival after successful inhospital cardiac arrest resuscitation. American Heart Journal, 153(5), 831-836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2007.02.011

1. The study examines the long term survival of patients who have had cardiac arrest and after successful inhospital cardiac arrest resuscitation

2. This is a descriptive retrospective study that examines long-term survival rate of inhospital patients diagnosed with cardiac arrest. 732 patient data were analyzed retrospectively and long-term mortality rate was determined.

3. 4.6% survived after discharge from the hospital and had poor long-term survival. One year survival rate was approximate 68%

4. The study is relevant as it helps to indicate that inhospital cardiac arrest did not have a long terms survival rate

Fugate, J., Brinjikji, W., Mandrekar, J., Cloft, H., White, R., Wijdicks, E., & Rabinstein, A. (2012). Post-Cardiac Arrest Mortality Is Declining: A Study of the US National Inpatient Sample 2001 to 2009. Circulation, 126(5), 546-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.088807

1. The study examines mortality rates of post-cardiac arrest patients in United States

2. A descriptive study was carried out through the analysis of the hospital discharge database. A total of 1,190,860 patients with cardiac arrest were hospitalized between 2001 and 2009

3. The inhospital mortality rate each year has significantly reduced from 69.6% in 2001 to 57.8% in 2008. The rate of mortality has declined in all subgroups including race, age and sex.

4. The study is relevant in this sense since it indicates the cause of inhospital mortality and some of the strategies put in place to reduce the rate of cardiac arrest mortality

Cdc.gov,. (2015). Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Surveillance --- Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES), United States, October 1, 2005--December 31, 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6008a1.htm

1. The study indicates that over 300,000 adults experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and approximate 92% who experience cardiac arrest die momentarily after being hospitalized.

2. This is a descriptive study that analyzes 8,585 cardiac arrest patients who have received resuscitation effort outside the hospital

3. From the study, approximate 21.6% were pronounced dead after termination of resuscitation efforts in a pre-hospital setting while the survival rate of hospital admission was indicated to be 26.3%

4. The study is relevant as it indicates the rate of morality among patients diagnosed with cardiac arrest.

Ebell, M., Becker, L., Barry, H., & Hagen, M. (1998). Survival after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Gen Intern Med, 13(12), 805-816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00244.x

1. The article intended to determine survival rate of patients after discharge and who are undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation

2. The article indicated the gravity of the issue by reviewing literature available in National Library of Medicine databases. The literature contained studies from adults who are undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation and patients who are recovering from cardiac arrest within the intensive care units and general wards

3. From the study, only 40.7% of immediately discharged survived while rate of survival following discharge for patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation was shown to be 13.4%

4. This article supports the proposal that the rate of mortality as a result of cardiac arrest is significantly higher as shown by a higher mortality rate from discharged patients who are undergoing cardiac pulmonary resuscitation.

Punjasawadwong, Y., Siriphuwanun, V., Lapisatepun, W., Charuluxananan, S., & Uerpairojkit, K. (2014). Prognostic factors for death and survival with or without complications in cardiac arrest patients receiving CPR within 24 hours of anesthesia for emergency surgery. RMHP, 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s68797

1. This article aims at determining the prognostic factors for survival and death in cardiac arrest patients who are receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation within a duration of 24 hours upon being given anesthesia

2. The study uses the retrospective data review method of patient with cardiac arrest and who received CPR after receiving anesthesia within 24 hours duration. The data from 751 patients met the inclusion criteria

3. The outcome from the study indicated that 85% of patients succumbed to death within 24 hours of receiving anesthesia, 5.3% survived without complications and 9.7 survived with complications

4. The study indicates the reasons why there are high mortality rates among cardiac arrest patients during the hospitalization period

TAVERNISE, S. (2013). Antibiotic-Resistant Infections Lead to 23,000 Deaths a Year, C.D.C. Finds. Sabrina T. Retrieved 14 December 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/health/cdc-report-finds-23000-deaths-a-year-from-antibiotic-resistant-infections.html?_r=0

1. The study examines the antibiotic-resistant infections and examines the rate of mortality in United States

2. This is a descriptive study that examines the number of deaths as reported by CDC in America from antibiotic-resistant infections

3. According to the study, approximate 23,000 individuals die from antibiotic resistant bacteria every year.

4. The study is relevant since it will indicate the complications and mortality being caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and this number will be compared from the rate of mortality from cardiac arrest.

Khan, N., Razzak, J., Ahmed, H., Furqan, M., Saleem, A., & Alam, H. et al. (2008). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: outcome and its predictors among hospitalized adult patients in Pakistan. Int J Emerg Med, 1(1), 27-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12245-008-0016-4

1. The study aims at determining the outcome of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation within patients above 14 years with cardiac arrest.

2. A retrospective study design was used to analyse patients above 14 years and who have received Cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest. The study analyzed 383 patient cases.

3. From the study, 42% survived the cardiac arrest for more than 24 hours. In addition, 19% survived to discharge and on follow-up, 14% of those discharged survived for a period of between 1 and 6 months. The study also provided independent predictor of better patient outcome.

4. The study is relevant as it indicates the rate of survival from patients diagnosed with cardiac arrest.

Peter G. Brindley, D. (2002). Predictors of survival following in-hospital adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 167(4), 343. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117846/

1. The study provides more relevant information pertaining to survival data of adult in-patients in Canada following resuscitation from cardiac arrest

2. This is a descriptive study of 247 cardiac arrest cases that occurred between 1997 and 1999. The data was obtained by reviewing the inpatient medical records.

3. From the study, 22.4% survived to hospital discharge and 48.3% were able to be resuscitated. No patient who had unwitnessed cardiac arrest according to the study survived to discharge.

4. The study is relevant as it indicates the survival rate of cardiac arrest and the rate of survival between witnessed and unwitnessed cardiac arrest.

Smith R & Joanna C,. (2002). Antimicrobial resistance: a global response*. Retrieved 14 December 2015, from http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/80%282%29126.pdf

1. This peer reviewed article tends to explain the global response to antimicrobial resistance and how the resistance to antimicrobial therapies to a higher level minimizes the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs thus resulting to increased mortality and morbidity

2. The study provides descriptive research from other scholars and indicates the challenge of antimicrobial resistance and the current resistance rates

3. The study does not provide the incidence of mortality but tends to consider the capacity of national institutions and mechanisms that have been put in place to reduce the problem of antimicrobial resistance

4. The study is relevant as it provides comprehensive information relating to antimicrobial resistance. It also provides a comprehensive scholarly analysis which indicates the morbidity and mortality brought by resistance to antimicrobial therapies.

Resistance, O., Approved, F., Estimate, G., & Regenerator, T. (2014). Overcoming Resistance | The Scientist Magazine®. The Scientist. Retrieved 14 December 2015, from http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/39512/title/Overcoming-Resistance/

1. The study provides information pertaining to the strategies that are being put in place to overcome resistance. It provides information from other research regarding the problem and solution to antimicrobial resistance.

2. The study which is a descriptive analysis of other research work provides statistics work from other places such as CDC and indicates the level of antimicrobial resistance

3. According to the study, 23,000 Americans each year lose their lives due to antimicrobial resistance to drugs. However, this number is significantly reducing with introduction of new classes of antimicrobial drugs by Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

4. The study is relevant as it indicates the mortality rate due to antimicrobial resistance bacteria and this rate will be compared to the cardiac arrest mortality rate.

World Health Organization,. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance. Retrieved 14 December 2015, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/

1. This article provides comprehensive information on bacterial infection across the world and indicates the level of multidrug resistance from various bacterial infection

2. Being a descriptive study, the article provides comprehensive information pertaining to the rate of bacterial infection and provides data from World health organization.

3. According to WHO, there was a gradual decrease in the antimicrobial resistance threats across the world with introduction of effective antibiotics drugs. The study also indicates that patients with drug-resistant bacteria have a greater chance of having worse clinical outcome and death

4. The study is relevant as it provides information pertaining to bacterial infection and for this reason we need to be more alert.

Coba, V., Jaehne, A., Suarez, A., Dagher, G., Brown, S., & Yang, J. et al. (2014). The incidence and significance of bacteremia in out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 85(2), 196-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.09.022

1. The study indicates the rate of cardiac arrest in United States and indicates the rate of bacterial infection among cardiac arrest patients who have been discharged.

2. The study is a prospective observational sampling study which analyzed 250 cardiac arrest patients. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of bacteremia in cardiac arrest patients who are outside the hospital

3. Out of the 250 patients, 71% had positive blood cultures which indicated the presence of bacteria in their blood that increases their level of mortality. The study indicated that these patients had increased short-term mortality and increased long-term mortality

4. The study is relevant as it indicates the reason behind increased rate of mortality among cardiac arrest patients upon hospitalization and discharge.

Spellberg, B., Guidos, R., Gilbert, D., Bradley, J., Boucher, H., & Scheld, W. et al. (2008). The Epidemic of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections: A Call to Action for the Medical Community from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 46(2), 155-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/524891

1. The purpose of this study is to determine the epidemic of antibiotic resistance infection and why there is a need for action to reduce the epidemic.

2. This is a descriptive study that examines the mortality and the epidemic of antibiotic resistance bacteria across the world. The study provides a comprehensive descriptive analysis of other studies.

3. According to the study, there is need to take action against the epidemic of antimicrobial resistance in order to reduce the mortality and morbidity rates

4. The study is relevant as it provides comprehensive information on antibiotic resistance bacteria

Cpr.heart.org,. (2015). Cardiac Arrest Statistics. Retrieved 14 December 2015, from http://cpr.heart.org/AHAECC/CPRAndECC/General/UCM_477263_Cardiac-Arrest-Statistics.jsp

1. This article provides a comprehensive coverage on the statistics of cardiac arrest in United States.

2. The article is descriptive as it depends on analyzing the cardiac arrest statistics in 2013. It also provides new data on the outcome of cardiac arrest monitoring

3. The incidence of out-of-patient was 359,000 while the in-hospital cardiac arrest incidence rate of cardiac arrest was 209,000.

4. This paper is relevant as it provides information pertaining to the existing statistics on cardiac arrest across the United States.