Agriculture Esssay
YAS7711
chg_2e_lecture_ch10.ppt© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karl Byrand, University of Wisconsin-Sheboygan
Contemporary Human Geography, 2e
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10.1 Origin of Agriculture
- Agriculture
- Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain
- Crop
- Any plant cultivated by people
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10.1 Origin of Agriculture
- Hunters and gatherers
- Small groups
- Male–female division of labor
- Daily food gathering
- Mobility
- Only ~250,000 today
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10.1 Origin of Agriculture
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HUNTERS AND GATHERERS
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10.1 Origin of Agriculture
- Crop hearths
- Early centers of domestication
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CROP HEARTHS
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10.1 Origin of Agriculture
- Animal hearths
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10.1 Origin of Agriculture
- Why agriculture originated
- Environmental factors
- Cultural factors
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10.2 Diet
- Factors affecting food consumption
- Level of development
- Physical conditions
- Cultural preferences
- Total consumption of food
- Kilocalories
- Most derived from grains
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10.2 Diet
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DIETARY ENERGY BY SOURCE
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10.2 Diet
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WHEAT CONSUMPTION
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10.2 Diet
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RICE CONSUMPTION
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10.2 Diet
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MAIZE CONSUMPTION
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10.2 Diet
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YAM CONSUMPTION
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10.2 Diet
- Sources of nutrients
Protein
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PROTEIN BY SOURCE
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10.2 Diet
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MEAT CONSUMPTION
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10.2 Diet
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PROTEIN FROM MEAT
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
- Dietary energy needs
- Needed average kcals: 1,800 kcals/day
- Average global consumption: 2,780 kcals/day
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
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DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
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HIGH CALORIE CONSUMPTION
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
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INCOME SPENT ON FOOD
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
- Undernourishment
- Is dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
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EXTENT OF UNDERNOURISEMENT
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
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SHARE OF WORLD’S 800 MILLION
UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
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CHANGE IN NUMBER UNDERNOURISHED
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
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UNDERNOURISHMENT
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
- Africa’s food-supply struggle
- Struggle to keep food production ahead of population growth
- Food production per capita has changed very little in a half-century
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10.3 Nutrition and Hunger
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POPULATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN AFRICA
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10.4 Agriculture Regions
- Subsistence agriculture
- Practiced in developing countries
- Provides food for direct consumption for farmer and family
- Commercial agriculture
- Practiced in developed countries
- Generates a surplus for sale off the farm to food-processing companies
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10.4 Agriculture Regions
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SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
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10.4 Agriculture Regions
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INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
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10.4 Agriculture Regions
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COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
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10.4 Agriculture Regions
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MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK
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10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
- Farm size
- Commercial agriculture
- Larger
- Smaller number of farms
- Mechanization
- Largest amounts of capital
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10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
- Percentage of farmers in society
- Developed countries
- ~5 percent engaged in agriculture
- Developing countries
- ~50 percent engaged in agriculture
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10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
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LABOR FORCE ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE
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10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
- Use of machinery
- Developed countries
- Heavy reliance on machinery rather than people or animals
- Mass-produced farm machinery
- Transportation aids commercial food distributions
- Scientific advances to increase productivity
- Electronics
- GPS
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10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
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FARMLAND PER TRACTOR
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10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
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USE OF MACHINERY
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10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
- Shifting cultivation
- Slash-and-burn agriculture
- Swidden, Milpa, ladang, chena, Kaingin
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10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
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SHIFTING CULTIVATION
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10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
- Pastoral nomadism
- Herding of domesticated animals
- Adapted to dry climates
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10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
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PASTORAL NOMADISM
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10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
- Intensive subsistence
- Practiced in areas with high agricultural densities
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10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
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RICE PRODUCTION
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10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
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INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING
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10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
- Plantation agriculture
- Plantation
- Form of commercial agriculture in developing regions that specializes in one or two crops
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10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
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SUGARCANE PLANTATION
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
- Mixed crop and livestock
- Corn most common crop
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
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MAIZE (CORN) PRODUCTION
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
- Dairy farming
- Milkshed
- The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
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MILK PRODUCTION
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
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MILK PRODUCTION
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
- Grain farming
- Primarily for human consumption
- Located in regions that are too dry for mixed crop and livestock farming
Example: Great Plains of North America
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
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WHEAT PRODUCTION
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
- Livestock ranching
- Ranching: Commercial grazing of agriculture over an extensive area
- Primarily practiced on arid or semi-arid lands
- Contemporary ranching part of meat-processing industry
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
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MEAT PRODUCTION
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
- Commercial gardening and fruit farming
- Truck farming
- Predominant agriculture type in U.S. Southeast
- Specialty Farming: Farmers grow crops that have limited but increasing demand
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
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COMMERCIAL GARDENING
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10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
- Mediterranean agriculture
- Exists on lands that border the Mediterranean Sea and other places that share a similar physical geography
- Two most important crops: olives and grapes
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10.8 Fishing
- Fish production
- Aquaculture (aquafarming)
- The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
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10.8 Fishing
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AQUACULTURE
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10.8 Fishing
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FISH PRODUCTION
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10.8 Fishing
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FISHING
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10.8 Fishing
- Fish consumption
- In past half century fish consumption has doubled worldwide
- Tripled in developing countries
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10.8 Fishing
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MAJOR FISHING REGIONS
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10.8 Fishing
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FISH CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA
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10.8 Fishing
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PERCENT PROTEIN FROM FISH
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10.8 Fishing
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EMPLOYMENT IN FISHING AND AQUACULTURE
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10.8 Fishing
- Overfishing
- The capturing of fish faster than they can reproduce
- 90 percent reduction in some fish species
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10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
- Strategies for increasing food productivity
- Expand agricultural land
- 11 percent of world’s land used for agriculture
- Excessive or inadequate water makes expansion difficulty.
- Expansion of agricultural land much slower than the increase of the human population.
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10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
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AGRICULTURAL LAND AND POPULATION GROWTH
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10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
- Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.)
- Increase agricultural productivity
- Green Revolution technologies
- Norman Borlaug
- Green Revolution responsible for preventing a food crisis in developing countries in 1970s and 1980s.
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10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
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INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOME OF THE “GREEN REVOLUTION ”
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10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
- Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.)
- Improve food sources
- Higher protein cereal grains
- Palatability of rarely consumed goods
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10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
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SOY PRODUCT
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10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
- Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.)
- Expand exports
- Expand exports: trade in food has increased since 2000.
- Three top export grains: wheat, corn, rice.
- Four leading net exporters: Argentina, Brazil, the Netherlands, and the United States.
- Four leading net importers: Japan, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom.
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10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
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WORLD FOOD EXPORTS
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10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
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TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
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10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces
- Agribusiness
- The system of commercial farming found in the developed countries
- Von Thünen model explains importance of proximity to market in the choice of crops on commercial farms.
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10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces
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VON THÜNEN MODEL�
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10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces
- Productivity challenges
- Increased yield per cow (dairy farming) has tripled.
- Surplus leads to low incomes.
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10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces
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DAIRY COWS
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10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces
- Government subsidies
- Farmers are encouraged to produce crops that are in excess supply.
- Government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low.
- Government buys surplus production.
- Sells or donates it
- Developed countries: encouraged to grow less food
- Developing countries: struggle to increase food production
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10.11 Sustainable Agriculture
- Agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality.
- Sustainable agriculture and organic farming
- Rely on sensitive land management
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10.11 Sustainable Agriculture
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SHARE OF THE WORLD’S ORGANIC FARMING
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10.11 Sustainable Agriculture
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FARMLAND IN ORGANIC FARMING IN EUROPE
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10.11 Sustainable Agriculture
- Sensitive land management
- Ridge tillage
- System of planting crops on ridgetops
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10.11 Sustainable Agriculture
- Limited use of chemicals
- Integrated crop and livestock
- Head size and distribution
- Animal confinement
- Management in extreme weather
- Flexible feeding and marketing
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Chapter Review
- Key Questions
- What do people eat?
- How is agriculture distributed?
- What challenges does agriculture face?
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