CJA Week 5 Assignment

Transcripts:

Targeting Terrorism

3 September, 2004. Beslan's number one schoolis overrun by Chechen separatists. More than1,000 children and adults are held captive.Russian special forces storm the building. And the siege leaves 331 dead, 186 of them children. Thisis the archetypal terrorist act, calculated violenceaimed at innocents for political ends.

[SPEAKING FOREIGN LANGUAGE]

We've not only had to deal with murderers, butwith people who use weapons againstdefenseless children.

But many terrorists describe themselves asfreedom fighters.

[SPEAKING FOREIGN LANGUAGE]

The aim of our operation in Beslan was to stop thewar, stop the genocide of the Chechen people,and force the withdrawal of the Russianoccupying troops.

The demands became known right away-- endthe war in Chechnya, withdraw the troops fromChechnya. But apparently, the federal authoritiesdidn't like that. They made it sound as if thehostage taking had happened for no reason.

After centuries of religiously motivated terrorism,many 19th and 20th century movements acted inthe name of self-determination. The 9/11 terrorattacks epitomized a swing in the 1990s backtowards religious terrorism, even deadlier actssupposedly sanctioned by God.

Muslims all over the world, I strongly advise youto sacrifice this life for the hereafter. Saveyourselves from the fire and torment. Come backto your religion, and bring back your honor.

Many analysts feared terrorists would useweapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear orbiological weapons. Iran and North Korea, bothstates believed to sponsor terrorism, have soughtto acquire nuclear technology.

Any country that aims to acquire a nuclearweapon is the grave threat to international peaceand security, particularly in a region like the MiddleEast, which is full of hostility, full of lack, full ofdistrust.

Governments rarely give into terrorists, yet evenmore rarely do they work to alleviate the causesof terrorism, such as poverty and [INAUDIBLE]discrimination.

The more the Americans are supporting Israel,the more popular Bin Laden and his like becomes.

In this film, we look at the current terrorist threat in a range of countries, as well as how historyshapes the government's response.

[GUNSHOTS]

Gun!

[GUNSHOTS]

These tunnels are tiny. Literally, you've got toreally squeeze to get through. They criss-crossall of Bajaur. That's where the militants used tocome in and hide and move around and store theirarms.

From homegrown terrorists with nationalist andcommunist goals in the 1960s and '70s, Americanterrorist movements turned against the federalgovernment in the 1980s, culminating with theOklahoma City bombing in 1995. At the sametime, US citizens became more vulnerable toterrorist attacks abroad. In 1993, foreign terroristsmade their first major strike on US soil, a truckbomb detonated beneath the World Trade Center,killing six and wounding 1,000.

Eight years later, al-Qaeda again attacked on USsoil, hijacking four planes and reducing the WorldTrade Center to rubble, killing 2,700 innocentpeople.

Saudi Osama bin Laden founded al-Qaeda in1988 with the goal of establishing a global Islamicstate. 10 years later, he declared it, quote, "theduty of all Muslims to kill US citizens, civilians, andmilitary and their allies everywhere." Hisobjections to the US are Washington's support ofIsrael, the US military presence in the Middle East,and the non-Islamic values the US is spreading.

This time, when the shouting and screaming ofMuslims has become loud throughout the world,Palestine and Iraq, Afghanistan and Chechnya,this time we say to the old world and declare it as a thunderous scream-- the resolve of Muslims willnot weaken. We wish to offer our lives in the way of God, to please Him, to take revenge on our enemies, the Jews and the Crusaders.

Prior to 2001, Bin Laden had made threesuccessful attacks against the US-- the twoseparate suicide truck bombings of the USembassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998 andthe suicide bombing of the USS Cole, moored offYemen in the year 2000.

Following 9/11, President George W. Bushlaunched a massive military campaign to huntdown Bin Laden in a war on terror, starting withthe invasion of Afghanistan to try to oust hardlineIslamists, the Taliban. Bush defined an axis of evilas consisting of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea. Hewas criticized for expanding the war to includeIraq without a concrete link between Baghdad andBin Laden.

Bush also gave law enforcement authorities wide-sweeping powers under the 2001 Patriot Act.Greater powers of surveillance, wiretapping, theuse of secret evidence, and closed court hearingsbecame part of the war on terror.

The Patriot Act now legalizes many things that, inmy opinion and the opinion of many legal scholars,are in direct contradiction of our Constitution.

The US Constitution guarantees suspectedcriminals protection from detention without charge,the right to a speedy public trial, and protectionfrom cruel and unusual punishment. In war, thegovernment may curb these rights. Terrorsuspects captured in Afghanistan were classifiedas enemy combatants and transferred toGuantanamo Bay, a US naval facility in Cuba.

We shouldn't forget that the reason they're here inGuantanamo is because they are terrorists.

The detainees there were largely left in limbo,without formal challenges. But the pursuit ofinternational terrorists under military rather thancivilian rules alienated many US allies.

You don't just hold people by casting them into ablack hole and say that no one can oversee whatthey do because we are the US military. That'snot the rule of law. That's military rule.

In 2006, US policy at Guantanamo came underfire, especially the use of simulated drowning orwaterboarding, sleep deprivation, and forcefeeding. Humanitarian agencies said all prisonersthere were entitled to a trial or release under theGeneva Convention.

These were not mastermind hardened terrorists.Most of them probably did not even though theABC of warfare or guerrilla warfare. And theywere caught up in a whirlpool of hysteria andJihad fervor, egged on by their local mullahs in thevillages.

--in the past year.

Criticism also mounted over the policy ofextraordinary rendition, in which the US sentsuspects to countries that practiced torture, suchas Egypt, Syria, or Morocco, for interrogation.

What this is is state-sponsored abduction. Andthat's a violation of international law.

When President Barack Obama took office in2009, he signaled a different direction in the waron terror, recognizing that military might alonecannot protect the US. He banned waterboardingand announced he would close Guantanamowithin a year. He also announced a timetable forUS combat troops to leave Iraq. Bush's anti-terrortactics had been widely discredited, not leastbecause Osama bin Laden had never beencaught, and the Taliban had regrouped inPakistan.

After the war in Afghanistan in 2001, it should beremembered the Taliban were never defeated.They were simply routed by the Americans. Manythousands escaped into Pakistan, includingalmost the entire Taliban leadership.

The Pakistani Taliban vows to destroy thePakistan government and army for joining theAmerican fight against it. In 2008, the Taliban andits associated groups crippled Pakistan with 60suicide bombings, 140 kidnappings, theassassination of former Prime Minister BenazirBhutto, and the shutting down of NATO's mainsupply route into Afghanistan. Many are callingPakistan the new front line in the war on terror,with the Taliban now seeing themselves as part ofa global Jihad.

[SPEAKING FOREIGN LANGUAGE]

Prophet Muhammad said the Jihad will continueuntil the day of judgment. Our future attacks willbe fast and severe, God willing.

Today's prayer meeting followed the troubles lastnight, when supporters of the imam tried to breakinto the building. Extra police had been drafted tothe troubled mosque after a judge ordered--

In Britain, decades of dealing with the IrishRepublican Army-- IRA-- have left the securityservices relatively well-equipped. But the UK wascaught off guard by homegrown Islamic terroristswho struck in 2005. Fighting for a united Ireland,the IRA began a series of bombings againstBritish targets in the 1960s. Living with thisperpetual threat led the British government tocreate a response based on decentralization andpublic awareness, including evacuations after IRAtip-offs.

By the early 1990s, having achieved little throughviolence, IRA leaders began to focus on a politicalsolution. In 1998, the British and Irishgovernments agreed the Good Friday Accord. Itincluded the establishment of a Northern Irelandassembly and the release of IRA prisoners. GerryAdams, head of the IRA's political branch, SinnFein, called upon IRA militants to demobilize.

What Republicans have to be is very strategic inour attitude-- think beyond the difficulties nextyear, think beyond the problems that have beenunheard from the last number of years, think ofwhere we want to be in 10 years' time, and thenfed ourselves into a process which helps to bringthat about.

Meanwhile, throughout the 1990s, the UK'sgenerous asylum laws and relaxed politicalclimate had made it a popular destination forMuslim extremists exiled from other countries.

Remember, 6 million Muslims in the UK. We needan army of 6 million.

On July 7, 2005, four young men blew themselvesup on London's transport system, killing 52passengers. Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility. AllEnglish-born, three of the bombers had attendedradical Islamic schools in Pakistan.

Most of these lads are respectable lads. They hadgood backgrounds. The families were wellrespectable people in the area. That's not thereason. But that is something that the Britishcommunity need to look at, learn what makes aperson do such a thing.

They were general lads, just like ourselves,working, educated, financially secure. They werefrom financially secure families. What put the picture in their mind is the media. They're seeingtheir own brethren get killed day in, day out. And itdoes affect you.

During the 1990s, firebrand imams had taken oversome mosques to preach hate.

The imam from the pulpit can influence thecommunity in many respects, which need to besupervised, needs to be controlled.

One of these imams was Sheikh Omar BakriMohammed. He raised money and inspiredrecruits to the fundamentalist calls through hisgroup, Al-Muhajiroun. Hundreds of his youngfollowers have gone overseas to train and fight inMuslim conflicts. In 2004, Bakri disbanded Al-Muhajiroun under increasing pressure from theUK authorities and was refused reentry into theUK after travelling to Lebanon in 2005.

Another Muslim cleric with clear links to terrorismis Abu Hamza al-Mazri. He preached at London'sFinsbury Park Mosque, which has beenconnected to terrorist attacks in the Yemen, theBrixton shoe bomber, and British Taliban fighterslater held in Guantanamo Bay.

If they want to retaliate for the dead because youdon't listen, then I can no way say to them, we arenot allowed to do these things, because they alsohave civilians whom you've killed with your bombsand your policies and your sanctions.

Abu Hamza had a close alliance with anotherIslamic extremist, Abu Qatada, whosefundamentalist teachings inspired at least fouryoung men to join al-Qaeda. One was ZacariasMoussaoui, the so-called 20th hijacker of theWorld Trade Center. Jihadi activists in Britainwere swimming in a sea of like-minded individuals.

London. It's London. It's the safe haven. Thereare many people, as well as Abu Hamza or Abu Qatada, who, if they were in France, for example,a long time ago they'd be in prison.

The UK's 1974 Prevention of Terrorism Act hadbanned the IRA. But new counter-terror legislationwas introduced following the London bombings,including the right to hold suspects withoutcharges for 28 days, and a new charge ofglorifying terrorism. Both aspects werecontroversial, with critics claiming the glorificationoffense would damage legitimate freedom ofspeech.

Britain had been revealed as a key launchpad foral-Qaeda, a base for recruitment, and thechannelling of terrorist money. But by shifting itsemphasis to terror groups based in the UK sincethe London bombings, Britain foiled a suspectedplot to blow up as many as 10 passenger jetsleaving the UK for the US in 2006. It not onlyaverted what could have been another 9/11, butunderscored the UK's determination to counterthe threat of Islamic terror.

Responses to terrorism are often constrained, asin Germany and Japan, by a nation's military past.Both these countries have constitutions which limittheir responses and mean terrorism isapproached as a legal, rather than military,problem. Both countries faced left-wing groups inthe 1970s, but found their laws insufficient to dealwith religious terrorism from the 1990s onwards.

The Japanese doomsday cult, Aum Shinrikyo,attracted scientists capable of developingbiological and chemical weapons. Led by ShokoAsahara, the group demanded loyalty throughacts of violence and suffering. And those startingto doubt the movement were killed. Aum attracted10,000 members across Japan, and by 1994, hadbranches worldwide. The 1951 ReligiousCorporation Law precluded the government fromintruding on their activities.

In 1993, the Aum began experiments withchemical weapons. Some of the work was goingon right in the middle of downtown Tokyo. In 1995,members of Aum released sarin, a highly toxicnerve gas, into the Tokyo subway system. 12people died, and 5,002 were injured. Aum's sarinfactory was the brainchild of chemist MasamiTsuchiya.

[SPEAKING JAPANESE]

I sensed a crisis in contemporary society. I wasinterested in bringing a spiritual dimension tomodern science and harmonizing the two. I wasalways looking to join a group which shared thisidea.

The Aum subway attack caught the Japanesegovernment unprepared. In the wake of theattack, an emergency secretariat was created tocoordinate emergency response. Japan's primarycounter-terrorism strategy is internationalcooperation. Since 1960, its security has beenguaranteed by a treaty with the US, as the 1947Japanese constitution renounces the right to an army.

But the 9/11 attacks transformed Japanese anti-terrorist strategy. Tokyo gave logistical support tothe US in both Afghanistan and the Middle East.The terrorist threat is now being used to persuadeJapanese citizens of the merits of a remilitarizedJapan.

In our case, North Korea is kidnapping our people.People know that. And they shoot missilestowards our territory. So now people are gettingmore and more concerned about nationalsecurity.

Germany's approach to terrorism has been basedon diplomacy rather than military action. AlthoughGermany contributed troops to help oust theTaliban from Afghanistan, it refused to back theUS-led war on Iraq, a rift which has led toproblems with intelligence sharing between the USand Germany. Unlike Britain, Germany has notfaced widespread terrorist attacks. Yet al-Qaedamembers prepared for the 9/11 attacks inGermany. At least three of the hijackers lived inHamburg, but had not raised any suspicions,including the ringleader, Mohamed Atta.

He saw all of the licentiousness of the West. Andvery commonly, this experience causes youngMuslim men to become much more traditional,much more fundamentalist.

Germany's legal system is a reaction to its Nazipast. Reacting to the central police force createdby the Nazis, Germany's police force is highlydecentralized, with no centralized force forterrorist prevention. Specific laws were drafted forfighting 1970s left-wing terror group, Baader-Meinhof. But prior to 9/11, Germany had no lawsbanning foreign terrorist organizations.

Since 2001, German law forbids joining or helpingforeign terrorist organizations and allowed for thebanning of religious groups thought to promoteterrorism. One of those groups banned was Hizbut-Tahrir, a group which, as of 2009, was stillactive in Britain.

[SPEAKING SPANISH]

Columbia suffers from narcoterrorism, wheregroups are complicit in drug trafficking in order tofund politically motivated violence. Colombia hasno clear laws on terrorism. The main thread toguerrillas, paramilitaries, and drug cartels alike areextradition laws with the US.

Pablo Escobar, infamous leader of the Medellindrug cartel, surrendered to Colombian authoritiesin 1991 only after a ban on extradition. Columbiahas had two left-wing insurgencies since the1960s and a right-wing paramilitary group, allthree of which have been drawn into the cocainetrade. The guerrilla and narcotics networks havebecome intertwined, as the drug cartels seekprotection from the insurgencies and theinsurgencies seek funding from the cartels.Founded in 1964 to be the military branch of theColombian Communist Party, the RevolutionaryArmed Forces of Colombia, FARC, has nowdiversified into bombing, kidnapping, and drugrunning.

[SPEAKING SPANISH]

In Colombia, there are just some terrorist groups.This image of guerrillas that's projectedinternationally, it's long out of date.

[SPEAKING SPANISH]

The FARC collect tax from the cattle farmers, thecoffee farmers, those who grow banana,soybeans, and we also tax the buyers of thecoca.

The National Liberation Army, ELN, is the smallerof Columbia's two left-wing insurgents, alsofounded in 1964. It also kidnaps foreign nationalsand finances its activities through drugs. A right-wing militia was formed in 1997 from groupsfrequently targeted by the guerrillas, economicleaders, drug traffickers, and rural communities. Italso gets 70% of its income from cocaine.

[SPEAKING SPANISH]

If you have a banana plantation, they won't buythe bananas. If you're a pigsty, they won't buypork. They buy it from the wholesale dealers, and they export it. But with the coca, everybody buyscoca-- dealers, guerrillas, paramilitaries,everybody.

Between 1996 and 2003, an average of 3,000people were kidnapped in Colombia each year,including journalists, politicians, and foreigners.FARC is responsible for most of the kidnappings.In the year 2000, the US launched Plan Colombiato eradicate cocaine production, includingmassive aerial spraying of coca fields and a hugeshift in funding to the military. Alvaro Uribe waselected president in 2002 with pledges to end therebel insurgencies.

If violent groups do not have a governmentcapable to stop them, they want to negotiate.

2008 saw an unprecedented wave of FARCdesertions. But these government successescaused FARC to launch Plan Rebirth, promising tostep up their campaign of terror.

The tragedy of the Columbian war is that thegovernment cannot defeat the guerrillas throughmilitary force, nor can the guerrillas overthrow thegovernment by the use of arms. This is anunwinnable war. And we are condemned, sooneror later, to sit at the negotiating table.

Terrorism is a political strategy based on violenceand unpredictability. Governments may eliminatespecific terrorist groups, but are powerless tostop new groups forming.

The war on terror will be ongoing until the day thatwe win. The duration of that, we'll have to see. Wehope it ends tomorrow.

Watch out! Watch out! Let me get a shot.

Today's global terrorist threat requires globalcooperation. The UN's International Criminal Courtstands ready to prosecute terrorists. But the UShas refused to ratify its creation on the basis that it would make American soldiers vulnerable toprosecution for war crimes.

Meanwhile, the war on terror appears to haveradicalized many against the US. As this al-Qaedapropaganda video shows, the ranks of thosewilling to undertake suicide attacks against the USare not thinning.

[SPEAKING FOREIGN LANGUAGE]

 

Advantages and Disadvantages

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, HOME TO THREE HUNDRED MILLION PEOPLE, EACH OF US ASSUMING THAT IF WE OBEY THE LAWAND MIND OUR OWN BUSINESS, THERE'S NO REASON FOR ANYONE TO PAY MUCH ATTENTION TO US. THAT'S WHAT WE MIGHT THINK, BUT WE WOULD BE WRONG.RECORDS ARE BEING CREATED OF ACTIVITIES THAT USED TO BE TOTALLY PRIVATE. THERE ARE A LOT OF COMPANIESTHAT YOU'VE NEVER HEARD ABOUT, BUT THEY'VE HEARD SOMETHING ABOUT YOU.DETAILED, PERSONAL INFORMATION IS BEING COLLECTED EVERY DAY, AND USED IN WAYS WE COULD NEVER IMAGINE. MOST AMERICANS ARE IN YOUR DATABASE SOMEWHERE, RIGHT? ALSO BILLIONS OF TRANSACTIONS. INTERNET SEARCHES ARE BEING RECORDED... THEY KEEP EVERYTHING - YOUR POLITICAL LEANINGS,YOUR RELIGIOUS LEANINGS, YOUR MEDICAL CONCERNS, YOUR SEXUAL CONCERNS.DRIVING HABITS ARE BEING MONITORED...VEHICLE SPEED, ENGINE SPEED, WHETHER THE BRAKES WERE ON OR OFF...EMPLOYEES ARE SURVEILLED... HE'S HEADING BACK TO THE SHOP RIGHT NOW.SHOPPERS ARE OBSERVED, RECORDED AND ANALYZED... THAT'S AN ALERT RIGHT THERE. AND PERSONAL PHONE CALLS? I WAS UNDER THE IMPRESSION THATNOBODY COULD STEAL MY CELL PHONE RECORDS. AS IT TURNS OUT, I WAS VERY, VERY WRONG. WE ARE LIVING THROUGH A REVOLUTION. A SURVEILLANCE REVOLUTION EMPOWERED BY TECHNOLOGY. LITERALLY WITHIN FIVE TO SEVEN MINUTES WE'VE IDENTIFIED THE INDIVIDUAL. IT'S TECHNOLOGY THAT CAN BE PUT TO GOOD USE

- TO STOP TERRORISTS AND SOLVE CRIMES - BUT IF INFORMATION FALLS INTO THE WRONG HANDS OR IT'S JUST PLAIN WRONG, IT CAN RUIN LIVES. I WENT WITHOUT A JOB FOUR MONTHS. TOUGH FOUR MONTHS?VERY, VERY DIFFICULT FOR ME. FROM IMPLANTABLE CHIPS... THEY MAKE A SMALL INCISION IN YOUR ARM. ...TO DATA MINING COMPANIES... WELL, HOW SECURE IS THAT DATABASE? ...WE TAKE AN UNPRECEDENTED LOOK AT THE POWERFUL BUSINESS OF PERSONAL INFORMATION. WE'RE NOT MINING THROUGH THE PERSONAL LIVES OF INNOCENT AMERICANS. THE GOVERNMENT IS NOW WORKING WITH BIG BUSINESS TO TAKE SURVEILLANCE AND INFORMATION GATHERING TO LEVELS THAT WERE ONCE THE STUFF OF SCIENCE FICTION. BIG BROTHER, IF ALLOWED TO HAPPEN, WILL HAPPEN, AND OUR JOB, AS A RESPONSIBLE SOCIETY IS TO MAKE SURE THAT DOES NOT OCCUR. * * IT WAS A HORRIFIC AUTOMOBILE COLLISION. IT WAS THE BIGGEST TRAGEDY IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN

- ENTIRE FAMILIES WIPED OUT. IN MAY 2005, A DRUNK DRIVER, SPEEDING AND OUT OF CONTROL ON THIS ROAD IN FARMINGTON HILLS, MICHIGAN, SLAMMED HIS YUKON, DENALI SUV INTO A CAR CARRYING JUDITH WEINSTEIN, HER TWELVE YEAR OLD SON, ALEX, AND NINE YEAR OLD SON, SAM. ALL THREE WERE KILLED. IT IS MY UNDERSTANDING THIS MATTER IS GOING TO BE A PLEA. IS THAT CORRECT? FORTY-NINE YEAR OLD TOM WELLINGER, THE DRIVER OF THE YUKON, WAS CHARGED WITH THREE COUNTS OF SECOND DEGREE MURDER. CRUCIAL EVIDENCE USED AGAINST HIM WAS OBTAINED FROM A DEVICE IN HIS OWN CAR. A DEVICE THAT WAS TRACKING HIS DRIVING WITHOUT HIS KNOWLEDGE. IF YOU'VE BOUGHT A CAR IN THE LAST FEW YEARS, CHANCES ARE YOU HAVE ONE TOO. IT IS KNOWN AS AN EVENT DATA RECORDER OR EDR, ALSO REFERRED TO AS A BLACK BOX. IT CAPTURES WHAT HAPPENS IN AN AUTOMOBILE IN THESECONDS BEFORE AND AFTER ITS AIRBAG IS RELEASED. OAKLAND COUNTY PROSECUTOR KEN FRAZEE SAYS THE DATA RECOVERED FROM THE BLACK BOX HAS PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN A NUMBER OF HIS CASES, INCLUDING THIS ONE. THE DATA THAT WAS TESTIFIED TO IN COURT INDICATES THAT THE DEFENDANT WAS TRAVELING CONSISTENTLY AT APPROXIMATELY 70 MILES AN HOUR. NOW THIS WAS IN EXCESS OF THE SPEED LIMIT.THE ENGINE THROTTLE SPEED ALSO SHOWS THAT THE THROTTLE WAS HEAVILY ENGAGED AND FOR THE FIVE SECONDS PRIOR TO IMPACT THE BLACK BOX DEMONSTRATED, IN THIS CASE, THAT THERE WAS NO ATTEMPT TO BRAKING. IT'S VERY POWERFUL INFORMATION BECAUSEOF THE FACT THAT IT IS A SOLID TECHNOLOGY. SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA BASED VETRONIX SELLS THE TECHNOLOGY THAT ALLOWS LAW ENFORCEMENT TO DOWNLOAD DATA FROM A CAR'S BLACK BOX. ANDREW BUNCH IS A PRODUCT DEVELOPER. A FEW DIFFERENT DATA PARAMETERS ARE RECORDED. WE HAVE VEHICLE SPEED, ENGINE SPEED,PERCENT THROTTLE AND BRAKE SWITCH/DATA SWITCH. IT'S CALLED A BLACK BOX BUT IT'S NOT BLACK. THIS IS ACTUALLY AN AIR BAG CONTROL MODULE. ANY VEHICLE THAT HAS AN AIR BAG SYSTEM IS GOING TO HAVE AN AIR BAG CONTROL MODULE SYSTEM INSTALLED IN IT.WHETHER OR NOT IT RECORDS DATA IS, YOU KNOW, YOU CAN STICK A CHIP IN ANYTHING THESE DAYS TO RECORD THIS INFORMATION. EXACTLY, SO THAT AFTER DEPLOYMENT OF THE AIR BAGS, IT WILL ACTUALLY RECORD SOME OF THE DATA THAT WE SEE HERE. THE CONDITIONS FOR THESE PLEAS THAT WERE ENTERED TODAY IS THAT YOU WILL NEVER DRIVE A MOTOR VEHICLE FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIFE. IS THAT YOUR UNDERSTANDING? PARTLY BECAUSE OF THE UNDISPUTED EVIDENCEPROVIDED BY THE BLACK BOX, WELLINGER PLED NO CONTEST DURING PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS. HE WILL SERVE A MINIMUM OF 19 YEARS IN JAIL. THERE ARE SOME PEOPLE WHO ARGUE THAT THIS COULD BE A DEATH SENTENCE FOR YOU IN VIEW OF YOUR AGE.ARE YOU AWARE OF THAT? IN THE CASE OF THOMAS WELLINGER, AN ADVANCE IN TECHNOLOGY WORKED TO PUT A MENACE TO SOCIETY BEHIND BARS. THAT IS ONE OF THE BENEFITS OF THE WORLD WE LIVE INWHERE TECHNOLOGY OF ALL TYPES IS ABLE TO CAPTURE EVIDENCE OF OUR BEHAVIOR - EVIDENCE THAT CAN BE USED TO FIND AND PUNISH THOSE GUILTY OF COMMITTING CRIMES. BUT PRIVACY ADVOCATES WARN THAT WHILE DEVICES SUCH AS THE BLACK BOX OFFER ADVANTAGES, THEY CAN ALSO CARRY RISKS. A MINOR TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE, FOR EXAMPLE, COULD ENABLE A BLACK BOX TO MONITOR YOUR DRIVING ALL THE TIME, ALLOWING THE POLICE TO ISSUE SPEEDING TICKETS WITHOUT OFFICERS ACTUALLY BEING PRESENT OR INSURANCE COMPANIES TO JUDGE YOUR DRIVING HABITS BEFORE DETERMINING YOUR RATES. GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW PROFESSOR, DANIEL SOLOVE, IS AN EXPERT ON PRIVACY LAW. I THINK THAT A LOT OF THE PURPOSES FOR GATHERING INFORMATION ARE QUITE BENIGN. WHAT'S BAD IS THE FACT THAT THE PERSON WHOSE INFORMATION IS BEING COLLECTED IS SO OUT OF THE LOOP IN THIS PROCESS, HAS NO RIGHTS BECAUSE RIGHT NOW IT'S THE CASE WHERE THEY'LL GATHER THE INFORMATION FOR ONE PURPOSE, IT'S GREAT, BUT SECRETLY THEY COULD BE USING IT FOR ANOTHER PURPOSE. ONE EXAMPLE, THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM. GPS AS IT'S KNOWN IS NOW USED COMMERCIALLY TO HELP PEOPLE NAVIGATE THEIR AUTOMOBILES. BUT IT'S NOT HARD TO GO FROM USE TO ABUSE. CONSIDER THE CASE OF ERIC ODERO. I DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT IT. THESE GUYS WERE TRACKING ME. THEY KNEW EVERY STREET I'D BEEN IN LAS VEGAS. WHERE I'D STAYED, STOPPED, SLEPT. IN DECEMBER OF 2003, ODERO BOOKED A RENTAL CAR TO DRIVE ROUND TRIP FROM HIS HOME IN LOS ANGELES TO LAS VEGAS. WHEN HE RETURNED THE CAR IN LOS ANGELES, HE RECEIVED A BILL FOR OVER $1,400; ABOUT $1,200 MORE THAN THE FEE HE'D BEEN QUOTED. I ASKED WHY AND HE TOLD ME "YOU USED IT TO GO OUT OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA".UNBEKNOWNST TO ODERO, THE RENTAL CAR COMPANY IMPOSED AN ADDITIONAL CHARGE FOR DRIVING OUT OF STATE. AND SOMEHOW THE AGENT KNEW HE HAD GONE TO LAS VEGAS. I SAID, "HOW DID YOU KNOW I WENT TO LAS VEGAS?" THEY SAID "WE KNOW YOU WENT TO LAS VEGAS". THEN I SAID, "PROVE THAT I WENT TO LAS VEGAS".THE RENTAL CAR AGENT HANDED ODERO THIS MAP THAT SHOWED HE'D CROSSED THE CALIFORNIA STATE LINE ON DECEMBER 29TH AT 12:29 PM. THIS GUY FINALLY TOLD ME THERE WAS A GPS SYSTEM PRE-INSTALLED IN THE VEHICLE. NO ONE HAD TOLD ME ABOUT THAT. THE GPS CHIP IN ODERO'S CAR ALLOWED THE RENTAL CAR COMPANY TO TRACK HIS EVERY MOVE. AS SOON AS THE CAR TOUCHED NEVADA SOILHE WAS CHARGED A DOLLAR FOR EVERY MILE DRIVEN FOR THE ENTIRE TRIP. SO THERE IT WAS, MY PRIVACY WAS ALL GONE.IN OCTOBER OF 2004, ODERO AND 139 OTHERS TOOK PART IN A CLASS ACTION SUIT AGAINST ACCELERON CORPORATION, THE OWNER OF TWO PAYLESS RENTAL CAR FRANCHISES IN SAN FRANCISCO. THE SUIT ALLEGED THAT CUSTOMERS WERE UNAWARE THE COMPANY WAS USING GPS TECHNOLOGY TO TRACK THEIR DRIVING AND WERE SURPRISED BY THE PENALTIES TO DRIVE OUT OF STATE. THE LAWSUIT WAS SETTLED. ODERO AND THE OTHERS WERE REFUNDED THE ADDITIONAL FEES CHARGED FOR DRIVING OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA. IT'S NOT JUST DEVICES IN CARS THAT ARE TRACKING PEOPLES' BEHAVIOR. A LOT OF DEVICES THAT PEOPLE ARE USING - EVERYDAY DEVICES LIKE PRINTERS AND COMPUTERS AND CELL PHONES - ARE INCLUDING SOME KIND OFTRACKING INFORMATION. LIKE THAT COLOR LASER PRINTER YOU HAVE AT HOME OR THE OFFICE; EVERY PAGE PRINTED BY MOST COLOR LASER PRINTERS IS EMBEDDED WITH A CODE UNIQUE TO THAT PRINTER.YEP, YOUR COLOR LASER PRINTER COULD BE SPYING ON YOU. SETH SCHOEN IS A PRIVACY ADVOCATE WITH THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION. HIS WORK HAS LED TO THE CRACKING OF THOSE CODES.MY UNDERSTANDING IS THAT THIS WAS MOTIVATED BY A REQUEST FROM THE UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE WHICH INVESTIGATES COUNTERFEIT AND THATTHEY ASKED THE MANUFACTURERS OFCOLOR LASER PRINTERS TO DO THIS, TO ADD THIS TRACKING CAPABILITY AND, BY AND LARGE, THE MANUFACTURERS COMPLIED. MOST OF THEM DIDN'T TELL THEIR CUSTOMERS THAT THEY WERE DOING SO. THE CODE, A SERIES OF YELLOW DOTS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS THE BACK OF THE PRINTED PAGE IS NOT VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE. WHEN YOU SHINE A BLUE LIGHT AND LOOK UNDER A MICROSCOPE, I THINK IT'S QUITE DISTINCT. IT IS. SO FAR WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO CRACK THE CODE THAT'S USED BY XEROX AND A FEW OTHER MANUFACTURERS LIKE DELL. SO WE CAN TELL YOU WHAT THOSE MEAN. THERE ARE OTHERS LIKE HP AND CANON THAT ARE STILL A MYSTERY TO US. IN THE CASE OF DELL AND XEROX, WHAT IS IT THAT THESE DOTS ARE COMMUNICATING? WELL, THEY'RE COMMUNICATING THE SERIALNUMBER OF THE PRINTER THAT MADE THE PRINT. AND THEY'RE ALSO COMMUNICATING, IN THE CASE OF THE XEROX PRINTERS WHICH HAVE THIS INFORMATION, THE DATE AND TIME THAT THE PRINT WAS MADE. FROM THERE IT'S NOT HARD TO FIND OUT WHO PRINTED THE DOCUMENT. AND IT'S NOT JUST YOUR PRINTER. THAT DIGITAL CAMERA YOU'RE SO FOND OF...? THIS IS A PHOTOGRAPH OF METHAT WAS TAKEN AS A STAFF PHOTO. IF WE LOOK AT IT WITH THE RIGHT SOFTWARE,ALL OF A SUDDEN WE SEE A LOT MORE INFORMATION. SO HERE'S THE INTERESTING THING. RIGHT THERE IS THE UNIQUE SERIAL NUMBER OF MY FRIEND'S CAMERA. IF HE'S REGISTERED FOR A WARRANTY THEN THEY KNOW WHO HE IS, AND IT'S EASY TO FIND BECAUSE HE PUBLISHES HIS PHOTOS ON A PHOTOSHARING WEBSITE UNDER HIS OWN NAME SO YOU COULD IMMEDIATELY FIND OUT THAT THAT'S HIS CAMERA. BURN ANY CD'S LATELY? ANOTHER ONE THE PUBLIC IS NOT REALLY AWARE OF, WHEN YOU BURN A CD IN A CD BURNER, THE CD BURNER'S SERIAL NUMBER IS ACTUALLY LEFT ON THE CD. SO IF YOU MAKE A MIXED CD FOR SOMEONE OR YOU BURN ANY KIND OF INFORMATIONONTO A CD AND GIVE IT OUT TO SOMEONE,IT'S POTENTIALLY TRACEABLE BACK TO YOUR COMPUTER. ALL OF THIS MAY SEEM INNOCUOUS, BUT IN TIME IT MAY NOT BE. I THINK PEOPLE ARE PERFECTLY HAPPY TO ADOPT A COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE THAT IS IN SOME WAY TRACEABLE OR TRACKABLE BECAUSE THEY THINK, WELL, I DON'T HAVE ANYTHING TO HIDE AND I DON'T USE IT IN A WAY THAT SOMEONE COULD TRACK, AND THEN LO AND BEHOLD, TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES. THEY SIGN UP FOR ALL KINDS OF SERVICES AND THEY'RE USING THAT TECHNOLOGY IN A WAY IN WHICH THINGS ARE EXPOSED AND THINGS ARE TRACKABLETHAT THEY HADN'T ANTICIPATED. JUAN IS OUT ON THE ROAD RIGHT NOW, SO I CAN SEE HERE, AS OF 3:40 PM, HE'S IN FRONT OF 893 LAFAYETTE. HOWARD BOYLE, THE PRESIDENT OF THIS RATHER LOW-TECH LOOKING FIRE SPRINKLER INSTALLATIONCOMPANY IN QUEENS, NEW YORK, KNOWS EXACTLY WHERE HIS EMPLOYEES ARE DURING THE WORK DAY. THEIR CELL PHONES, LIKE MANY WIRELESS DEVICES,CONTAIN A GPS CHIP WHICH ALLOWS BOYLE TO USE A SOFTWARE PROGRAM CALLED ULOCATE, THAT DOES JUST WHAT ITS NAME IMPLIES. HE'S DOING ELEVEN MILES AN HOUR. I COULD GO AND SEE WHERE HE IS IN TRANSIT. HE'S HEADING DOWN THAT ROAD BACK TO THE SHOP. THIS IS EXACTLY WHERE HE IS RIGHT NOW. WHERE HAS HE BEEN? HE WAS AT A JOB SITE THAT I TOLD HIM TO GO TO WHICH WAS 866 EASTLAND PARKWAY. HE WAS ON THAT JOB SITE FROM 2:44 PM TO 3:30. OKAY, YOU'RE GOING TO CHECK THE FIRE PUMP, RIGHT? BOYLE SAYS HE'S NEVER TOLD HIS EMPLOYEES THEY'RE BEING TRACKED BUT HE SUSPECTS THEY KNOW SINCE BOYLE HAS AN UNCANNY ABILITY TO KNOW EXACTLY WHERE THEY ARE OR WHERE THEY'VE BEEN. BOYLE'S SOFTWARE CAN TELL HIM THE MINUTE BY MINUTE WHEREABOUTS OF ANY EMPLOYEE FOR MONTHS BACK. DID YOU THINK ABOUT TELLING THE GUYS? IF I THOUGHT IT WAS A PRIVACY ISSUE I MIGHT HAVE. IT'S NOT A PRIVACY ISSUE. THEY'RE ON THE CLOCK, THEY'RE BEING PAID TO BE IN PLACES THEY'RE SUPPOSED TO BE. THEY HAVE A ROUTE. THIS WAS JUST A SIMPLER WAY OF BEING ABLE TO KNOW THAT THEY ARE BASICALLY DOING WHAT THEY'RESUPPOSED TO DO, AND HAVE THE CONFIDENCE THAT WE'RE NOT CHEATING OUR CUSTOMERS. MANY OTHER BUSINESSES THAT EMPLOY MOBILE WORK FORCES

- BE THEY ROTO-ROOTER OR TV STATIONS LIKE WABC IN NEW YORK - USE TECHNOLOGY TO TRACK THEIR EMPLOYEES. JIM JOYCE IS THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCAST EMPLOYEES AND TECHNICIANS. HE SAYS WHEN WABC INSTALLED GPS DEVICES IN NEWS TRUCKS, UNION MEMBERS WERE RATTLED. WE WERE CONCERNED ABOUT PRIVACY ISSUES AND HOW THIS INFORMATION MIGHT BE USED TO MONITOR THE EMPLOYEES IN A BIG BROTHER SITUATION; THAT THEY WOULDUSE THE DEVICE TO MONITOR AND CRITICIZE THE ROUTES THAT OUR ENG DRIVERS TOOK TO GET TO STORIES, HOW LONG IT TOOK TO GET BETWEEN ASSIGNMENTS, THE FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF PERSONAL BREAKS. IT ISN'T JUST AT WORK. IF YOUR PERSONAL CELL PHONE IS ON, EVEN IF IT DOESN'T HAVE A GPS CHIP, YOU CAN BE TRACKED. KEVIN BANKSTON IS AN ATTORNEY FOR THEELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION, A NON-PROFIT THAT DEFENDS CIVIL LIBERTIES FROM THE ENCROACHMENT OF TECHNOLOGY. MANY PEOPLE DON'T REALIZE THAT WHENEVER YOUR CELL PHONE IS ON, THE CELL PHONE COMPANY IS RECEIVING INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR LOCATION. IN MANY CASES QUITE DETAILED INFORMATION. NOT ONLY CAN THEY TRACK YOU IN REAL TIME USING THIS INFORMATION, THEY ARE ALSO STORING ALL THAT INFORMATION ABOUT WHERE YOU HAVE BEEN WHEN YOUR CELL PHONE IS TURNED ON - INFORMATION THAT THEGOVERNMENT OR EVEN PRIVATE LITIGANTS COULD GET AT. YOU CAN, OF COURSE, TURN YOUR CELL PHONE OFF OR EVEN CHOOSE NOT TO HAVE ONE. BUT IT IS GETTING HARDER AND HARDER TO VENTURE OUT IN PUBLIC WITHOUT BEING WATCHED. PRACTICALLY EVERYTHING YOU DO IN PUBLIC IS BEING RECORDED SOMEWHERE OR IN SOME FASHION. AND THE COURTS HAVE LONG HELD THAT WHEN YOU'RE IN PUBLIC YOU DON'T HAVE ANY EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY. THIS IS OUR BACK DINING ROOM, WE HAVE TWO CAMERAS AT OPPOSITE CORNERS. AND I CAN PRETTY MUCH SEE THAT MOST OF THE GUESTS THERE LOOK CONTENT. STEPHEN LOFFREDO IS THE OWNER OF JOVIA, A HIGH END RESTAURANT ON MANHATTAN'S UPPER EAST SIDE. THE ELEVEN CAMERAS PLACED STRATEGICALLY THROUGHOUT JOVIA LET HIM CONSTANTLY MONITOR HIS STAFF AND CUSTOMERS EVEN WHEN HE'S NOT THERE. I HAVE THIS SAME SOFTWARE LOADED ON MY PERSONAL NOTEBOOK COMPUTER SO I CAN PRETTY MUCH WATCH WHAT'S GOING ON HERE FROM ANYWHERE. IF I'M ON VACATION, IF I'M AWAY ON BUSINESS, I CAN REALLY SEE WHAT'S HAPPENING. WHERE ARE YOUR EYES DRAWN TO? I COULD SEE IF A GUEST HAD TO FLAG DOWN A WAITER OR IF THEY LOOKED ANXIOUS. I CAN ALSO LOOK IN THE LOUNGE AREA AND I CAN TELLHOW BUSY OUR MAITRE D'S DESK IS GETTING BY HOW PEOPLE ARE COMING INTO THE RESTAURANT. THE EMPLOYEES ARE AWARE THEY'RE BEING SURVEILLED.SOMEBODY'S GOT TO PREP THE TABLE BEFOREHAND. THE DELIVERY OF THIS DISH ON 13 WAS LIKE A DISASTER. I'LL NEVER GO TO AN EMPLOYEE AND SAY I SAW YOU DO THIS ON CAMERA; IT WASN'T THE RIGHT THING TO DO. WHAT WE'LL DO IS WE'LL TALK IN A GENERAL TERM WITH OUR STAFF AND DISCUSS WITH THEM WAYS THAT THEY CAN IMPROVE THE JOVIA EXPERIENCE. STEVE, WHAT ABOUT CUSTOMERS, DO THEY KNOW THEY'RE ON CAMERA? IT'S BECOME MORE COMMON THAT THERE ARE CAMERAS IN RESTAURANTS. I THINK WHEN THEY SEE THE LITTLE BLACK BALL ON THE CEILING THEY EXPECT THAT THERE ARE CAMERAS. IN THE MODERN RESTAURANT BUSINESS IT ISN'T JUST CAMERAS THAT ARE KEEPING TRACK OF CUSTOMERS. ANYBODY WHO CALLS TO MAKE A RESERVATION, WE'LL START OFF WITH THEIR FIRST AND LAST NAME AND THEIR PHONE NUMBER. IF I DOUBLE CLICK ON THAT I CAN SEE INFORMATION

What is biometrics?

OUR IDENTITIES ARE CHANGING. THEY ARE BEING TRANSFORMED BY IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS THAT RECOGNIZE PHYSICAL FEATURES. DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH AND PARENTS' NAMES ARE OUT. INCREASINGLY WE ARE IDENTIFIED BY BIOMETRICS -- BY HAND SHAPE, FINGERPRINTS, THE IRIS OF YOUR EYE. AS LONG AS AGO AS THE 19TH CENTURY THE FRENCH DETECTIVE ALPHONSE BERTILLON PIONEEREDIDENTIFICATION BY DISTINGUISHING FEATURES. HIS SYSTEM MEASURED LIMBS AND SKULLS AND RECORDED PERSONAL MARKS SUCH AS SCARS AND TATTOOS.BERTILLON COMPILED A MASSIVE DATABASE OF ALL KNOWN CRIMINALS AND OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS LISTED FOR DEPORTATION.THE DATABASE ALSO MADE IT EASY TO IDENTIFY REOFFENDERS. PREVIOUSLY LIMITED TO IDENTIFYING CRIMINALS,BIOMETRICS CAN NOW BE USED ON ALL CROSS BORDER TRAVELERS. HERE FOR INSTANCE. THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES HAS THE WORLD'S BIGGEST IRIS RECOGNITION SYSTEM. SINCE 2003 ANYONE WANTING TO ENTER THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES HAS HAD TO PRESENT ONE EYE TO THE CAMERA.MANY OF THOSE WHO DO ARE GUESTWORKERS. PLEASE LOOK INTO THE MIRROR. THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION. PLEASE LOOK INTO THE MIRROR. THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION. PLEASE LOOK INTO THE MIRROR. PLEASE LOOK INTO THE MIRROR.I'M THE INVENTOR OF THE TECHNOLOGY. I CREATED THE ALGORITHMS WHICH ARE THE MATHEMATICAL INSTRUCTIONS USED BY COMPUTERS TO PERFORM IRIS RECOGNITION. IT IS A BIT MYSTERIOUS WHY EACH IRIS IS SO UNIQUE AND DIFFERENT.THERE'S RANDOM STRUCTURE IN THE IRIS.RANDOM TEXTURE, WHICH IS VERY COMPLICATED, VERY COMPLEX COMPARED TO ANY OTHER PART OF THE BODY. AND IT'S THIS UNIQUE RANDOM TEXTURE OF HIGH COMPLEXITY THAT MAKES IT SUCH A RELIABLE AND ACCURATE SIGNATURE OR FINGERPRINT. IT'S NOT NECESSARILY THE EASIEST BIOMETRIC TO ACQUIRE, BECAUSE IT'S A SMALL TARGET. IT MOVES AROUND. IT LIVES BEHIND A SHINY SURFACE, THE CORNEA. SO IT MAY NOT BE THE EASIEST ONE TO ACQUIRE, BUT IF YOU CAN ACQUIRE THE IRIS IMAGE THE RELIABILITY AND THE ACCURACY OF IRIS RECOGNITION HAS NOCOMPETITOR, NO RIVAL. PROF. JOHN DAUGMAN: CURRENT PROGRESS THAT ISUNDER DEVELOPMENT HAS TO DO WITH IMPROVING THE IMAGE CAPTURE PROCESS, THE IMAGE ACQUISITION. TO MAKE IT FASTER, TO MAKE IT WORK AT A GREATERDISTANCE, AND TO MAKE IT SMOOTHER.CURRENTLY IRIS CAMERAS REQUIRE WHAT WE CALL STOP AND STARE. YOU MUST STOP AND STARE AT THE CAMERA. THAT'S NOT SO FLUID. THAT'S NOT SO SMOOTH AS IT MIGHT BE. SO MANY CAMERA DEVELOPERS TODAY ARE DOING RESEARCH ON INCREASING THE DISTANCE AND THE SPEED OF THE IRIS RECOGNITION. THERE'S EVEN ONE PROJECT CALLED "IRIS ON THE MOVE" IN WHICH A PERSON WALKS PAST A CAMERA, EVEN FROM A DISTANCE OF 3 METERS AND WALKS AT A SPEED OF 1 METER PER SECOND. THIS IS A NEW CAMERA TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED BY SARNOFF LABORATORIES IN NEW JERSEY IN AMERICA.IRIS ON THE MOVE. THEN IRIS REALLY IS A FLUID NATURAL INTUITIVE. IT'S JUST LIKE MINORITY REPORT . I THINK THAT IN THE FUTURE IDENTITY AND BIOMETRICS WILL BE VERY CLOSE TOGETHER, CLOSELY LINKEDIN ORDINARY EVERYDAY TRANSACTIONS.AND I THINK WE WILL HAVE A TIME IN THE FUTURE WHEN WE DON'T RELY ON SECRETS OR ON OBJECTS FOR IDENTIFICATION, AS WE DO TODAY. PIN NUMBERS. PASSWORDS. PASSPORTS. CARDS. KEYS. THOSE ARE SECRETS OR OBJECTS. INSTEAD WE'LL USE PARTS OF OUR BODY FOR OUR AUTOMATICIDENTIFICATION. I'M SURE THIS IS PART OF THE FUTURE. THE SEPTEMBER 11TH TERRORIST ATTACKS, FOLLOWED BY THE BOMBINGS IN MADRID AND LONDON HAVEPUSHED GOVERNMENTS TO DEVELOP BIOMETRIC CONTROLS. THE MARKET FOR THEM IS NOW GLOBAL. BIOMETRICS COMPANIES ARE WELL AWARE THAT ONE OF THE BIGGEST SELLING POINTS IS THE FEAR OF TERRORISM. THE FRENCH COMPANY SAGEM, BETTER KNOWN FOR ITS GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEMS, FIGHTER AIRCRAFT ANDATTACK HELICOPTERS, HAS BECOME A WORLD LEADER IN FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION. THANKS TO DOZENS OF KITS SUCH AS THIS ONE, THE MAURITANIAN GOVERNMENT WAS ABLE TO ISSUE A NATIONAL IDENTITY CARD IN 1999. ONE OF THE GOVERNMENT'S AIMS WAS TO REGISTER THE DESERT NOMADS AND GIVE THEM THE RIGHTS OF CITIZENS. BUT IT WAS ALSO A WAY OF GAINING CONTROL OVER THEM. ONE SPECIALIST IN BIOMETRIC FACIAL RECOGNITION IS XID TECHNOLOGIES. ITS FOUNDER ROBERTO MARIANI BEGAN IN COMPUTERIZED MAPPING. BUT HE FOUND A NEW NICHE IN SINGAPORE. THIS DORMITORY IN THE SINGAPORE SUBURB HOUSES OVER 6,000 MIGRANT WORKERS. ACCESS GRANTED.ACCESS GRANTED. WHY ARE COMPANIES INTERESTED IN BIOMETRICIDENTIFICATION? FOR THEM IT'S NOT SO MUCH TO CONTROL ACCESS AS TO CHECK ON PUNCTUALITY AND HOURS WORKED. IN THIS MEDIUM SIZED COMPANY FACIAL RECOGNITION IS USED AS A TIMECLOCK.CULTURE INFLUENCES WHICH BIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES ARE ADOPTED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD. IN ASIA PEOPLE DON'T LIKE TOUCHING A FINGERPRINTSENSOR THAT SOMEBODY ELSE HAS ALREADY TOUCHED. IDENTIFICATION MUST NOT INVOLVE CONTACT. THE ANSWER LIES BENEATH THE SKIN. BEYOND PERMANENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS VEINS, FINGERPRINTS OR IRISES,BIOMETRICS ALSO USES BODILY MOVEMENT. THE IDEA BEING THAT OUR MOVEMENTS REVEAL OUR IDENTITY. THE SIGNATURES ARE DIFFERENT. YOU ARE NO LONGER RECOGNIZED. BIOMETRICS IS NOW TRYING TO ENCODE EVERY MOVEMENT OF A HUMAN BODY TO USE FOR REMOTEIDENTIFICATION. NO MORE SIGNALING TO A SYSTEM, OUR IDENTITIES CAN BE CHECKED WITHOUT OUR EVEN KNOWING IT. THIS IS A BIOMETRICS RESEARCH LABORATORY. AND IN THE LABORATORY, IT'S DESIGNED SO WE CAN RECOGNIZE YOU BY YOUR PERSONALCHARACTERISTICS. THE CHARACTERISTICS WE'RE CONCERNED WITH RECOGNIZING IS RECOGNIZING YOU BY THE WAY YOU WALK.SO YOU WALK THROUGH THIS TUNNEL AND WE RECOGNIZE YOU FROM THE PATTERN OF YOUR WALKING MOVEMENT. BUT IT'S ALSO TO RECOGNIZE ME BY MY FACE AND TO RECOGNIZE ME BY MY EAR. NOW WE DO THIS BY COMPUTER VISION, WHICH MEANS WE HAVE A LOT OF CAMERAS. THERE IS A FACE RECOGNITION CAMERA WHICH IS BEHIND ME HERE. AND THERE ARE FOUR CAMERAS IN THE FOUR CORNERS. AND THEY'RE THEN RECONSTRUCTING ME AS IWALK THROUGH THE TUNNEL TO RECOGNIZE ME FROM THE WAY I WALK. AND YOU MIGHT SAY "WELL WHAT IS THIS FOR?"WELL IT'S LIKE A GATE. IT'S A BIOMETRICS GATE WHICH CAN PREVENT OR CONTROL ACCESS TO A BUILDING. SO WE DO A PROCESS. WE SEPARATE THE SILHOUETTE.WE DO HERE. WE SEPARATE THE MOVING SILHOUETTE FROM THE BACKGROUND INFORMATION. AND THEN WE END UP WITH THE WALKING HUMAN SILHOUETTE. HUMAN MOTION IS PERIODIC AND AT THE SYMMETRY; YOU HAVE AN AXIS OF SYMMETRY DOWN YOUR BODY AND YOUHAVE AN AXIS OF SYMMETRY DOWN YOUR LEGS. BUT WHEN YOU'RE WALKING, YOU ALSO HAVE AN AXIS OF SYMMETRY BETWEEN THE LEGS AS WELL. AND WE THEN APPLY SOME MORE MASS TO THE SYMMETRY MEASURES WE OBTAIN AND EXTRA MATHEMATICS COMES OUT WITH A SET OF NUMBERS. AND WE CAN SHOW THAT THAT SET OF NUMBERS IS THE SAME FOR ONE PERSON AND DIFFERENT FORDIFFERENT PEOPLE. IN THAT SENSE WE CAN THEN RECOGNIZE YOU BY THE WAY YOU WALK. GERARD DUBEY IS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST. HE LED A STUDY ON THE USE OF BIOMETRICS IN SCHOOLCANTEENS, AIRPORTS AND VISA OFFICES. IS BIOMETRICS AS RELIABLE AS ITSSUPPORTERS CLAIM? THE HACKERS OF BERLIN'S CHAOS COMPUTER CLUB SAY IT IS EASY TO MANIPULATE BIOMETRIC DATA.YOU CAN CHANGE YOUR KEY OR YOUR PIN NUMBER, BUT IF YOUR BIOMETRIC DATA ARE STOLEN, YOU CAN'T GET A NEW EYE OR A NEW HAND. YET THE INDUSTRY CLAIMS ITS HACKER PROOF AND IT'S LAUNCHING MORE AND MORE SYSTEMS. CNIL IS THE FRENCH DATA PROTECTION AUTHORITY. ONE OF A FEW ORGANIZATIONS IN THE WORLD TO MONITOR POTENTIAL ABUSE OF BIOMETRICS. BERTILLON SIMPLY WANTED TO RECORD THE DETAILS OF CRIMINALS.TODAY BIOMETRICS IS USED IN FRENCH PRISONS AS WELL. ST.ETIENNE PRISON STORES NO LESS THAN 80 HANDMEASUREMENTS ON A CARD. WHEN A PRISONER IS RELEASED HIS BIOMETRICDATA ARE DELETED. FOR THE BIOMETRICS INDUSTRY THE BEST IS YET TO COME. FOR THE REST OF US, OUR VERY BODIES ARE BEING TRANSFORMED INTO DIGITAL INFORMATION. WE ARE NO LONGER IDENTIFIED SOCIALLY THROUGH OUR FAMILY BACKGROUND OR BELONGING TO A GROUP. ALL THAT IS GONE IN FAVOR OF A NEW DIGITAL IDENTITY, ONE THAT IS MEASURABLE AT ANY MOMENT.