Answer Reading Homework Questions
mtxu1107
the_6th_extinction_ppt.pptxA Primer
Retrieved Oct. 11, 2015 at https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/497547880505163776/JPBq4RWA.jpeg
If there is danger in the human trajectory, it is not so much in the survival of our own species as in the fulfillment of the ultimate irony of organic evolution: that in the instant of achieving self-understanding through the mind of man, life has doomed its most beautiful creations.—E. O. Wilson
Retrieved Oct. 10, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ideal_projectile_motion_for_different_angles.svg/512px-Ideal_projectile_motion_for_different_angles.svg.png
Trajectory of a missile?
1834, elected to Illinois legislature
1836, admitted to Bar of Illinois
1842, marries Mary Todd of Kentucky
1845—1865, Lincoln & Herndon
1846, 1 term in U. S. House of Rep’s
1854, helps estab. Illinois Repub. Party
1858, nominated, not elected to U. S. Senate
1860, elected President of United States
1865, Union defeats Confederacy; Lincoln assassinated
…of a career?
Retrieved Oct. 10, 2010 at https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5520/10270839536_56b1cd27e2.jpg
3.54 billion in 1968
It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us.
Last Paragraph of Darwin’s The Origin of Species
Organic Evolution?
These laws…being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance…; Variability…; a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms.
Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows…. (F)rom so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.
Retrieved Oct. 11, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Cheetah_Kruger.jpg
Retrieved Oct. 27, 2015 at http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/141022143137-6-wildlife-photography-awards-horizontal-large-gallery.jpg
Retrieved Oct. 10, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Hippo_pod_edit.jpg
How does Darwin explain extinction?
Life in a Relatively Constant Setting
Reproduction
Inheritance
Minor Variations
Massive Ratio of Increase
Constant Struggle for Life
Natural Selection (Survival of Forms Best Suited to Survive
Extinction of Less-Suitable Forms
Retrieved on Feb. 7, 2014 at: http://bertie.ccsu.edu/naturesci/Evolution/Unit12OriginSpecies/DarwinTree.gif
How does E. O. Wilson explain extinction?
If there is danger in the human trajectory, it is not so much in the survival of our own species as in the fulfillment of the ultimate irony of organic evolution: that in the instant of achieving self-understanding through the mind of man, life has doomed its most beautiful creations.—E. O. Wilson
Retrieved Oct. 11, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png
| Years ago 130,000 | Anatomically modern humans evolve. Seventy thousand years later, their descendents create cave paintings — early expressions of consciousness. |
| 4 million | In Africa, an early hominid, affectionately named "Lucy" by scientists, lives. The ice ages begin, and many large mammals go extinct. |
| 65 million | A massive asteroid hits the Yucatan Peninsula, and ammonites and non-avian dinosaurs go extinct. Birds and mammals are among the survivors. |
| 130 million | As the continents drift toward their present positions, the earliest flowers evolve, and dinosaurs dominate the landscape. In the sea, bony fish diversify. |
| 225 million | Dinosaurs and mammals evolve. Pangea has begun to break apart. |
| 248 million | Over 90% of marine life and 70% of terrestrial life go extinct during the Earth's largest mass extinction. Ammonites are among the survivors. |
| 250 million | The supercontinent called Pangea forms. Conifer-like forests, reptiles, and synapsids (the ancestors of mammals) are common. |
| 360 million | Four-limbed vertebrates move onto the land as seed plants and large forests appear. The Earth's oceans support vast reef systems. |
| 420 million | Land plants evolve, drastically changing Earth's landscape and creating new habitats. |
| 450 million | Arthropods move onto the land. Their descendants evolve into scorpions, spiders, mites, and millipedes. |
| 500 million | Fish-like vertebrates evolve. Invertebrates, such as trilobites, crinoids, brachiopids, and cephalopods, are common in the oceans. |
| 555 million | Multi-cellular marine organisms are common. The diverse assortment of life includes bizarre-looking animals like Wiwaxia. |
| 3.5 billion | Unicellular life evolves. Photosynthetic bacteria begin to release oxygen into the atmosphere. |
| 3.8 billion | Replicating molecules (the precursors of DNA) form. |
| 4.6 billion | The Earth forms and is bombarded by meteorites and comets. |
Retrieved Oct. 21, 2015 at http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evotext_13
270 million years
Retrieved Oct. 21, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Lucy_%28Frankfurt_am_Main%29.jpg
4 million years
Retrieved Oct. 11, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg/851px-Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg.png
What 2 Things are Happening Here?
Retrieved Oct. 11, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/1280px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg
Retrieved on Aug. 29, 2013 at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_mammoth
Retrieved Oct. 11, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Lascaux_II.jpg
Paleolithic – before 10,000 BCE – nomadic hunter-gathers of the Pleistocene (Ice Age)
Epipaleolithic – Natufian Culture ca. 10,000-8300 BCE – sedentary hunter-gatherers
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) – 8300-7500 BCE – domestication of wheat, barley
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) – 7500-6000 BCE – domesticated sheep, goats, cattle, pigs
Retrieved Oct. 11, 2015 at http://teachmiddleeast.lib.uchicago.edu/foundations/origins-of-civilization/essay/essay-02.html
Marx’s 1st 4 Stages of History
(from Paleolithic Era to the present)
1—Primitive Communism (hunter-gatherers)
2—Slave Societies (Greece, Rome….)
3—Feudal Societies (after collapse of Roman Empire)
4—Capitalism (market economy replaces feudalism)
Retrieved Oct. 10, 2010 at https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5520/10270839536_56b1cd27e2.jpg
3.54 billion in 1968
"The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature's forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground--what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor?”
Communist Manifesto, pp. 13-14
If there is danger in the human trajectory, it is not so much in the survival of our own species as in the fulfillment of the ultimate irony of organic evolution: that in the instant of achieving self-understanding through the mind of man, life has doomed its most beautiful creations.—E. O. Wilson
“instant of …self-understanding…?”
Deep geological time? Hutton, 1788 Extinction? Cuvier, 1796
Greenhouse effect? Fourier, 1824
Anthropogenic greenhouse gases? Langley, 1896
Evolution? Darwin/Wallace, 1859 Ecology? Haeckel, 1901
Pangaea? Wegener, 1912
Anthropogenic global warming? Keeling, 1960
Green revolution? Borlaug, 1960
Population bomb? Paul & Anne Ehrlich, 1968
Keystone species? Paine, 1968
Habitat fragmentation? Lovejoy, 1979?
Five great extinctions? Sepkoski & Rapp, 1982
Ecological cascade effects? Olsen et al, 1991
Planetary boundaries, Rockstrom & Steffen, 2009
Ocean acidification? Lovejoy, 2009?
Anthropocene era? Crutzen, 2016?
Retrieved Oct. 27, 2015 at http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/images/461472a-t1.jpg
Retrieved Oct. 27, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1c/Europe_land_use_map.png
Retrieved Oct. 27, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/China.A2002007.0310.250m.jpg
Retrieved Oct. 27, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Striped_Dolphins.jpg/1024px-Striped_Dolphins.jpg
Retrieved Oc./ 12, 2015 at http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Wr_HWNy8zbA/UlWsODDeGHI/AAAAAAAAIN0/MmMulaLtV4s/s1600/Dead-Zone.jpg
Retrieved Oct. 11, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Earthlights_dmsp_1994%E2%80%931995.jpg
Retrieved Oct. 10, 2010 at https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5520/10270839536_56b1cd27e2.jpg
3.54 billion in 1968
Retrieved Oct. 11, 2015 at https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/497547880505163776/JPBq4RWA.jpeg
Prologue—how 1 species took over the planet
The anomalous die-off of frogs
History of the idea of extinction
An extinction caused by man’s over-hunting
What wiped out the dinosaurs?
The 6th Extinction: humans as a geological force
When seawater has too much CO2
Chapter Outline
40
7. When coral reefs have too much CO2
8. The fragmentation of natural habitat
9. Trees—from the North Pole to the tropics
10. When natural barriers between species are erased:
what’s happening to the little brown bats?
11. How all the big creatures (after the dinosaurs)
were wiped out.
12. How modern humans killed off their cousins
13. The Frozen Zoo: how many doomed species can
we rescue?
Retrieved Oct. 10, 2010 at https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5520/10270839536_56b1cd27e2.jpg
3.54 billion in 1968
…in the instant of achieving self-understanding through the mind of man, life has doomed its most beautiful creations(?)
How is Wilson’s thought-experiment a tragic restatement of Darwin’s theory of evolution?
Retrieved Oct. 21, 2015 at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Lucy_%28Frankfurt_am_Main%29.jpg
Invasive Species #1
