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orient-ation-rel_2300.ppt
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“Orient-ation”

Of East Asia

Nations of East Asia

  • China, 90 percent of the land mass; 1.3 billion people make it most populated country in world, Communists took control in 1949.
  • Japan, islands east of China (frequent invader), 127 million residents
  • North Korea, communist but leader-worship, 22.5 million people; shares Korean peninsula with…

Nations of East Asia

  • South Korea, 49 million people; fought war with north in 1950s-early 1960s; now has hostile border with north
  • Taiwan, island just off Chinese coast, 23 million residents, fighting cold war against unification with communist China

History of China

  • Shang Dynasty, emerged 1750 BCE, highly organized society develops
  • Chou Dynasty (1122-222 BCE), western Chou people take control; formed semi-independent states; ends with Warring States Period; Confucianism and Daoism come out of this
  • Ch’in Dynasty (221-206 BCE), first strong central government in China, start 4,000 mile-long Great Wall of China

History of China

  • Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE), Confucianism becomes foundation for government and education system; trade with Europe begins; Indian missionaries bring Buddhism to China
  • Post-Han, three competing kingdoms, Buddhism spreads

History of China

  • Tang Dynasty (618-907), brought prosperity, made capital, Ch’ang-an (now Sian), great cultural center, Meditation and Pure Land Buddhism schools compete with Confucianism
  • Sung Dynasty (907-1279), Confucian-educated civil servants dominate government; Neo-Confucianism combines Buddhist and Daoist philosophy with Confucianism and receives state endorsement

History of China

  • Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), established by Kublai Khan and Mongol invaders, Marco Polo (1254-1324) visits at this time
  • Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), stability, prosperity and great vases; believe culturally superior and rebuff European traders and Christian missionaries

History of China

  • Ch’ing Dynasty (1644-1911), Manchuria rule, occupy Taiwan in 1683. Prosperity and wealth until decline due to rapid population growth in late 18th and 19th centuries
  • Opium War (1839-1842), between China and Great Britain, caused by Chinese resistance to opium smuggling into China, but Great Britain won

History of China

  • Nan-ching treaty gives Hong Kong to Great Britain and opens some ports, massive trade in tea and silk (Hong Kong restored to China in 1997 with some degree of autonomy)
  • China weakened by Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864), war with Japan (1894-1895) and Boxer rebellion in 1900

History of China

  • Republic established by nationalist revolution led by Western-educated doctor, Sun Yat-sen, deposes last emperor, six year-old boy, in 1912 (“The Last Emperor”)
  • After period of struggle, Chaing Kai-shek succeeds Sun Yat-sen as Nationalist Party head in 1925, unifies China in 1928

History of China

  • During World War II, Japan invades China in 1931 and controls most of country by 1938
  • Near end of war in 1945, civil war breaks out between Nationalists and Commmunists (latter led by Mao Zedong). Communists win, create People’s Republic of China; Nationalists flee to Taiwan.

History of China

  • Cultural Revolution of 1966 represses religions, but religion had greater freedom after death of Mao in 1976.
  • Religion still is government controlled, religions have to register with government, and cannot have outside connections
  • Economic reform continues, but student-led democracy movement crushed in 1989.

Eastern Asian worldview

  • Harmony: People must discover underlying harmony in themselves and social lives; balance between opposite forces (Yin and Yang)
  • Disharmony causes problems, caused by people losing sight of preexistent harmony and not maintaining harmony with rituals to appease restless spirits

East Asian worldview

  • Goal: harmony in this life, though also part of afterlife. But emphasis is on this life. Harmony continues family lineage and protects against natural and human disasters.
  • Means: proper rituals at altars, maintenance of de (virtue), xiao or hisao (filial piety) for both family and empire and ancestors

East Asian worldview

  • Divination – cracks on heated bones and tortoise shells, as well as dropped sticks – determine future events
  • Yin and Yang: harmony of. Yin is dark, wet, cool, feminine; while Yang is bright, dry, warm, masculine. Both are present in varying degrees in all creation.
  • Harmony also accounts for cosmic order