Globalreserchers

Water Treatment by Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Ultraviolet Radiation

NEED:

1. ADD DETAIL TO DISCUSSION

2. ADD TABLE FOR BUDGET SECTION

3. NAMES ON PAGES

4. Environmental Section

5. Add the solid works model

6. Cover page

7. Add decision matrices

Submitted by

Christopher Bitikofer

Sarah Ridha

Brandyn Krieger

Terran Engle

Project Mentor

Chikashi Sato, Ph.D

Draft 2 Submitted: 11/6/2015

Table of Contents Introduction 2 Discussion 3 Detailed Engineering Specifications: 4 System Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) 5 Management 7 Budget 8 Appendices 9 Capability Statements 9 Gantt Chart 10 References 11

Access to clean drinking water in underdeveloped areas of the world is a growing problem due to global increases in both population and pollution. Current methods of water treatment are impractical to apply in many parts of the world, as these technologies are expensive, require large facilities staffed by a litany of professionals, and the production/disposal of treatment chemicals that often have negative environmental impacts. The need to develop a method of water treatment that is less expensive, operates without the use of chemical treatments, and has relatively low electrical power usage is of profound importance. One of the most viable and promising optionsoptions is to make use both cavitation and ultraviolet light (UV). The purpose of this project is to develop a system for researching the combined effects of these two forms of water purification.

Cavitation occurs when the static pressure of water drops below vapor pressure. Small microbubbles form and slowly collapse in an energetic manner. As cavitation bubbles collapse, temperatures within the bubble can reach upwards of 5000 degrees Kelvin. Due to pyrolytic decomposition that takes place within the collapsing bubbles, the OH radicals and shock waves arecan be generated at the gas–liquid interface (A. Agarwal et al, 2011). These radicals degrade contaminants suspended within the water that would otherwise resist ultraviolet degradation. This makes cavitation a promising method of water treatment.

Ultra violet light is capable of killing bacteria and living contaminants in water. Short wavelength UV light, in the range of 10 nm to 400 nm, kills cells by interacting with their structures and disrupting DNA (NIOSH, 2008). UV light is capable of killing up to 99.99% of bacteria in clear water. This system of water purification is both cost effective and nontoxicchemical free but it cannot break down particle contaminants that bacteria tend to live in. However in combination with a particle filtration system, or in our case a cavitation system, UV reactors are simple to maintain, cost effective and chemical free.

The concise purpose of this team’s senior design project will be to develop a fluid flow test apparatus to demonstrate the degree of effectiveness of the combination of UV radiation and hydrodynamic cavitation. In addition, this team will make an array of improvements to last year’s design in order to improve ease of use, overall functionality, accuracy of data, and scientific value of the project. An analysis regarding the effects that scaling a similar system up would have on the environment will be performed. Furthermore the system will be tested and iteratively improved as needed.

In order to develop an efficient, inexpensive, and portable water purification system, the WTHC team built on the research and design work of last year’s hydrodynamic cavitation senior design team. Last year, the HC team ran numerous tests to determine how effectively hydrodynamic cavitation can purify water. They found the most effective cavitation device to be a simple Venturi Tube operating under controlled temperature and pressure. Our objective was to expand on this work in the following ways:

1. Development of a UV reactor purification system that can maintain an operating temperature between 15 and 20 degrees Celsius using a heat exchanger cooling jacket.

2. Integration of this UV reactor into the hydro cavitation system in such a way that the new system is able to:

a. run only the cavitation system.

b. run only the UV system.

c. run cavitation and then the UV system in series.

d. run the UV and then the cavitation system in series.

3. Develop a data collection system that will electronically record temperature, pressure, and flow rate periodically throughout a test run of the system. The system needs to record this data automatically with a high degree of accuracy.

4. The completed system must be portable. It needs to fit in a suitcase when disassembled.

5. The system must be modular to enable future modification and easy assembly/disassembly.

Analysis of Environmental Issues in the project

Environmental analysis is an important component in any project. As a matter of fact, projects are supposed to minimize the harm to environment in an important way. This promotes the idea of sustainable development which is a concept that has been adopted by many countries across the world. Therefore, we will provide analysis of the environmental issues such as noise, air quality, water quality and solid waste generation. This analysis is shown in the table below.

The components of cultivation reactor are likely to cause some negative environmental impacts. As a matter of fact, they may contaminate the immediate environment during construction and operation phase of the system. In this case, environmental mitigation measures should be applied to minimize the potential harm to the environment. In this case, waste management techniques should be applied to prevent, reduce, recycle or treat the waste generated during assembling and operation of the system. The UV reactor can affect the health of the operator since it may release rays that can damage body cells. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to protect operators from the effect of UV rays. In this case, protective clothing should be provided to enhance the safety of operators of the system. Moreover, training of operators is essential to minimize the health issues that may arise.

The following engineering specifications were used extensively in the design of the cavitation and UV purification system. These figures are developedare from thefrom requests ofby the client, last year’s design team, and the physical measurements this team collected.

Table 1. WTHC Engineering Specifications