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TOPIC 3: Significance of women’s role in hospitality provision

Dr. Gayathri (Gee) Wijesinghe

Objectives of this Topic

Explain the underlying gendered nature in hospitality service work, by looking at its historical roots:

Explain the three ways in which women mediated the transition process of strangers/guests in antiquity.

Determine the similarities between the gendered provision of hospitality in early Rome and Greece and contemporary society.

Discuss the connection between sex and hospitality by exploring the history of hospitality provision - starting from the Greek Dark ages (1,200 to 750 B.C) and continuing on to contemporary practice.

To gain insight into sexual harassment in the contemporary hospitality industry, in order to address the issue from the point of view explored in this topic. e.g. contemporary perception of some male guests that women servers in the hospitality industry may be willing contenders to sexual hospitality.

Address the issues raised in Assignment #3, in relation to this topic.

ASSIGNMENT 3 SP 5 2015

For Assignment 3 (industry project)

Note: the following applies if you decide to go with option (1) “sexualised labour” as your main theoretical concept

In the hospitality setting you visited was staff expected to perform “sexualized labour”?

Was the setting iteself sexualised?

If so, in what ways? Provide examples.

Re-cap from Topic 2

Hospitality is the reception and/or entertainment of guests/strangers with liberality and goodwill

The concept of Hospitality covers a wide range of relations, positions and situations:

Commercial

Social – inter-individual relations governed by ethical/moral concerns

Public - Political relations with the state

Re-cap from Topic 2 cont …

Hospitality in theory & practice relates to crossing boundaries and/or thresholds including those between:

hospitality & hostility

friend & enemy

host & guest

self & other

private & public

inside & outside

individual & collective

personal & political

emotional & rational

generous & economic

Laws of Hospitality

political domain of laws and rights

socially situated moral code.

(Still, 2010)

Why it is important to explore women’s role in hospitality provision?

Nature of the hospitality work

The contemporary hospitality industry employs a large percentage of women especially in frontline work (Wijesinghe, 2007; Wijesinghe, 2008).

Women are employed mainly in lower level service jobs as room attendants, laundry workers and waitresses (Wijesinghe, 2007).

There are many challenges that women face in this industry e.g. low pay, low skills (e.g. not well-trained, long hours not convenient for women with children etc.

Why it is important to explore women’s role in hospitality provision - continued

Feminised nature of the hospitality service work eg. ‘air hostess’, ‘receptionist’ - a female noun denoted by the female nature of the duties (Wijesinghe, 2007)

Social stigma of females in service roles (Wijesinghe, 2007).

Understanding the issues that women in hospitality service jobs experience are therefore important to understanding the hospitality industry.

Why it is important to explore women’s role in hospitality provision - continued

“Employee–guest interactions are overlain by social relations of gender” (McIntosh & Harris, 2012)

Perception that sexual provision is part of the service (Wijesinghe, 2007).

“the thin line between selling a service and selling sexuality” (Warhurst & Nickson, 2009)

Boundaries between “personal” and “job role” can be blurred/unclear e.g. sexualising employees (Hooters)

“The kinds of kinesic cues that management encourage employees to display, in order to show warmth towards hotel customers are not only associated with friendliness and courtesy but also with intimacy and sexual attraction” (Burgoon et al. 1990). *Kenesic (interpretation of non-verbal cues e.g. such as facial expressions and gestures)

Sexual harassment issues (Warhurst & Nickson, 2009)

Sexualisation a contemporary hospitality settings:

“In many ways hotels are synonymous with sex, romance and adventure – linked in popular culture with clandestine meetings of spies and lovers, with wedding nights, honeymoons and illicit or transitory sexual assignations” (Pritchard and Morgan 2006: 765).

Examples: Sex tourism

popularity of Love hotels - a type of short-stay hotel operating primarily for the purpose of allowing couples privacy for sexual activities.

See: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_hotel

https :// www.youtube.com/watch?v=amQMMMnBkt0

Sexualisation a contemporary hospitality settings: Example 1 The ‘Bedroom’ concept in Restaurants and Night clubs

Sex & the City

Episode Season 6 Episode 7: The post-it always sticks twice

9:00 – 11:19

“The girls” come to the “Bedroom” bar to help Samantha forget her worries as a result of breaking-up with Smith.

(apologies for the coarse language and sexual reference in this episode)

From the Dining room to Bedroom

Other examples of Bedroom settings in Restaurants:

Horizontal Dining – New York Magazine

http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/columns/intelligencer/9798 /

Bedroom Nightclub - Gold Coast, Surfers Paradise

http://svc011.wic025v.server-web.com/site /

Body Sushi Restaurant

http:// www.asianoffbeat.com/post/World's-10-Weirdest-Theme-Restaurants-news-1264

Body Sushi Restaurant

Nyotaimori (Japanese: 女体盛り, "female body presentation"), often referred to as "body sushi or naked sushi", is the practice of eating sashimi or sushi from the body of a nearly naked woman.

Two years ago, when American's first body sushi restaurant opened in Chicago, the feast on flesh costs about $500 dollars a person, and is served to a small party of four to six people.

"It's a taboo, everybody wants to do taboo," restaurant owner said, "but no nakedness, it has been done in a very classy way, model' private parts have been covered, so that no food touches the model’s skin.“

Source - http://www.asianoffbeat.com/default.asp?Display=486

Body Sushi Restaurant Video

https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYguxFVpXSM

5:13 minutes

Group Activity (4 minutes)

Discuss how the contemporary hospitality industry uses ‘sexual appeal’ of women as a selling point. For example, consider various different restaurant settings.

Do you believe this could confuse guests about what is included as part of the service? In other words, could this create some ambiguity of what is sold and what is bought for the price?

Link between hospitality & sex

There is evidence that “eroticism and hospitality are deeply rooted in experience of human phenomena” which has implications for the contemporary hospitality industry” (Andrews, Roberts, & Selwyn, 2007:247)

Definition of sexual hospitality

Sexual hospitality in this context refers to the ancient traditional cultural norm of host-women having extra-marital sexual intercourse with guest-travellers

in order to provide the full-spectrum of hospitality, and attend to the travellers to the best of the hosts’ ability, as well as to ensure community solidarity & protection from gods.

Sexual hospitality is different from the contemporary concept of prostitution.

Topic overview

There is a perception among some guests that women servers in the contemporary hospitality industry are being willing contenders to ‘sexual hospitality’. This topic explores women‘s hospitality role in antiquity and its continuities through the years in search of the root for this perception (Guerrier, & Adib, 2000).

What the next section will explore

Functional relations of sexual hospitality in domestic settings in the past:

sexual gratification as a socially-binding phenomenon;

ritual means of transforming ‘strangers’ into ‘guests’;

ensuring community solidarity and safety;

Appeasing the gods

Extension of ‘sexual hospitality to the commercial’ sphere.

The beginning - prostitution & hospitality – Pompeii.

Extent to which meanings associated with sexual hospitality from the past is continuing to underlie service in the contemporary hospitality industry.

Implications for Hospitality Management .

How women’s historical role in hospitality provision will be explored

This topic draws quite heavily on work that interprets historical epics eg Homer’s epic The Odyssey & Illiad which were composed in the eighth century B.C., as these epics reflect the culture of the early days.

Women and hospitality in The Odyssey

Hospitality was intended not only to offer comfort & ease the guest into the household, but also to mediate hospitable relations between the guest & the male householder or husband.

A woman’s kleos or honour was dependant on how she looked after the needs of her guests (similar to Early Modern England where domestic hospitality was primarily concerned with such values as generosity, honour and status).

However in some cultures, in the absence of the male householder, a woman does not have the power to provide the full spectrum of hospitality to guests (eg. escort the guest to his destination).

Women and hospitality in The Odyssey

The giving of hospitality also offered women power over men in some respects:

“Her bed traps him eternally in a sterile, inglorious existence; the bath reveals too much about his person; and the clothing shapes his identity to her desires” (Pedrick 1988:85-86).

How noble/respectable women extended their hospitality in The Odyssey

Bed for the guest on his arrival;

Bath for the guest before he partakes of the feast; complements her husband’s words of welcome and elevates a stranger’s status to that of honoured guest.

Gifts of clothing for the guest on his departure; clothes display the guest’s xenia [hospitality affiliation] with that household whenever he wears them.

(Pedrick 1988:85).

Women’s mediation of incorporating strangers/guests into a group

Anthropologists and historians have long established that “in all traditional societies, relations among men are mediated through women and through the exchange of women” (Leed, 1991:112). This mediation was carried out in several ways.

Mediation - women would facilitate relations, between the male host and male guest.

Case study: The Japanese Geisha

The study of history of Geisha – brings together:

historical aspect of women’s roles in hospitality

Continuities between provision of contemporary hospitality (as a hostess)

Feminised roles in hospitality provision

Cultural concepts of hospitality and entertainment

Video Clip: Japanese Geisha explained

(National Geographic Digital Media, 2006). Duration: 2:33 minutes

Artist, diplomat, entertainer, scholar.

Geishas are professional entertainers of the Japanese elite society. They became popular as hostesses and entertainers who facilitated business meetings between rich Japanese men.

Find out the many roles a geisha is expected to play, and why some modern Japanese women still chose this ancient, arduous profession.

http:// video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/culture-places/arts-and-entertainment/japan_geishas.html

Group activity (3 minutes)

In the context of what you have studied today, do you believe the functions performed by the Geisha resemble the functions performed for example by a:

Hostess in a restaurant?

Receptionist?

Waitress?

Discuss the similarities and differences between the Geisha and some of the above 3 service roles with examples.

Individual activity – Chapter 6 watch the pleasure quarters

Write down the answers to the following while watching the next video:

Explain what pleasure quarters are?

What was the reason for making prostitution legal in Japan at the time?

When was the phrase ‘Geishas’ first thought to have been coined?

Were all female Geishas prostitutes?

What were the rules that governed the Geisha trade in ancient society?

What was the guiding principle behind marriage in Japanese society in those times?

How were women treated in Japanese society those days?

Why were Geishas hired out in groups?

Why were plain looking, artistic women chosen as Geishas rather than pretty women?

Why do you think the female Geishas became more popular than male Geishas?

If you were to compare Geishas to roles present in the modern hospitality industry what roles would you describe as being similar at least outwardly?

Video Clip: The History & Art of a Geisha- Chapter

(Delta Entertainment Corporation 2005)

DVD from City west library

Duration: 8:12 minutes (26:00 – 34:12)

Mention Geisha and a hundred and one images of beautiful Japanese young women, dressed in the traditional Kimono, will immediately spring to mind. However, in western society the history and art of the Geisha is shrouded in mystery and fraught with controversy. Even well researched Hollywood movies on the subject have faced cultural obstacles, and the Geisha code of silence has proved to be equally as inscrutable as these remarkable women themselves

Chapter 3 – Geisha’s job 5:55- 8:30

Chapter 6 – pleasure quarters (24:42-

Ways in which women incorporated strangers/guests into a group

(1.) Sexual relations

through the custom of exogamy (is a practice “which used women [women related to the men of the Mediterranean] as counters or tokens to solidify relations with neighbouring societies” (Sussman 1984:87), women were married off to other groups/clans as a means of incorporating men from other groups/clans into the woman’s group;

also women belonging to the host’s community/group were loaned temporarily to the strangers/guests to have sexual relations for the duration of the strangers’ stay;

Ways in which women incorporated strangers into a group cont …

(2.) offering of food - women by cooking and sharing a meal with the strangers/guests incorporated them into the household

Ways in which women incorporated strangers into a group cont …

(3.) companionship as hostesses– women facilitated and enhanced the strangers’/guests’ stay in their household through social relations.

Sexual mediation - through the practice of exogamy

‘Genderization of travel’ (Leed, 1991:116), that is, men were usually the travellers and women were the receivers of travellers

“unknown outsiders are reduced through marriage to a known element in the social universe, affines (relatives by marriage)”

The stranger by displaying his intentions of becoming a suitor expresses his intention to be linked with this kinship group as an affine.

(Pitt-Rivers 1977:120).

Sexual mediation - through temporary loan of women

Belief - men (even though they may originally be strangers) who enter into the bodies of the women of the group become, by this act, kin to the men of the group.

Sexual hospitality was often extended by the host offering the guest access to the host’s wife or alternatively to a close female kin.

Circassians believed that giving a woman’s breast milk can turn an enemy into kin.

Sexual mediation - through temporary loan of women cont …

Sexual relations may also be offered to soften the stranger’s or enemy’s hostile intentions; that is, to placate and keep the guest occupied and ready to sleep so that no harm may be brought on the host, while the host is sleeping and is at a most vulnerable state.

Loaning a woman to a guest for the night was as normal as offering food and shelter.

Making the guests’ stay comfortable –example of Highland Hospitality

Unto his housemaid spoke the Laird: "Tonight the Bishop is our guest; The spare room must be warmed and aired: To please him we will do our best. A worthy haggis you must make, And serve a bowl of barley bree; We must be hearty for the sake Of Highland Hospitality.”

The feast was set, the candles lit, The Bishop came with modest mien, And (one surmised) was glad to sit And sup in this ancestral scene. A noble haggis graced the board; The Laird proposed a toast or two, And ever and anon he poured His guest a glass of Mountain Dew.

Then to his maid the Laird gave tongue: "My sonsie Jean, my friend is old. Comparatively you are young, And not so sensitive to cold. Poor chiel! His blood austerely beats, Though it be sped by barley bree . . . Slip half an hour between the sheets, Brave lass, and warm his bed a wee.”

Said she: "I'll do the best I can So that his couch may cosy be, And as a human warming pan[my emphasis added] Prove Highland Hospitality." So hearing sounds of mild carouse, As in the down she pillowed deep: "In half an hour I will arouse," She vowed, then soundly went to sleep.

So when the morn was amber-orbed The Bishop from a dream awoke, And as his parritch he absorbed, Unto his host he slyly spoke: "Your haggis, Laird, was nobly bred, And braw your brew of barley bree - But oh your thought to warm the bed!

That's Highland Hospitality [my emphasis added].

Explanation of terms used in the poem

Hearty - enthusiastically or exuberantly cordial.

Haggis - a traditionally Scottish dish that consists of the heart, liver, and lungs of a sheep or a calf minced with suet, onions, oatmeal, and seasonings and boiled in the stomach of the animal.

Barley bree – Barley + Scottish whiskey

Mien – appearance.

Sonsie – buxom/comely/good looking

Sexual mediation - through temporary loan of women cont …

Sexual relations with strangers as a way of offering hospitality was a custom common to many cultures:

prominent in cultures where travel was especially difficult due to reasons of extreme conditions eg. Arctic hospitality.

in ancient India it was deemed that the act of hospitality was not complete without the offering of sexual hospitality.

Sexual mediation - through temporary loan of women cont ..

Example from the epic Mahābhārata

Sudharśana - who has taken a vow of unquestioning hospitality - advises his wife Oghavatī in her duties as a hostess thus (MBh XIII.2 as cited in Jamison 1996:153:

Sexual hospitality & honour -example

In one of the epics contained in the Mahābhārata, Sudharśana - who has taken a vow of unquestioning hospitality - advises his wife Oghavatī in her duties as a hostess thus:

41 It is wrong for you not to do everything possible for a guest.

By whatever way you might satisfy a guest,

42 even by the gift of yourself, you should not hesitate to do it [my emphasis added],

43 This vow exists always in my heart,

For, o well-hipped one, there is nothing higher than a guest for householders.

44 O fair-thighed one, if my speech is an authority for you, o lovely one,

Without confusion you should hold this statement in your heart always.

When I am away, just as when I am present, o lovely one and faultless one,

No guest is to be scorned by you, if I am your authority.

(MBh XIII.2 as cited in Jamison 1996:153)

Video: The savage innocents (motion picture)

The movie clip shows the custom of sexual hospitality among the Eskimos. The custom of offering one’s wife to a guest for sexual gratification was a considered an honourable act.

This scene illustrates how a missionary was offered sexual hospitality, but the missionary refused the offering, thus gravely insulting the Eskimo’s wife.

(Ray & Bandini 1961)

Duration: 59:05-1:04:21(missionary)

Symbolic meaning of hospitality through the Offering of food

Hospitality is shown through friendship

Hospitality & friendship are extended through the ritual of sharing food.

“Host friend’s anxious desire that his guest- friend show his appreciation of the tender care lavished on him, lest lack of appetite be metaphorical as much as physical …. ‘If you don’t eat up this food I’ve made for you then you can’t be that fond of me. If you’re not hungry then you don’t care for me anymore’” (Jelloun, 1999:35, as cited in Still 2010:93)

Eg: Sexual hospitality as a comfort: an extreme case

Japan: Comfort women – sexual slavery of women in the Japanese military during world war 11

Group activity

“The contemporary concept of those receiving and incorporating strangers/guests into a commercial accommodation establishment - may perhaps have derived from women’s role as a mediator of strangers into guests throughout history” Do you agree or disagree with the above statement? Provide 3 points to support your answer.

Women’s sphere of duty

Duties of the women were ‘within’ or inside the household and the duties of men were ‘without’ or outside the house - in the community.

As such, women in the patriarchal societies of early Greece and Rome who laboured outside of the household in the public domain were deemed to have stepped outside the honour that is accorded to them through male protection (guardianship of men). (stigma).

Continuity of sexual hospitality into the commercial sphere

Hospitality trade often housed within it the services of prostitution, giving those who worked as hospitality workers a dubious reputation.

It was believed that women who were employed in hospitality trades as inn keepers, barmaids, hostesses and cabaret dancers were willing to have sexual relations with their male guests for a few extra pennies, to make the guests’ stay more comfortable

Continuity of sexual hospitality into the commercial sphere cont

Roman law & literature misrepresent all women who worked or visited hospitality establishments as prostitutes.

….this has led to a widespread assumption that the terms barmaid, waitress, or hostess are synonyms for prostitute, and that wine shops, taverns or inns doubled as brothels … upper class Roman society and Roman law stereotyped women working in these establishments as prostitutes. Roman law classified women of many retail trades, which involved sales to the public and collection of money, at least informally, with the designation of ‘infamia’ along with full time prostitutes, actresses, and procurers (DeFelice 1998:1).

Misrepresentation of ‘Islamic’ women as seductresses in the literature

“Levantine women likewise entered service, even as did the designing Syrian in the Mercator of Plautus; but when circumstances permitted them to follow their inclinations and choose freely reverted to that condition to which their oriental surroundings and habits of life had accustomed them, debauched adventuresses, worshipping their figures [my emphasis added], lascivious dancers like the Gaditanian gypsies of the present day, players of lyres, singers of obscene odes and Fescennine verses at the cross-roads and taverns; in a word, ‘ambunia’, as Horace calls them, in one of his satires which is never translated; flute players whose lack of morals and restrained decency were compensated for by physical beauty and an insatiable desire to please in any way that might yield a handsome profit” (Firebaugh, 1923:137-138).

Video: Saudi women

Controversial interpretations?

A Western photographer captures the silhouette of a lone Saudi woman. The woman is fully covered in black by her veil and traditional dress.

The photographer interprets this photo by stating that the Saudi woman who is fully clad is evocative in a seductive and flirtatious pose. The photographer’s comments give the impression that women such clad (perhaps deliberately) teases the male imagination . This comment is similar to the racist/sexist comment made by Firebaugh earlier.

(National Geographic 2008)

Duration: 1:35 minutes

What is sexualised labour?

Sexualised labour involves organisations employing workers’ sex appeal as a selling point for purposes of commercial gain.

This sexualised labour is built into women’s work by:

recruitment practices – e.g. employing attractive candidates - employees should be “attractive”, “average weight and height

job requirements – e.g. “must have [a] helpful enthusiastic attitude”- flirting with customers

dress codes –

which place women as sex objects and women’s bodies therefore as sites of work.

In the hotel the personnel specifications for the ‘female’ jobs of waitress,

By contrast the specifications for the predominantly male occupations (chef/cook, concierge, Bell boy) had varied, more job related specifications and certainly did not require attractiveness.

Reflection: Is there a continuing trend from sexual hospitality to sexualised labour?

Waitress sues over skimpy uniform, leading to sexual harassment

A former employee is suing a Los Angeles-area sports bar after she says she was forced to wear a skimpy uniform and was subjected to sexual harassment. She claims she was objectified and humiliated, harassed.

Multimedia KSDK Incorporated. (2013). Waitress sues over skimpy uniform, sexual harassment, Retrieved 20/08/2013, from http:// archive.ksdk.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=325974

Continuity of sexual hospitality into the commercial sphere cont ..

“[contemporary] hospitality is associated with some further rather surprising looking couplings. While undoubtedly the outcome of moral obligations (which are underwritten by doctrinal and ethical injunctions), there is a sense that just around the corner from any act of hospitality there awaits various kinds of pleasures, including those of transgression and excess, which go well beyond the call of duty” (Selwyn, 2000:26).

Video: Sexual Harassment in Hospitality

“The tourism and hospitality industry has suffered for years of many cases of harassment in the workplace. It's come from co-workers, employers and guests alike … younger [women]in the workplace tend to fall prey to these kinds of harassment … Warren from the Anti-discrimination Commission Queensland talks about this subject” .

(Hospitality Crew 2007)

Duration:

Reflections

In historical times and certain current cultural contexts the woman plays the role of facilitating informal relations between men (e.g. Geisha and businessman)

In the contemporary hospitality industry the provision of sexual hospitality is definitely not part of the service.

However, hospitality’s historical roots, coupled with the traditional meanings linking hospitality to sexuality as implicitly engaged by the contemporary hospitality industry for commercial advantage, appear to send a ‘mixed’ message to the guests.

This can place service workers at risk in terms of encouraging sexual harassment.

Q&A

Bibliography

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Bibliography cont …

Hochschild, A. R. (1983), The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling, University of California, Berkeley.

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Bibliography cont …

McIntosh, Alison , & Harris, Candice (2012). Critical hospitality and work: (In)hospitable employment in the hospitality industry Hospitality & Society, 2(2), 129-135.

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Bibliography cont …

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Bibliography cont …

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Bibliography cont …

Wijesinghe, G. (2007). How may I serve you? Women receptionists' lived experience in the hospitality industry (unpublished thesis). University of South Australia, Adelaide.

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