Discussion Question need back right away!!!! no later than 11:00 pm tonight

nan-

lrac- r the

Pon- non' oyed

ment

hese

rvey ocial that

nofit ncies

are

[eas,

ental

Elng ).5o/o;

OTTC-

nsed

ctice ason

: also

ocial ,Pear

rage-

nsed

Iikely

ne in ision 1991

ier, a

-7Vo)

viob ision ecent

that n the

their ess & : evi- rn in rg.A tions

iemqn-ed that the percentage of women in "higher n:=inistration" and women CEOs increased ngxifrcantly over two decades. Women CEOs :sresented 33.9o/o of all state agency CEOs in l,lr:5 (williams & Gray, 2007). While this ;r,.Sress is noteworthy, it appears that there s :nuch to do to achieve gender equality in the -Jst of management.

There also appears to be a continuing discrep-

mff between the salaries of men and women asss all types of jobs in social work, including nrslragement. Data from the study of licensed r.:*:iaL rvorkers indicate that men make substan-

:a"rr- more than women in all kinds of full-time u,bs \\tritaker et a1.,2006b). In a study ofsocial trcrlers in Pennsylvania, the authors found that mm.'s salaries were, on average, $3,500 a year n,sher than women's, with the discrepancy s-ained largely by years of experience and npragement positions (Koeske & Krowinski, Itlr,4r. The reasons for gender disparities in the :gresentation and income of men and women -rE rranagement are complex, but they probably :n-.oh-e some combination of early career choices,

Fder stereotyping, and hiring discrimination -{,i-itirl, 1995). These disparities are persistent

md troublesome in a field that employs a dispro-

rur:ionate number of women. The representation of ethnic and racial

,n-rorities in human services management is rus.r a continuing concern, given that agencies it:-l-e a large and growing number of people of ;ruor- Evidence from a multi-site study of public 'w.eiiare agencies with a sample of over 1,900 :c$pondents revealed that European (white) }-erican men occupied 40o/o of all administra- :se iobs and 2lo/o of all supervisory jobs, but rrnprised only 15.7o/o of the sample. European ,r-:aerican men and women were more likely to

no,Ld high-status agency jobs than their minority ;:.Enterparts (McNeely, Sapp, & Dailey, 1998). Lblic policies regarding equal opportunity and ffi.rmative action, and a growing awareness that rrnoriry leadership should more nearly reflect ::e communities being served, seem to have inten-

s5ed effiorts to recruit and develop minority

Management in the Human Services

workers for management responsibilities. However, the relatively small percentage of such

professionals in human services management is

a continuing challenge for the human services. Additionally, as Mor Barak (2000) has pointed out, efforts to increase the representation of minorities in management must be paired with

increased attention to how agencies can fully include such workers in the social and cultural

fabric ofthese organizations so their talents can

be fully developed and utilized.

Administration Defined: Functions and Roles

The terms management and administration will be used interchangeably in this chapter and throughout this book. Although there have been

many attempts to distinguish these terms (e.g.,

level of responsibiliry external vs. internal orien-

tation, human services vs. business), there is no

widely accepted agreement regarding their usage

(Austin & Kruzich,2004). Indeed, judging from

titles of recent textbooks and job titles used in agencies, it appears that the word management and its variations (manager, managerial, man-

aging) may be the more popular term. While

administratior is more often used in public ser-

vices, this is not universally the case.

Whether management or administration, the

words are applied in several ways. Management/ administration is often employed to describe the

particular person or persons high in the organi-

zation's hierarchy whose policies and decisions

constitute a leadership regime, as in the phrase "the management of this agency is fiscally con-

servative, or dynamic, or visionary."

Management/administration is also used to address the totality of processes and functions that are performed throughout the organization

in order to accomplish its goals. In this sense, the

administration of the agency is characterized as a

"system of coordinated and cooperative effort" that extends beyond the responsibilities of man-

agers to include all those who have a stake in the