5 pages

Racism & Socialization in American

1 MacDonald, Michael Patrick. All Souls: A Family Story from Southie. Boston: Beacon, 1999. Print.

“A family story from Southie”, by Michael Patrick MacDonald. All Souls is a true story from MacDonald’s childhood. MacDonald recounted the story of growing up with crime, violence and poverty in his neighborhood. Moreover, MacDonald’s mother had eleven children but only seven of them alive. In the 1970s and 80s, a gangster named James Bulger, took control and brought the drug trade into MacDonald’s neighborhood. Many of young adults died because of suicides, murders and overdoses.

2 Chestnut, J. L., and Julia Cass. Black in Selma: The Uncommon Life of J.L. Chestnut, Jr. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1990. Print.

Black in Selma is a book to describe a political movement (voting right movement) in Selma, Alabama. Moreover, the white people used the power to control black people and most of whites were a deep-rooted racial prejudice in that time.

3 Morrison, Toni, and Jordi Gubern. Ojos Azules. Barcelona: Debolsillo, 2001. Print.

During the Great Depression, a young black girl named Pecola Breedlove, she generally stands for the most beautiful thing is to have one pair of bluest eyes. However, the dream of beautiful and ugly reality has too much contrast, and Pecola did not realize their aspirations, instead of being raped by her father and she’s pregnant. Pacola starts fall into the abyss of suffering. The contradiction between the ideal and reality are making her insanity. In the end, she was hallucinating and believe that she really has a pair of beautiful bluest eyes.

4 The doll experiment

Psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark created the doll experiment in 1940s. One doll was white with yellow hair and other doll was brown with black hair. They used to this two completely identical except for the skin and hair color to test children’s racial perceptions. Most of children believed the white doll represents positive characteristics. For instance, the majority of children thinks the white doll associating with beautiful or good and the black doll with bad or ugly. The experiment showed the children decided the bad or good characteristics of doll was according to the color.

5 Gatson, Sarah N. Contemporary Sociology. No.5 ed. Vol. 24. N.p.: American Sociological Association, 1995. Print.

“A serious, sustained, meaningful dialogue about race” Reddy used her experience to describe racial issues in a nation. A black man married a white woman and had two children. As a social force, not many of people accepted their relationship. However, “Reddy’s solution-feminist cross-racial friendships among women and political alliances based on a concept of “mothering” rather than sisterhood- is problematic not only because it essentializes women (which she acknowledges), but also because it completely writes all men out of an active role in eradicating racism” (Gatson 600).

6 Connolly, Paul. Racism, Gender Identities, and Young Children: Social Relations in a Multi-ethnic, Inner-city Primary School. London: Routledge, 1998. Print

The book provides a fascinating and disturbing account of the significance of racism life around five years to six years old children, drawing on a poor area in-depth research data, national primary and surrounding communities. It represents a unique detailed studies to give the voice of the young children and giving them the space to express their experiences and concerns. Also, these children have of problems of race, gender and sexuality, they play use and transformation of the knowledge, makes the positive effect of the significance of their experience.

7 Nightingale, Carl Husemoller. On the Edge: A History of Poor Black Children and Their American Dreams. New York: Basic, 1993. Print.

The children in poor areas are in trouble because they have bought too many American dreams, not because they are not interested. Moreover, the author also describes about violence in black people’s community and physical violence in American society at that time.

8 Feagin, Joe R., and Melvin P. Sikes. Living with Racism: The Black Middle-class Experience. Boston: Beacon, 1994. Print.

Feagin, a white sociologist and Sikes, a black psychologist. They interviewed 209 middle-class black’s family, and reported the testimonies from different black middle-class. Most of white landlords, homeowners and neighbors are accused of using culture and heritage to discriminate against black people. For example, the discrimination on the job in promotions and salary. Moreover, there was widespread prejudice against black people in restaurants, convince stores and other public places.

9 Troyna, Barry, and Richard Hatcher. Racism in Children's Lives: A Study of Mainly-white Primary Schools. London: Routledge in Association with the National Children's Bureau, 1992. Print.

In this book, teachers and the general public reject the facts of racism in primary school. Based on interviews with elementary education in the past two years, Taylor is interested in study of how racism still exists in our everyday life.

10 Claudia, Lawrence Webb. "African American Children in the Modern Child Welfare System: A Legacy of the Flemming Rule."ProQuest Social Science Journals New Platform. Child Welfare, Jan. 1997. Web. 15 Oct. 2015.

Children in the entire United States, especially those who are African American’s children are mistreated under the law of Flemming rule. The result of such discrimination is caused by the Social Security Act of 1935. This specific act rejected the need of massive AFDC and their mothers. The evolution of this Act makes some regions of United States today to ignore the needs of AFDC ad their mothers.