I want the relative between the movie and those 4 chapters.
adovooxy
chapter_5.pptxSocial Interaction and Social Structure
CHAPTER 5
Key Topics
5-1 Social Structure
5-2 Status
5-3 Role
5-4 Explaining Social Interaction
5-5 Nonverbal Communication
5-6 Online Communication
Social Structure
Social Structure
Social Interaction
The process by which we act toward and react to people around us
Central to all human social activity
Affected by elements of social structure
Social Structure
People respond based on what they think is at stake for them.
People influence each other’s behavior.
Discussion: What influences how you interact with others?
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Social Structure
Social structure
An organized pattern of behavior that governs people’s relationships
Makes life orderly and predictable
Includes statues, roles, groups, organizations, and institutions.
Status
Status
Status
A social position
Examples: student, professor, son, mother, employee
Statuses can be ranked but do not always imply differing amounts of prestige.
Friend is an example of a status that does not imply ranking.
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Status
Status set: a collection of social statuses that an individual occupies
Changes throughout the life course
Statuses are always relational—linked to other statuses.
Employer—employee
Parent—child
Status
Status
An ascribed status is a position that we are born into—female, African American.
An achieved status is a position that we have through choice—friend, athlete.
Status—Application
Identify whether it is ascribed or achieved.
Latino
Bartender
Father
Nurse
Adolescent
Latino: ascribed
Bartender: achieved
Father: achieved
Nurse: achieved
Adolescent: ascribed
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Status
Master status:
Determines a person’s identity
Highly visible
Shapes a person’s entire life
Examples: gender, race
Status
Status inconsistency refers to occupying social positions that create conflict because they are ranked differently.
A person who is both a student and an instructor may experience status inconsistency.
Role
Role: behavior that is expected of a person in a particular status
A student is expected to read, take notes, write papers, and attend class.
Roles are based on mutual obligations.
A professor must grade the papers written by the students.
Role—Application
Describe the role for each of these statuses:
Attorney
Son
Waiter
Mother
Attorney: prepare legal documents; argue in court
Son: treat parents with respect; babysit siblings
Waiter: take order; bring food
Mother: buy groceries; clean house; give hugs
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Role
Role performance: the actual behavior of a person who occupies a status
Individuals enact roles differently.
An extrovert will play the role of student differently from an introvert.
Role
Role set: the different roles attached to a single status
A student may interact differently with a professor and a fellow student.
A nurse will interact differently with a doctor, another nurse, and a patient.
Role
Role
Role conflict: the frustration and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of two or more statuses
Examples: being a supervisor and a friend; being a mother, student, employee, and volunteer
Discussion: What are some of the role conflicts you experience?
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Role
Role strain: involves incompatible demands among roles within a single status
Examples: an employee with more than one boss; nurses who must be both compassionate and firm
Discuss: In what ways does being a student lead to role strain?
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Role—Application
Is it role conflict or strain?
A man finds it difficult to be a politician because he doesn’t like public speaking.
A mom cannot take time off from work to go to her daughter’s soccer match.
A friend asks a student for assistance in cheating.
Politician: role strain
Mom: role conflict
Student: role conflict
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Role
Ways we cope with role conflict and strain
Deny the problem.
Compromise or negotiate.
Set priorities.
Compartmentalize
Refuse more roles.
Exit a role or status.
Explaining Social Interaction
Explaining Social Interaction
Symbolic interaction theory examines how people communicate knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes and how they interpret situations.
Explaining Social Interaction
The social construction of reality occurs as people perceive and understand through social interaction.
Monday is Monday because people agree that it is.
Race is constructed differently in different societies.
Explaining Social Interaction
Doublespeak: language that pretends to communicate but really doesn’t
Euphemisms: unofficial words or phrases that avoid an unpleasant reality
Gobbledygook: overwhelms with big words
Explaining Social Interaction
Self-fulfilling prophecy: if we define something as real it can become real
If we assume young people will get into trouble, they probably will.
Explaining Social Interaction
Ethnomethodology: studies how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make interaction possible
People make sense of their everyday lives through observing conversations and general rules.
Ethnomethodologists study interaction by analyzing conversations and violating rules.
Examples include trying to pay more for an item than the listed price or answering the phone with “goodbye.”
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Explaining Social Interaction—Application
How might ethnomethodologists question the assumptions of …?
A restaurant
A supermarket
A family dinner
Possible answers:
Restaurant: customer serving self; sitting down at someone else’s table
Supermarket: going through the checkout line backwards; trying to purchase one egg
Family dinner: sitting on the floor; asking for the bill
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Explaining Social Interaction
Dramaturgical analysis: examines social interaction as if it were a stage where people act out different scenes
Impression management: suppressing unfavorable traits and stressing favorable ones
Front stage: where the actual performance takes place
Backstage: a place, concealed from the audience, where people can relax or prepare
Discussion: What are the front stages of restaurants, church, school, family home?
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Explaining Social Interaction
Social Exchange Theory: assumes that social interaction is based on maximizing rewards and minimizing costs
Interactions are most satisfying when there is a balance.
Explaining Social Interaction—Application
What are the potential costs and benefits of these interactions?
A student and professor
A first date
A friendship
Possible answers:
Student and professor: a good grade, a paycheck, increase in self-esteem; frustration, poor grade, decrease in self-esteem
First date: companionship, fun evening, meeting new people; boring evening, loss of time to study
A friendship: emotional intimacy, fun; loss of time for other things, loans
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Explaining Social Interaction
Feminist theories: study interaction according to gender roles
Many feminist scholars maintain that interaction often involves a dominant-subordinate relationship in which men are usually dominant.
Explaining Social Interaction
Emotional labor is the management of feelings to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display.
Women are more likely than men to have jobs where they are required to perform emotional labor.
Discussion: What kinds of job involve emotional labor?
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Explaining Social Interaction
Gender Roles in interaction:
Women and men speak about the same amount.
Women are more likely to do conversation “maintenance work.”
Men’s speech reflects conversational dominance.
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication involves messages sent without using words.
Transmits feelings and emotions
Includes silence, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, and personal space
Discussion: Why are we more likely to believe nonverbal than verbal communication? What kinds of problems does nonverbal communication cause in relationships?
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Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Cross-cultural variations:
Holding hands
Personal space
Specific gestures
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication—Application
How might you nonverbally communicate each of the following?
“I’m angry with you!”
“I’m confused.”
“Don’t come any closer.”
“You’re cute!”
Possible answers:
Anger: shake fist; pound table; cross arms
Confusion: shrug shoulders
Closer: put out hand
Cute: smile
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Online Communication
Online Communication
Over 80% of adult Americans use the Internet.
We communicate through e-mail, instant messaging, text messaging, webcams, and social networking.
The biggest digital divide is among social classes.
Discussion: What are the benefits of online communication? What are the disadvantages or potential problems of online communication?
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Online Communication
Chapter Review
What is social structure?
What are the parts of social structure?
What is the social construction of reality?
How do different perspectives explain interaction?
What is the importance of nonverbal communication?
How does online communication shape one’s interactions?
