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e , a c c o r din g to A b b é H e n r i B r e u ił. In E g y p t, t h e m o s t a n c ie n t
T h c D je b e l O u e n a t c a r v in g s in L i b y a w e re d a t e d a s t h o s e o í t h c U p p e r
v ie w (行吕 s . 1, 2 , 3 ).
A fr ic a n a r t o f t h e U p p e r P a le o lit h ic p e r io d h a s c o n lir m e d t h is p o in t o f
rh n »u g h S ic ily a n d S o u t h e r n Ita ly . 1 T h e e x is t e n c e o f a c a v e a n d
p a r ie titl
A fń c a th ro u g h t h e S tr a it o f G ib r a lta f t h e I s t h m u s o f S u e z , a n d m a y b e
T h e lir s t B la c k w h o w e n t o u t t o p o p u la r e t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r ld e x it e d
c is e a re n o w in v a lid .
T h e o ld th e o r ie s th a t u s e d t o s ta t e t h a t B la c k s c a m e f ro m s o m e w h e r e
a t th e H o m o e r e c t u s a n d H o m o s a p ie n s s t a g e s , 15 0 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o .
d ire c t filia tio n , a n d th e o th e r c o n tin e n ts w e r e p o p u la t e d fro m A f ric a
2 . A ll th e o th e r r a c e s d e r iv e f ro m t h e B la c k r a c e b y a m o r e o r le s s
c h m m .
fo r w a r m - b lo o d e d a n im a ls t o b e p ig m e n t e d in a h o t a n d h u m id
Equato is n e c e s s a r ily p ig m e n te d a n d B la c k th e G ıo g e r L a w c a J ï s
1 . H u m a n k in d b o m a ro u n d th e G r e a t L a k e s r e g io n , a lm o s t o n t h e
h a v e c o m e to lig h t a s a re s u lt o f th is r e s e a rc h
T w o ra m ific a tio n s th a t h a v e n o t b e e n s u Ħic ie n t ly e m p h a s iz e d u n til n o w
E a s t A fr ic a '
s G r e a t L a k e s re g io n , a r o u n d th e O m o V a lle y .
ìa tc D r . L o u is L e a k e y , h a s h e lp e d to p la c e th e b ir th p la c e o f h u m a n ity in
T h c ı1e s e a r c h c o n d u c te d in h u m a n is tic p a le o n to lo g y , p a r tic u la r ly b y th e
R A C 认 し D IF F E R E - H O N
O R IG IN O F H U M A - A N D
R A C E A N D H IST O R Y
P R E H IST O R Y
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r till q u ite d istu r b in g .
pte h is to tic a l a rc h a e o lo g y o
f e a c h c o n tin e n t . W h a t w a s th e n k n o w n w a s
m h o f a b s o lu te c h ro n o lo g y h a d n o t y e t c a s t a s in g u la r lig h t o n th e łh ¢ p te
v to u s g e n e ra tio n o f e m in e n t a n th ro p o lo g is ts , a t a t im e w h e n th e
L e t u s re c a ll, fo r h is to ry '
s s a ke , t ha t th is m a la is e w a s a lre a d y p re s e n t in th e ir m a n y td o m , be c a u s e lo g ic a l c o h e re n c e r e m a in s w ith s c ie n c e .
p o sitio n in o td e r to s h o w th a t th e id e o lo g is ts h a v e n o t re a c h e d th e e n d
W ha t w c a re b rie fly e v o k in 吕 h e re a re th e in fin ite ly v a rie d n u a n c e s o f th is *o ç to b io lo g ic a l eru «lie s o
u g h t to d e m o n s tra te .
ï p t c ıfic ity , a n d th u s th c d e s ira b le h ie ra n c h y , o f th e ra c e s , w h ic h hly p e rfin e
Uncl* : c o n d itio n s o f "
c u ltu ra l "
a d a p ta tio n th a t s a fe g u a rd th e n e c e s s a ry
* b o u t a ¢ th c Im l o f e a c h c o n tin e n t, b u t in a p a le o lith ic e n v iro n m e n t a n d A n d th a t th e
" s a p ic n tiz a tio n
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o f th is A fric a n H o m o e r e c tu s w a s b ro u g h t
m o a q g c n e lic , A fric a n o rig in o f h u m a n ity s to p s a t th e H o m o e re c tu s s ta g e .
T h w , t im id ly , r hc te n d e n c y n o w e m e rg in g is t h e o n e h o ld in g th a t th e ło c o m m itĺ ln 吕 m o ra l s u ic id e .
idlc a ï th a t a r e s o d e a r to th e m . Fo r s o m e id e o lo g is ts , t his w o u ld a m o u n t ï o m łc g fa łe a ll o f th c k n o w n fa c ts w ith o u t h a v in g to re n o u n c e th e s a c re d
T h i* h th e c u rr e n t p ra c tic e . In s o J o in 吕 th e y th in k th a t th e y w ill b e a b le ın d in d c fc n sib lc p o s itio n s , c o n t ń v c to re c a s t t h e ir c o n c e p t u a l a p p a ra t u s e s .
w ith *c ic n tilic p to 吕 re is , t he id c o lo g ists, in s te a d o f a b a n d o n in g lo s t g ro u n d
* m o r e ta n g ib le fa c t. W h a t th e n re m a in s to b e d o n e w ith id e o lo g y ? F a c e d
T b e m o n o g c n e tic a n d A íric a n o rig in o f h u m a n ity is b e c o m in g , e v e r y d a y ,
H U M A N IT Y
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A ¢ł¢t a v e r y s h o rt tim e , t he tid a l w a v e w a s re g is te re d o n th e s h o tle s o f
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2 9 5 to w n s a n d d ro w n in g 3 6 , 000 p e o p le . a ł th e l# n e r tlc a c hc d a h e ig h t o f
th ir ty - fiv e m e te rs o n th e n e ig h bo r in g c o a s ts
poİ w to th a t o í K ra k a to a , a n is la n d in In d o n e s ia , in 1 8 8 3 . T h e tid a l w a v e
th * t th c e ru p t io n o f S a n to rin i is c o m p a
ra b le in in te n s ity a n d �� t
Słw d ic r lh * v e s ho w n , a c c o r d in g to th e a u th o rs a lr e a d y q u o te d o n th is
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a a o r$ a n ic im p u
rity li k e ly
to e n g e n d e r fa ls e a n a ly tic a l re
s u lts . T h u s 3 3 7 0 b« l * ce u n łu la tc d irı th e lig n c
o u s m a te r ia l w it h tim e , a n d w h ic h c o n s titu te s J J?TO + 10 0 B . p . , w a s o b ta
in e d a fte r th e e x tr a c t io n o f th e h u m ic a c id th a t pl<»sio n t}m l w
a s to B iv c b ir t h to th e m y th o f A t
la n tis . T h e s e c o n d d a te , plo *ıo n . T hi
ıi w o o d is th e re fo re c o n te m p o ra n e o u s w it h t h e v o lc a n ic �� e
cblı¢ c o v e r e d th c w h o le g ro
u p o f th e C y c la d e s Is la n d s a fte r t h e �� e
f n ı p ie c e o í w o o d fo u n d u n d e r th e th irty
- m e te r - th ic k la y e r o f a s h e s
+ łSO B . p , o r 3 3 7 0 + 1 0 0 B . p , T he s e (w o d a te s h a v e b e e n c a lc u la t e d
T ıı¢ w e lc a n ic c n tp tio n o f th c is la n d o f S a n to r in i h a s b e e n d a te d a t 3 0 5 0
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O R ï N I IN T H E C Y C L A D E S E X P L O SIO N O F 丁 H E ISL A N D O F
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ï h t o b İ i ¢t w a s d a m a 吕e d , t h e p a r is t
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r a v e d o n th e c y
lin d r ic a l c e n s e r (fig . 2 9). E v e n tho u g h }e c tı in 1 9 7 8 , d re w th e a tte
n tio n o f t h e s c h o la rly
w o r ld to th e p e c u lia r ity
Įł w a $ a rĮ a a $o c ia te re s e a rc h e f B r u c e w il
lia m s , w h o , s t u dyin g t h e s e �� o
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d a t th e O rie n ta l In s titu te o f th e U n iv e rs ity o f
- r y L ın d to m b s L . 23 a n d L .
2 4 , o f a sp e c ia l f o rm , c o n t a in e d v e r y
e u lm te c o n te m p o r a n e o u s w it
h th e re c e n t p re d y n a
s tic p e ń o d . Į t w a s c a lle d#illin g o f th
e re #e v o ir. T h e c e m e te ry
in q u e s tio n is o f G r o u p A , a N u b ia n
- ru ç łio n o f rh c A s w źin d a m , a n
d th e flo o d in g o f th e re g io n b y th e $h e ıu łp ic « o í
U N E S C O '
s in te rn a tio n a l c a m p a ig n
o f 1 9 6 3 - 64 , b e f o re th e
U n lv e n ity o f C h ic a g o , c o n
d u c te d a t t h e Q o s tu l c e m e te ry in N u b ia , u n d e r
¢i w w w ı b * ı b e e n fil le d , t ha n k s to
th e e x c a v a t io n s b y k e it h s e e le , o f th eaklogical
fa c ts ro d e m o n s tr a t e th is h y p
o th e s is w e re m is s in g . T h e g a p ,
o f tb e G te * t L a k e s , t he c ra d le o f H o m o s
a p ie n s s a p
ie n s . B u t c o n c lu s iv e m p e o p l
e d b y a p ro 8
re s s iv e d e s c e n t o f th e B la c k p e o p le s f ro m th e re g io
n T hi* il q u ite lo g ic a
l if o n c c o n s id e rs th e lik e lih o o d th a t
th e N ile V a lle y c in liz * tio n p r e c e
d e d a n d m ig h t e v e n h a v e g
iv e n b ir th to t h a t o f E 田 中 t .
ł , a c c < » rd in 吕 to th c q u a s i
- u n a n im o u s te s tim o n y o
f th e a n c ie n ts , N u b ia n W k b ıv c w ritte n in N a tio n s
n q g r e s e t ć u ltu re a n d in o u r
la te r p u b lic a tio n s
C Į V .EU Z A T ìO N A N T E R IO R IT Y O F N U B ıA N
C Į V İ L IZ A H O N
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ır b lo o d tle la r e d . E x t e n d e d fa m ily e x c lu s iv e ly f o u n d e d o n e it h e r � � m
ţ f th e r e c tcis ts a «l ia łe c t i c a ļ lin k b e t w
e e n c la n a n d t r ib e . T h e c la n is
fr m r ń a g e s , e n d u p
b e c o m in g a m o n o lin g u a l t r ib e , a n a t io n a lit
y
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e s o r n o t) w h ic h , b y d in t o f c o n t r a c t in g
d a a į « o ¢g m iz a tio n , in o rd e r to b
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ro m is c u it y , P r im it iv e c o m m u n is m , e t c .
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f h u m a n e x is t e n c e p r io r t o t h e c la n n e e d « ł th e dcm»nds o f th is p h a s
e o f h u m a n e v o lu t io n .
b y # i?ırłf lg th e m # p a rt ic u la r s t
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? * in į c o r s a n ilea tio n o n ly s
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w rd th e p o s s ib le tr la rio n
s h ip s b e tw e e n in d iv id u a ls .
in d a � le i r n o ĺ io n o f p h y s ic a l k in s h ip , o w n e r s h ip o f g o o d s a n d ��i n h
e - ï v c m \e $
o f b o th s p o u s e s in t h e p h y s
ic a l c o n c e p tio n o f t h e c h ild
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m r ï ť f,) Į c . A ï th e m o m e n t o f c }a n ic fo r m a tio n , h u m a n ity a lre a d y k n e w
a if · a m o d e o f in lıc t ita n e c , e t c . ĺ 11o t h e w n o a ıic w
n łw l). o f a p riv a re o r c o lle c tiv e ty p e o f b e o f a łın ita t«m iı\ ty p e o f ki. N s h
ip (p a rr ilin e a l o r m a tr ilin e a l, - - iç n e c d
r a n d to c h a lle n g e r ła ï r Ę . It is fo u n d e d o n a
¢b n f* a llo « p d * b o w a ll ı s o c ia l o rg a n iz a tio
n w h o s e p u rp o s e is - *OCiıl ï 1e g u ļ * r io n * . d ıew - 1 . H i* ĺ c x u a l n la
rio n s a n e h e n c e fo r t h d e p e n d e n t o n v e r y
*k b q þ& n g a f c iv il, ijŁa t io n t h e h u m a n b e in g
is n o lo n g e r a s im p
ly ��b
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O R ( , A N ï Z A T IO N
į 、 八人 į c 八N D 丁杖1吕A L
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