Analyzing Theories for Psychology/Counseling

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Chapter Four

Jungian Analytical Theory

Abbe Finn

Associate Dean Graduate Programs

College of Education

Florida Gulf Coast University

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Background

  • Founded by Swiss psychiatrist, Carl Gustav Jung.

  • Jung was a disciple of Sigmund Freud but parted ways with him in 1913 over Freud’s emphasis on biological drives and sexual urges as the prime human motivating factors.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Background

  • Jung came to believe that the role of the psychotherapist is to analyze dreams and fantasies (sometimes expressed through the arts), and bring thoughts from the unconscious to conscious awareness.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Background

  • He believed that each of us has our own unconscious self as well as that of the collective unconscious from our ancestors, our religious background, cultural mythology, and the evolution of our ancestors.

  • The collective unconscious is manifest as archetypal personality characteristics which are universal.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Background

  • Jung believed personalities can be described by three polar characteristics such as introversion vs. extroversion, perceiving versus thinking, and sensing versus intuiting.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Background

  • Jung read widely and studied diverse subjects such as: religion, medicine, psychology, psychiatry, parapsychology, anthropology, philosophy, classic languages, mythology, alchemy, and the occult. He also traveled widely and studied cultural anthropology. He drew information from these various fields in the development of his theories.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Background

  • Jung’s lasting interest in disowned parts of the self and dissociation can be traced to his early work with schizophrenic patients. He hypothesized that their primary problem was that their personalities were disintegrated into many parts.

  • Therefore, it is the role of the therapist to help the patient reintegrate the various parts of his or her personality.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Human Nature

  • Jung believed that there were four basic stages of development.

  • Jung placed more importance on middle age than the other stages.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Human Nature

Childhood Children are ruled by primitive urges and desires. It is the role of the parents to discipline children and to help them individuate and develop their personality.
Adolescence Adolescence is a period where individuals are discovering their personality characteristics, persona, and reconciling it with parental and societal expectations.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Human Nature

Middle Age Jung believed that this is the stage where people naturally reexamine their lives, goals, and accomplishments.
Old Age Jung believed that when people enter old age, they become more reflective of their life experiences and in touch with their unconscious. He thought this was the time full of end of life issues such as mortality and the legacy left behind.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

  • The psyche represents the integration of the personal conscious, personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

Personal Conscious Includes the individual’s spirit, as well as his or her spirituality, orientation to the outer world (optimism vs. pessimism, introversion vs. extroversion), beliefs, emotions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Personal Unconscious Includes thoughts and memories that can be recalled.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Collective Unconscious The collective unconscious is derived from the universal thoughts, emotions, fears, dreams, and mythical themes symbolically represented by archetypes.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Personal Conscious

  • The personal conscious begins at birth and continues to develop across the lifespan. It is the only part of the individual that is fully revealed to that person.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Personal Conscious

  • These conscious thoughts are easily retrieved memories and current and recalled feelings and emotions.

  • As the personality develops, the personal conscious becomes more and more unique.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Personal Conscious

  • This process allows the person to become more self-aware and is known as individuation.

  • The ego is the center of personal consciousness and has the executive function for organizing thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and emotions.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Personal Conscious

  • The ego provides the foundation, stability, and organization for the personality by selecting which thoughts and emotions, and memories are recalled or experienced.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Personal Conscious

  • The personal conscious and personal unconscious balance each other and are in a constant state of flux with content flowing back and forth.

  • There is a self-regulatory function of the psyche which leads to psychic health.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Personal Unconscious

  • The thoughts, feelings, memories, experiences, and emotions that are not permitted by the ego, are maintained in the unconscious.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Personal Unconscious

  • The personal unconscious may also be composed of behaviors which are suppressed due to emotions such as fear, shame, or because it is inconsistent with the imagined self.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Personal Unconscious

  • The unconscious is not content to stay buried and aspects of the repressed material emerge in dreams, fantasies, or themes for artistic expressions such as visual art, poetry, or music.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Personal Unconscious

  • When these themes emerge and are paired with charged emotions, they are known as complexes.

  • Jung hypothesized that each personal complex also contains elements of the collective unconscious.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Personal Unconscious

  • There are many different types of complexes. For example, the puer arternus (the eternal child), father complex, mother complex, Cassandra Complex, God complex, martyr complex, Napoleon complex, and superiority complex.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Collective Unconscious

  • The Jungian concept of the collective unconscious is a feature that most distinguishes Jung’s theory from others.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Collective Unconscious

  • Jung introduced the concept that humans inherit unconscious memories from their ancestor’s experiences.

  • The collective unconscious material is common to all humans.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Collective Unconscious

  • Jung likened the collective unconscious to animal instincts that cause species to respond in prescribed ways when presented with triggering “sign stimuli”

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Collective Unconscious

  • Jung believed that the archetypal experiences were engraved on the psyche from the experiences of our ancestors over the previous millennia.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

The Collective Unconscious

  • Due to evolution, people are predisposed to interpret experiences according to archetypes.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

Archetypes

  • Within each person there are four basic archetypes that manifest themselves in our personality at different times and in different ways. These are the: shadow, anima, animus, and self.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

Archetypes

  • The shadow is the part of a person that tends towards chaos.

  • It may be parts of our personality that we want to suppress and deny, but still exists.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

Archetypes

  • Sometimes in our attempts to deny our shadow self, we project it onto others.

  • This explains how the things that a person notices about another person are commonly his or her own failings.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

Archetypes

  • The shadow reveals itself in dreams, nightmares, artistic work, paranoid delusions, religion, and hallucinations.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

Archetypes

  • The anima/animus represents our true self, as opposed to the masks we wear every day and is the source of our creativity. Anima is predominant in males and animus dominates in females.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

Archetypes

  • However males have aspects of the female animus in their personality and females have aspects of anima in their personality.

  • When there is a prefect, proportional balance between anima and animus, it is known as “syzygy”.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Major Constructs

Personality Theory

Archetypes

  • When there is a prefect, proportional balance between anima and animus, it is known as “syzygy”.

  • This is an astronomical term used to describe the perfect balance between planets so that there is equal gravitational pull.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Applications

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

  • The goals of Jungian Analysis vary depending on the developmental stage of the person.

  • In general, the primary goals are individuation and the integration of the personal conscious with the personal unconscious.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Applications

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

  • Individuation occurs when a person becomes aware of the unique self by coming to terms with his or her own strengths and weaknesses and by bringing the unconscious to conscious awareness while living in the here and now.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Applications

The Process of Change

  • The goal of Jungian Psychotherapy is to achieve an actualized life, where the person is integrated and living a balanced life, with congruence of body and mind.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Applications

The Process of Change

  • There are four non-sequential phases of Jungian analytical psychology.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Applications

The Process of Change

Phase One Catharsis It is the stage where the client shares feelings and expresses emotions.
Phase Two The Analytical Stage The therapist analyzes dreams, transference and counter transference, and other assessments such as word association, projective tests, or type indicators.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Applications

The Process of Change

Phase Three The Insight Stage The client and the therapist draw on information for the client’s history, life experience, and emotional goals, to bring the unconscious to the conscious.
Phase Four The Transformational or Individuation Stage The client utilizes the insight to understand his or her complexes and to integrate the dissociated parts of their personality .

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Dream Analysis

  • Jung viewed the dream analysis as the primary means to the client’s unconscious, creativity, and their psyche.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Dream Analysis

  • Jung was most interested in the “important dreams” which are representative of repressed material, are symbolic representations of traumatic experiences, or contain upsetting memories.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Dream Analysis

  • There are four parts to dream narratives.

Phase One The client tells the who, what, when, and where of the dream.
Phase Two The complexes are exposed and explored. Feelings associated with the dream are discussed.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Dream Analysis

  • The goal of the Jungian therapist in dream analysis is to recognize the symbolic elements from the personal and collective unconscious and link it with the client’s conscious experiences.

Phase Three The turning point within the dream is identified.
Phase Four Includes the conclusion of the dream.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Word Association

  • Jung in conjunction with Eugen Bleuler, Europe’s leading psychiatrist, invented the word association test as a vehicle to tap into the unconscious and reveal patients’ complexes.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Word Association

  • The Word Association Test developed by Jung, consisted of a combination of 100 neutral and emotionally laden words.

  • He found that unique responses, slow reaction time, perseveration, refusal to respond, and other unique responses indicated the presence of complexes.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Word Association

  • Jung integrated these finding with dream analysis for further illumination on complexes plaguing his clients.

  • He was able to demonstrate that the psyche is constructed of complexes that are measurable and observable.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Psychological Attitudes and Types

  • Jung came to believe that there are two psychological attitudes:

Introversion and Extroversion

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Psychological Attitudes and Types

  • Introversion or extroversion is neither healthy or unhealthy, positive or negative, in itself.

  • The intensity of these attitudes fall along a continuum.

Introversion

Extroversion

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Psychological Attitudes and Types

  • Each person has a dominant function.

  • In addition, Jung postulated that these polarities describe four psychological dominant function types.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Psychological Attitudes and Types

  • The energy and attention of the extrovert is focused outward, resulting in gregariousness, volubility, and social relationships.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Psychological Attitudes and Types

  • In contrast, persons with an introverted attitude perceive the energy as constantly flowing towards them and they are constantly in need of defending themselves from the almost overwhelming onslaught.

  • The introvert may appear to be a deep thinker, shy, or timid.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Psychological Attitudes and Types

  • In addition to the introversion, extraversion attitudinal polarities, there are four functions: thinking versus feeling, and intuiting versus sensing.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Psychological Attitudes and Types

The four functions are the ways libido, or psychic

energy, manifests:

1. Sensation: What is happening now.

2. Intuition: Future leap of ideas.

3. Thinking: Intellect and logic.

4. Feeling: The valuing of a person or thing.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Psychological Attitudes and Types

  • Jung identified eight psychological types which were derived by combining the two attitudes (introversion and extroversion) and the four functions (thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuition).

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Psychological Attitudes and Types

  • Each attitude can be paired with each function, making eight psychological combinations in all.

N = Introvert Attitudes

E = Extrovert

S = Sensation

T = Thinking Functions

F = Feeling

I = Intuition

NS ES
NT ET
NF EF
NI EI

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Analysis of Transference and Counter-Transference

  • Transference refers to an ego defense where the client unconsciously projects his or her own thoughts and fears onto the therapist.

  • When the therapist reacts to the client with projection of his or her own thoughts and feelings, this is counter-transference.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Analysis of Transference and Counter-Transference

  • Personal experiences, as well as archetypal projections from the collective unconscious can become part of the transference.

  • It is the role of the therapist to analyze personal and archetypal elements of transference and counter-transference.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Traditional Intervention Strategies

Analysis of Transference and Counter-Transference

  • The therapist integrates information from the client’s ego, neurosis, and complexes .

  • Analysis of transference and counter-transference brings attitudes and patterns of behavior that interfere with functioning and full psychological development to conscious awareness.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Brief Intervention Strategies

  • Jungian psychotherapy is an in-depth approach to life situations.

  • The length of the process always depends on how extensively the individual wants to become involved . The interventions mentioned previously can all be applied to brief therapeutic work.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

  • Jung began his practice working with seriously mentally ill psychiatric inpatients. Therefore, his theory and the interventions are designed to work well with them.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

  • Jung believed that the splitting off of two powerful complexes was at the root of neurosis and mental illness.

  • The dissociation is a defense to the unbearable psychic pain and emotional suffering which usually stemmed from traumatic experiences.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

  • Jung believed that everyone splits his or her personality to a degree.

  • It is when the splitting cuts too deep, and interferes with activities of daily living, that it becomes pathological.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

  • Jung also believed that major psychiatric disorders had their roots in brain based biochemical disorders.

  • He believed that psychoanalysis is ineffective without medical intervention.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

  • Some of the disorders that have been treated successfully with Jungian Analytical theory include:

  • Borderline Personality Disorder
  • Psychosis
  • Major Depression

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

Borderline Personality Disorder

  • When clients exhibit symptoms typical of Borderline personality disorder, the Jungian analyst would interpret these thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as occurring as a result of dissociation of their conscious and their collective unconscious.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

Borderline Personality Disorder

  • Some of these characteristics would be interpreted in relation to archetypes. These would be perceived as archetypes that are clamoring to be expressed, but are instead, repressed.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

Borderline Personality Disorder

  • The goal of therapy would be to reintegrate the disowned parts into one functioning personality.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

Psychosis

  • Jung believed that psychosis was a biochemical brain disorder. From a Jungian perspective, the therapist would explore the client’s belief systems, case history, conscious and unconscious, and transference and counter-transference.

Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

Psychosis

  • The therapist will analyze symbolic meaning of the delusions, hallucinations, fears, and anxieties; use assessments such as word association and the TAT to uncover pervasive complexes; and attend to dreams as they relate to the client and analyze them to add more information about what the client is experiencing.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

Major Depression

  • Jungians believe that depression is most likely to occur with perfectionist clients.

  • Therefore, they would investigate complexes relating to inferiority and archetypes that are perfect, and heroic, beyond mortal capacity.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

Major Depression

  • Depressed individuals are also likely to be weighed down. Therefore, special attention would be paid to symbols and metaphors related to weight and mass.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

Major Depression

  • Depressed people also trap their energy and sometimes turn it on themselves. Therefore, the role of the therapist is to discover where this energy is trapped and then release it so that it is directed away from the individual.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Client’s with Serious Mental Health Issues

Major Depression

  • Because of the increased risk of suicidal behavior, the therapist must be sensitive to self-injurious threats and communication of symbols of death.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Cross Cultural Considerations

  • Cultural sensitivity has been a hallmark of Jungian counseling. Jung was widely traveled and was fascinated by different cultures.

  • Jung believed that before one could analyze a person, the psychotherapist must be familiar with the person’s culture, religion, social relationships, language, ethnicity, and gender belief systems.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Cross Cultural Considerations

  • This is grounded in Jung’s wide ranging interest in anthropology, religion, sociology, linguistics, psychology, mythology, and mysticism. He was the first to integrate all of these disciplines to aid in understanding human behavior.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Cross Cultural Considerations

  • However, Jung is criticized for his apparently narrow-minded, ethnocentric interpretation of people in diverse cultures into stereotypical patterns of behavior.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Cross Cultural Considerations

  • He is also censured for his apparent sympathy for the Nazis and is accused of being prejudiced against the Jews.

  • Because of this history, some repudiate Jungian Psychotherapy as an appropriate multicultural therapeutic intervention

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Evaluation

  • Jungian psychotherapists have contributed to counseling in a number of ways.

  • Jungian psychotherapists utilize a number of assessments. These include both objective and subjective instruments and techniques.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Evaluation

  • The Jungian theories have impacted the development of t subjective techniques such as Word Association, projective tests like the Rorschach Test, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and objective instruments such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicators.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Evaluation

  • These assessments are utilized in career counseling, scholastic advising, psychological evaluations, workplace conflict resolution, family, and couples counseling.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Evaluation

Supporting Research

  • There has been recent research in the use of analysis of dreams when working with traumatized children and adults. Other research supports the use of dream work for adults and children experiencing end of life issues. However, there were no empirical studies documenting the efficacy of psychoanalytic and Jungian intervention.

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Melinda Haley, Ph.D. Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions

Jungian Analytical Theory

Evaluation

Supporting Research

  • In contrast there has been a great deal of research on the interventions and assessments founded upon Jungian principles.

  • For example, a literature review of the past 10 years on the validity of the MBTI reveals 504 peer reviewed articles, and 240 peer reviewed articles on validity of the TAT.

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