Motor Skills
3.2
Monday, October 12, 2015
11:25 AM
Motor Development in Early Childhood
As noted in Table 3.1, infancy is the period in a child's life up to age one. Early childhood is considered as spanning from one to six years old(toddler: one to three; preschooler: three to six). Table 3.2 provides a sample of motor development during these years. You will notice that this table focuses on walking, running, climbing, and riding. The manipulative skills of throwing, catching, and kicking are addressed in more detail in Chapter 6.
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Table 3.2: Typical gross motor milestones |
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One year old |
· Walks unassisted · Climbs onto low furniture · Climbs stairs with assistance · Pulls or pushes toys with wheels |
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Two years old |
· Runs very stiffly on toes · Walks on tiptoes · Walks upstairs holding the banister · Pedals a tricycle while adult pushes |
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Three years old |
· Runs without falling · Walks backward easily · Moves a chair to reach for an object · Rides tricycle using pedals, unassisted by an adult |
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Four years old |
· Walks upstairs like an adult by alternating feet · Runs smoothly with changes in speed · Skips using alternate feet rather than galloping · Jumps up and down on the floor several times |
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Five years old |
· Hops on one foot · Performs jumping jacks · Walks up and down the stairs while carrying objects · Jumps a rope |
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Six years old |
· Jumps over objects ten inches high · Rides a bicycle with training wheels · Walks securely on balance beam · Balances on roller skates |
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Source: Dunlap, 1997 |
Development of Fine Motor Skills
When children are able to play with interlocking blocks, they have begun to master their fine motor skills. How do these skills transfer into the abilities we have as adults?
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Fine motor skills are those in which the movement is controlled by small muscle groups. Examples of these skills include writing, drawing, cutting with scissors, or playing an instrument. Newborn children have very few fine motor skills and fail to exhibit much control of any object. However, by six months they are able to pick up objects using what is called a palmar grasp (using the palm of their hand).This progresses to even finer control by 12 months, when the infant is able to use their thumbs and forefingers to hold objects. This form of holding is called the pincer grasp.
After their first year, toddlers are able to pass objects from one hand to the other, which is a precursor to even finer skills, such as making strokes with a pencil or crayon or turning pages of a book. These skills appear near the end of the second year. Two-year-old toddlers can also conduct play actions such as stacking blocks or turning the pages of a book. Older toddlers can begin to copy and draw certain shapes (three years), and then in the years just before starting school, can use scissors (four years), write letters, and begin to draw people showing rudimentary body parts (five years). During the school years, fine motor skills are even more sophisticated. These children are able to paint and draw, use interlocking construction blocks, and utilize keyboards on either computers or various video games.
From <https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUPED212.12.1/sections/sec3.2>