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Ethical Decision-making in Business

Ethical decision-making process

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUALS

Cognitive Biases

Individual Differences

CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIZATIONS

Group and Organizational Pressures

Organizational Culture

MORAL

AWARENESS

ETHICAL

JUDGMENT

ETHICAL

BEHAVIOR

Process of Individual Ethical Decision-Making Behavior

Moral awareness

More likely to recognize moral issue when

  • Peers consider it morally problematic
  • Moral language is used when problem is presented
  • Decision could cause serious harm to others

Sound ethical decision-making

Gather the facts

Define the ethical issues

Identify the affected parties

Identify the consequences

Identify the obligations

Consider your character and integrity

Think creatively about potential actions

Check your gut

Ethics and organizational culture

Who shapes your ethical decisions?

The Pygmalion effect

Rewards and punishments

Goals

Diffusion of responsibility

Roles and deindividuation

Ethics and the law

  • The relationship between ethics and the law
  • Corporate rules as “law”
  • Discrimination laws
  • Whistleblower laws
  • Federal Organizational Sentencing Guidelines

Cognitive biases

Fact gathering

  • Overconfidence about your knowledge of the facts
  • Falling into the confirmation trap

So…

  • Think about ways that you could be wrong

Cognitive biases

Looking at consequences

  • Reduced number of consequences
  • Consequences for self vs. others
  • Consequences as risk
  • Illusion of optimism and illusion of control
  • Escalation of commitment

So…

  • Invite input, especially from those who disagree with you

Cognitive biases

Thinking about integrity

  • Illusion of superiority
  • Ethics of your profession

Individual differences

  • Level of moral development
  • Level 1: Rewards/punishments, exchanges
  • Level 2: Shared norms, societal obligations
  • Level 3: Principled, autonomous
  • Locus of control
  • Ego strength

Desired Moral Approbation

  • “Desire for moral approval from oneself or others”
  • Level of desired moral approbation (DMA) is an individual difference
  • Study discovered three types of DMA
  • DMA from Others—Praise
  • DMA from Others—Blame
  • DMA from the Self

Scoring the Moral Approbation scale

Average your responses for these 20 questions into three categories:

  • DMA-OP 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, 19, 20
  • DMA-OB 2, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18
  • DMA-S 4, 7, 11, 14, 17

Desired Moral Approbation averages

  • DMA from Others—Praise 4.93
  • DMA from Others—Blame 4.35
  • DMA from the Self 5.17

Approaches to moral judgment

  • Utilitarianism
  • Rights
  • Justice
  • Objectivism
  • Social contract
  • Care

Utilitarianism

  • Decision rule
  • Maximize the common good
  • Biggest pro
  • Replaces partiality with science
  • Biggest con
  • The means don’t matter
  • Example
  • “The Ones who Walk Away from Omelas”

Robert Nozick’s Rights Theory

  • Decision rule
  • Freedom from force and fraud
  • Biggest pro
  • Virtually complete freedom of action with minimal government intrusion
  • Biggest con
  • Almost complete disregard of interests of others with a stake in behavior
  • Example
  • Certain “payday loan” providers

John Rawls’ Theory of Justice

  • Decision rule
  • Greatest benefit to the least advantaged
  • Biggest pro
  • “Unbiased” approach to social justice
  • Biggest con
  • Denies free will, meritocracy
  • Example
  • Ben and Jerry’s Ice Cream

The “real” Rawls

  • Incorrect approach in textbook
  • Really…
  • Contractors are stripped of bias to decide on two principles of justice
  • “Greatest benefit…” rule the most challenging
  • Veil of ignorance is not used for decision making