Paper Research
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Chapter 6
The Search Is ON
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Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to complete the following:
Define information and misinformation. Summarize the history of searching. Explain information searching in Ashford's library using Boolean searching. Describe how to search for information with different browsers and on a mobile device.
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Introduction Imagine this nightmare. You walk into the largest library you've ever seen in your life, and the number of books before you almost takes your breath away. Several floors with aisles of shelves seem to extend forever. You have come to the library to do some research for a class report, and you tell yourself this should be easy. With over a million books at your fingertips, certainly there will be more than enough information on your topic. But as you begin looking around, you notice something very strange. There are no computers or card catalogs. There are no librarians. There are no numbers on the outside of the shelves, and no identification marks on the books themselves. It is a gigantic library with no system of organization. Aimlessly, you walk through the stacks of books, picking up a book on women's rights, another on sports, and another on the history of science. You soon realize that all the information in the world is useless if there is no way to effectively search for it.
The importance of being able to search for information is the central theme of this chapter. In some ways, the Internet is like the giant library in our nightmare scenario. It contains a growing storehouse of the world's knowledge. But what if you had no way to easily find what you were looking for? Luckily, this is not the case. The Internet and Ashford's library have many tools for taming the ongoing information explosion and enabling us to effectively search for the information we need. Let's find out how to use these tools. The search is on!
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The notion that humans never landed on the moon is just one of many popular conspiracy theories, hoaxes, and unproven claims that abound on the Internet. What steps do you take to verify that an online source is reliable?
NASA
6.1 What Is Information? In his classic book on information and misinformation, Christopher John Fox wrote in 1983 that information is as ubiquitous as the elements of earth, air, fire, and water. As a potential fifth element, said Fox, information is found everywhere, including publications, films, radio, genes, minds, light, speech, and so on. Fox argued that although scientists have long understood the qualities of the basic elements, it is difficult to precisely define information. Of course, we think we know it when we see it, but information is a difficult concept because, as Fox put it in the title of his book, there is both information and misinformation (Fox, 1983).
How can we distinguish between information and misinformation? To make this question even more complex, how do we also define data, information, and knowledge? Some people have argued for a hierarchical approach to defining these terms, with data residing at a base level, information serving as an example of organized and communicated data, and knowledge resulting from insight that humans draw from the information they encounter. Knowledge, therefore, is a reasoned judgment, while information is an organization of data (Castells, 2010, p. 17). Let's look at some examples of data, information, and knowledge using these definitions.
Data could be a collection of entries in a spreadsheet. To turn the data into information, you would use any of the various types of sorting or logical functions available. For example, sorting the data into an alphabetical listing would transform it into information. Finally, a person who reviews this sorted information can turn it into knowledge by making a reasoned judgment about it.
It is important to realize that information is not all created equal. The Internet is powerful because it serves as an almost limitless storehouse of data and ideas, but it also can be dangerous because it can store misinformation that masquerades as fact. You might find a great answer to a question online, but because it is not from a reliable source, it is actually incorrect. This is an example of misinformation. So, it is essential for anyone searching for information to understand where it comes from. For example, imagine you were researching World War II for a class paper and came across two resources. The first was a book by an author who had earned a PhD in history, taught at a university, and written books published by a university press (for example, the University of Chicago or Oxford University Press). The second resource was a website that focused on World War II, with great pictures and compelling articles. Although it is a good bet that the first option would be a valid source of reliable information for your paper, at this point, you do not have enough information about the website to know if it contains information or misinformation. The website may be a reputable repository of articles, photographs, and data about the war. Or you may have stumbled across a World War II revisionist site that denies the Holocaust and is one of many egregious and sad examples of misinformation.
Other examples of misinformation include the tremendous number of Web articles, books, and YouTube™ clips that attempt to prove that NASA never landed on the moon. How do you recognize misinformation? You have to carefully evaluate and understand the source before you can decide whether the information is valid. One of the best ways to do this is to become a more knowledgeable information searcher.
Blogs are also examples where care must be taken to ensure accuracy. Since anyone can write and publish anything they want in one of these Web logs, do not assume the information found there is true. Blogs are often great fun and make terrific pleasure reading, but they are often based on opinions. That is why it is so important, especially when doing research for a school project, to use the library to look for articles published in scholarly journals, books, or other databases in which some review has taken place to help ensure the inclusion of quality research.
Questions to Consider
1. What is information? 2. What are some examples of data, information, and knowledge? 3. Is all information created equally and does it have the same scholarly authority?
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Library card catalogs, which contained many drawers filled with cards listing each book or resource in a library, have largely been replaced by computerized catalogs. What are some advantages of online catalogs?
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6.2 History of Searching The attempt to search for information has included some fascinating efforts that occurred prior to the Internet. These attempts demonstrate that the need for organizing information has existed for many years and that Internet search engines have realized the dreams held by information visionaries over the past 100 years (Bowles, 2000). Some of the most ambitious and unusual efforts include the following:
A Belgian House of Cards: In the late 19th century, Belgian lawyer Paul Otlet realized that all professions were experiencing an explosive growth of knowledge. Science was in particular trouble due to the increasing number of publications. Otlet envisioned a future in which machines with home viewing screens could distribute information as needed. Although home viewing screens did not become a reality during his lifetime, Otlet and his team did produce millions of index cards. Their work came to be known as the Universal Decimal Classification system. A World Brain: The next interesting historical attempt to address the importance of searching for information came from British science fiction writer H. G. Wells (Campbell‐Kelly & Aspray, 1996). In 1939, he suggested the creation of a World Encyclopedia that would organize everything that had ever been published (Wells, 1938, p. 35). Wells's grand dream ended several months later when his country entered World War II. Memex: The Imaginary Internet: When the war ended in 1945, Vannevar Bush, an engineer at MIT, wrote a prophetic article titled "As We May Think" for The Atlantic Monthly. This article is most often remembered for Bush's predictions concerning a desktop computing machine that he called the "memex" (Buckland, 1992). Bush popularized the idea that such a device would allow people to access data stored in various information centers throughout the world and to walk down "trails" of related ideas. This would be similar to the way we follow links on the Internet today (Rayward, 1994). An Information Profession: While Bush never realized his dream, members of a profession known as documentation tried to make it a reality. During the 1950s, these documentalists dedicated themselves to using IBM® mainframe computers to manage information, most often for scientists.
Where Were the Librarians?
Coming late to the world of computer information were librarians. Often stereotyped as old‐fashioned with their card catalog cabinets of 3 x 5 index cards, the reality was that their profession responded slowly to technological change. Scientists wondered if librarians had the skills to help them manage the growth of information. In the 1960s and 1970s, the only people with those skills were computer programmers, so the entire profession of librarianship was challenged. Many university library schools closed across the nation. By the 1990s, this situation had begun to change. Today's librarians have embraced new computer technology, and many of the classes that traditional librarians take include information science, which is the discipline that focuses on its members becoming experts in the management of information and how computers store and retrieve it. Librarians and information scientists work together to manage information. Today, when you walk into a library, you will not encounter the nightmare scenario described at the beginning of this chapter. Librarians and computers are available to help you find what you need. But many of us rarely visit a traditional library anymore (Bowles, 1999b). Twenty years ago, if we needed to search for information, we went to the library. Today, that search frequently begins and ends with the Internet, and this will be our focus in the rest of this chapter.
Interviews from the Field: Digital Services Librarian
What are your primary responsibilities?
On a daily basis, I assist students by showing them how to conduct research, use the library website and databases, and answer questions they have about research. I create library tutorials and contribute content to the library website. I also work closely with the colleges and faculty to make sure our students have the resources they need and ensure that they know what services and resources are available to them and their students.
What are the most important skills needed for your job?
The most important skills are having the ability to communicate effectively with faculty and students as well as thoroughly understanding how search engines and library databases function.
What do you like best about your job?
I love interacting with students. It is such a thrill when I am helping a student and they have that ah‐ha moment when they finally understand what they are doing and how it will make their lives easier.
What got you interested in entering this field?
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I have always loved reading and libraries. Finding and learning new things across many subject areas has always been fun for me, and I love helping people. During my undergraduate degree studies, I discovered my love of research. As a librarian, I get to learn about a variety of things, find wonderful information, and help other people discover these things as well.
What is your educational background and how did it prepare you for your job?
I have a master's degree in library and information science and I did internships with a local university and community college to hone the skills I learned in the classroom. I also regularly attend conferences and read academic library journals to make sure I am up to date on any innovations in the field.
Can you give an example of a project you are working on now?
I am currently working on a subject guide that is designed to point students to the best sources for information for that subject, both inside and outside the library.
Taxonomies and Metadata
Many important terms apply to information search and retrieval. One example is metadata, which at its simplest level points users toward data they are looking for. An example is the traditional card catalog in a library, which essentially does not contain any raw data itself, but instead had a series of cards organized alphabetically so that each card pointed the user to a book that might contain the information for which he or she was searching. Although the term metadata is used in several different ways depending on the context, in the most general sense it simply refers to information that describes content (Caplan, 2003).
If metadata means something like "data about data," then in the electronic world, if you create a document you want people to be able to find, you will need metadata. But what types of data should you add? If you are contributing electronic documents to a database at the office, someone in information technology might design a metadata form with taxonomies. Taxonomies are custom information fields designed for specific users. For example, in a law office, these taxonomies might include the date, case number, judge, and other fields for keywords related to each trial. Then, when other lawyers at the firm are looking for information about a specific trial, they will know the taxonomy structure and might sort the documents based on relevant keywords. What if lawyers wanted to see how a certain judge ruled in the past? The documents could be sorted to include trials in which only that particular judge presided. If that taxonomy had not been established, information retrieval would have been more difficult (MacMillan, 2009, p. 25).
Information search and retrieval can become quite complex, but ultimately the systems and procedures are put in place to make information accessible to those who need it. Remember the example of what a library would be like without a system of organization (or metadata)? You can see why this is even more important as a way to control the storage of electronic information.
Questions to Consider
1. Is the desire to search and organize information a recent development? 2. What was Paul Otlet's dream for organizing information? 3. What was the World Brain, and who envisioned it? 4. Who came up with the idea of the memex, and in what ways was it similar in theory to the Internet of today? 5. Who were the documentalists? 6. What did the information centers of the 1950s and 1960s do? 7. What is information science? 8. What are taxonomies and metadata?
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This electrical engineering professor is demonstrating Boolean algebra, the same logical system we use—whether we know it or not—when we search the Internet today.
SuperStock/SuperStock
6.3 Information Searching in the Ashford Library You will encounter two main types of online information databases. The first is a public domain database, which is entirely free and open to anyone with a computer and an Internet connection. The second is a proprietary database, which is accessible only to someone who pays for a subscription or belongs to an institution that purchases a membership. Public libraries are an example of the first type of database in which they make their database of books open to all. In this section, we will look at the second type of database, turning our attention to a library that you will become familiar with—our very own Ashford University Online Library. Not all libraries are public. The Ashford Library is a proprietary database because only students and faculty can access it. The Ashford Library is not just one main database, but actually contains several. Knowing something about them will help you conduct effective and efficient searches. So, open up your Ashford classroom and click on the Ashford Library, and let's take a tour of some of these online databases.
Boolean Searching
Before we get started on our tour, we need to spend some time learning how to construct a search and also what the word Boolean means. George Boole (1815–1864) was an English mathematician who was interested in logic and whose work has been foundational to the development of computer science.
We will look only at some of Boole's simplest theories that apply to conducting an Internet search. First, let's create a simple database with two sentences in it:
Sentence 1: Digital Literacy at Ashford University is an interesting course.
Sentence 2: My home desktop computer is faster than my laptop.
What would happen if we typed the word Ashford into a search box? The result of the search would be Sentence 1: Digital Literacy at Ashford University is an interesting course. Sentence 2 does not have this keyword in it, so it fails the search. In Boolean terms, Sentence 1 is true because it matches our search criteria, and Sentence 2 is false.
And
Now, we get to some Boolean algebra. These are the logic terms (sometimes called Boolean operations) and, or, and not. If you have two keywords and connect them with and, then both have to appear for the search to be true. Let's look at our database discussed earlier. Pretend that you typed the words computer and laptop into a search box. The result would be Sentence 2: My home desktop computer is faster than my laptop. Sentence 2 in this case is true, and Sentence 1 is false. Sentence 1 failed because even though it had the word computer in it, it did not have the word laptop. Both words had to appear for the search criteria to find a match. An easier way to enter this into a search box is to type in both terms without the and in the middle, like this: computer laptop. The and Boolean operation is the default, which means that even if you do not type it into your search box, the computer will think that is what you mean if you enter a blank space.
Or
Let's consider the or operation. If you enter the phrase computer or laptop, this is VERY different from putting an and in the middle. The or means that the search is true if either word is found. Both do not have to be found, just one or the other. The results of this search would be both Sentence 1 (Computer Literacy at Ashford University is an interesting course) and Sentence 2 (My home desktop computer is faster than my laptop). Sentence 1 and Sentence 2 are both true because they each match the search criteria.
Not
The third important Boolean operator is not. When you use a not, this excludes a term from the results. So, let's say you tried the or search above, but when you saw the result, you realized you did not want anything that had to do with the course called Digital Literacy. What you would do in this case is to type the following as your searching query: computer or laptop not literacy. Now only Sentence 2 is considered true because it has the word computer, and it also does not contain the word literacy. Sentence 1 fails the search because it contains the word literacy.
Phrase
The final way to enter search terms into an Internet database is to use quotation marks like these: "example." This is a very good tool for finding an exact phrase or a quote you are looking for. In the sample database we are using, let's pretend we enter "faster than my laptop" in our search box. For this search, only Sentence 2 is true because it contains the exact phrase within the quotation marks: My home desktop computer is faster than my laptop.
With these basic searching techniques in mind, you should have the ability to conduct powerful searches online. Now, let's turn to some of the Ashford Library databases where you can use these skills. We will not explore every database, but we will look at some of the major ones to get you started researching. You can
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always contact a librarian for further assistance, and you should feel free to explore on your own.
A Look Further: Boolean Searching
This video provides good examples of how using common search terms can help you narrow down your search and find what you are looking for.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qKDQKJCp‐s (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qKDQKJCp‐s)
EBSCOHost
EBSCO is one of the world's leading search tools for electronic journals and books. If you select EBSCOhost in the Ashford Library, you will see several databases. The one you will use most often is Academic Search Premier. This database contains 4,600 journals, and about 3,900 of them are peer‐reviewed (which means that a team of anonymous reviewers reads and approves everything that is written). Once inside, you will see that "Boolean/Phrase" is the default search option, so you can apply the new knowledge you learned earlier. You can also search a variety of publication types. For example, you might choose to look only for articles published in newspapers. Another important tool is the capacity to limit your search to a date range. This would be important if you were researching a paper on something that happened in 1986, for example, and you wanted to explore only newspaper accounts from that year.
JSTOR
The next proprietary database we will look at is called JSTOR. It contains over 1,000 scholarly journals along with other important content. Its specialties are the humanities, the social sciences, and the sciences. Along with our familiar Boolean search terms (and, or, and not), your search can include two others that you should be aware of. If you were interested in searching for a title of a book or an article, you would first open the JSTOR database, preface your search with ti: and if you were looking for something written by a specific author, then au: should appear before your search terms. If you want to use more advanced searching techniques, there is a tab called Advanced Search. Click on that tab, and you will see a date range limit, as well as a way to select the type of document (article, review, editorial, or pamphlet) in which you are interested.
NewsBank
NewsBank is a terrific resource that focuses primarily on newspaper searching. Once you enter the database, you will see a map of the world, and if you are interested in articles involving a specific location, such as the United States, then you should click that region of the world. This will begin to narrow down the results of your search. If you select North America, you will see that it is further broken down into geographic locations by country. Select United States, and you will see a list of all the states. Now select a state, such as Ohio, and you will see all of the sources that NewsBank archives. If you wanted to search just within the Akron Beacon Journal, you would select that publication, which has full‐text articles that extend from January 1, 1984, to the present. If you select the drop‐down box to the right of All Text, you can also limit your search to a headline, a byline, a caption, an author, and so on. A fun way to experiment with NewsBank is to select your hometown and see if there are any articles about you or anyone you know.
ProQuest
The final database we will explore in the Ashford Library is ProQuest. Like the others, it includes thousands of journals. There are also some important search tips to consider here, called truncation and wildcard characters. For example, the symbol is called a right‐hand truncation character. This means that if you entered the term snow, ProQuest would automatically search for the words snows, snowy, snowing, and snowed. Another technique is the use of ? as a wildcard character. This will replace any letter of the alphabet where it appears (it cannot appear as the first letter, however). For example, if you searched for the word wom?n, ProQuest would return matches that include women and woman. Within ProQuest, if you want to select a specific publication, select the Publications tab at the top of the screen. The Basic and Advanced tabs present different options for searching. If you click on More Search Options in either of these tabs, you will be presented with options to search for a publication by title, author, document type, and so on.
Although all of these Ashford Library databases are powerful by themselves, to be an effective and thorough researcher, you should conduct searches in all of them. Take the time to learn the searching tools and techniques unique to each of them. All of these databases use the Boolean basics that we covered in the first part of this section.
WorldCat
Despite the treasure trove of information available online, do not forget the traditional library. It still has many valuable resources that cannot be found on the Web. But never fear, the Internet does have a site that will easily help you locate these physical items at your local library. This site—worldcat.org—is also available in the Ashford Library. It has references to 1.4 billion library items in its database, making it the largest network of library content in the world, and enabling you to search for books, music CDs, and videos. Go ahead and open it up so we can explore some of its features.
Let's type a sample search: Page Brin Google. Now click Search Everything. Several books appear that discuss Google and its founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Scroll down until you find a book by John Battelle, then click on the title. You should note two important things. First, toward the middle of the page, you will see another search box that says Enter Your Location. In this box, type your zip code, and WorldCat will tell you the nearest libraries that have a physical copy of the book. The second tool you should note is a link called Cite/Export in the upper right‐hand corner. When you select it, you will see some citation options. Ashford University uses the APA style for citations, so select that, and you will see the proper way to cite this book in your bibliography in a research paper. We will now leave the world of proprietary databases and move to public databases that are available to all Internet users.
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Questions to Consider
1. Why is it important to learn information searching techniques? 2. What is the difference between a proprietary and a public database? 3. What is Boolean algebra, and what are some Boolean search operations? 4. Which of the Ashford Library databases would you use to search newspapers? 5. What special letters in your search box would you use in JSTOR to search for a specific author? 6. What is the difference between truncation and wildcard characters? 7. What Internet database would you use to locate a real book in a library?
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In 1998, Larry Page and Sergey Brin dropped out of Stanford University to work on their new search engine. Google quickly surpassed other search engines by using a mathematical algorithm that returned more accurate results. How often do you "Google"?
Google is the most popular search engine used today, but it isn't the only one. Which search engine do you use?
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6.4 Information Searching on the Internet Did you ever look up at the night sky and wonder how big the universe was? You might sometimes get the same feeling when you consider the size of the Internet. When you try to define the size of either the universe or the Internet, it can be difficult to wrap your mind around them. We will leave the size of the universe for the astronomers to figure out. Our concern is the Internet, which is so large it is almost impossible to accurately measure. Netcraft.com found that in March 2012, there were over 644 million websites ("March 2012 Web Server Survey," 2012). Roughly 2.2 billion people use the Internet. The highest percentage of users in the world is the United States, with 245 million people online. This equates to roughly 78% of the population. For the sake of comparison, there are 513 million Internet users in China. Although China has more people online than the United States, China is so large that this means only 38% of its population is online ("March 2012 Web Server Survey," 2012). To say this more simply, the Internet is huge, it is growing every day, and there are lots and lots of people using it. Thankfully, there are tools you can use, called search engines, to make sense of it all. This is where we will turn our attention in this section to an analysis of Google.
The most popular search engine today can be found at google.com. Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded the company in 1998 and called it "Google" because of the name's similarity to the mathematical term googol (a number that has a one followed by 100 zeros). Their point in selecting this name was to emphasize that there was so much information on the Internet, but they planned to devise a better way than anyone else to bring it under control. Page and Brin started small, in a garage at 232 Santa Margarita, Menlo Park, California. The cofounder of Sun Microsystems gave them a check for $100,000 to experiment with Web searching technology. Two years later, Google had become the world's largest search engine. Interestingly, Page and Brin arrived late to the searching game. In 1998, Yahoo!®, Alta Vista, Excite, and Lycos® dominated Internet search. Google quickly surpassed them all, in large part because of superior searching techniques (Battelle, 2005).
Birth of Google
PageRank™
The idea behind Google's search engine is something called PageRank™ technology. Here is how it works. First, you go to google.com and type a search word or phrase into the white box in the middle of the screen. The Boolean searching guidelines we discussed earlier apply here. When you hit Enter, the query goes from the Google Web server to the index servers. An index server is similar to the index in the back of a book. Every second of the day, Google's computers index the Internet using a tool called Web crawlers. The index consists of search terms (Google now has billions of them) and links to Web pages. Once the Index Servers find matches to the original query, it then goes to the Doc Servers where documents and websites are retrieved, along with a small snippet that describes the contents of each resource.
Birth of Google From Title: Google World
© Films Media Group. All Rights Reserved. Length: 3:8
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These are returned to the Web server, where you can view the list, with all the items sorted in the order that Google determines is most relevant. There are many different tools by which Google defines relevancy. One is PageRank™. At its most basic level, the PageRank™ algorithm tallies votes for each website by how many other websites link to it. So, if website www.abc.com linked to www.xyz.com, then xyz would get one vote. If sites abc and xyz each matched the search criteria that you typed in, then Google would select whichever site had the most votes as the most relevant for you. The entire process takes about half a second.
AdWords™
It is important to understand how Google makes money (and they make a lot of it). Since its searching tools are completely free, Google uses an advertising model to generate a profit. This is called AdWords™. Organizations can sign up for this system, in which they pay to have their products or ideas appear as advertising links that match inquiries typed into the Google Web servers. This is targeted advertising, because if you are searching online for the history of umbrellas, for example, all of the advertisements will focus on the latest and greatest umbrellas on the market.
So, if you type the search term "umbrella" into www.google.com (http://www.google.com) and hit enter, you will see at the top of the screen "Ads related to umbrella." These might include paid advertisements for patio umbrellas or beach umbrellas. On the right side of the page, you will see other options like how to shop for umbrellas on Google. In the center of the screen, Google presents hits on your search term organized by relevance. This might include the Wikipedia entry for umbrella, or a music video about an umbrella.
What is the power of a targeted advertisement? It means that you are more likely to be interested in the commercial message and willing to buy the advertised products. Also, companies pay for advertising with a "cost‐per‐click" plan. If a user clicked on an advertiser's link, only then would the sponsoring company have to pay. With this business model, Google has made and continues to make billions of dollars, one nickel at a time (Battelle, 2005). This tremendous profitability stream has enabled Google to branch out into many other Web‐based services. Let's turn our attention to some of these.
Google Images™
In July 2001, Google announced a new service called Google Images™. This was another search tool that linked a user's search terms to images, pictures, and art. The day this service became available, it had 250 million images in its database. Four years later, the database encompassed 1.1 billion images. You can find Google Images™ through a link on the Google home page, or you can go directly to it by typing images.google.com (https://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi) .
Google Books™
One of the most revolutionary developments at Google occurred in December 2003 with the launch of Google Books™. This new site returned search results not from the Internet, but from published books. Google accomplished this through an agreement with several large university libraries to scan each page of every book (and lots of magazines, too) in their collections. Although some of the older books appear in full text on Google, others are limited previews or just small snippets. When you are writing a research paper, this is an excellent source to begin your work because it can very quickly tell you some important books on any subject you are writing about. You can then read them online if they are available, or visit http://www.worldcat.org (http://www.worldcat.org) to determine the location of the nearest library that has the book on its shelves.
Google Maps™
In February 2005, Google announced another new product called Google Maps™. Found at maps.google.com, it can provide you with directions to almost anywhere you want to go. Businesses can also link their Web pages and pictures to address searches. Later that year, Google included maps from satellite views so you could see an actual photo of the area taken from above. In February 2007, it expanded its service to include real‐time traffic information in 30 cities in the United States, and three months later, it unveiled Street View. This was a photographic view taken from the street instead of a satellite overhead. Google had purchased specially equipped vans with a camera that could take a 360‐degree photo. They sent them off to neighborhoods and towns to take millions of pictures. Now people could see what the front of their house looked like, or take a virtual walk down any street that was indexed. One of the issues raised by this project involved privacy concerns.
Google Scholar™
One other vital Google site for research is called Google Scholar™, which can be found at scholar.google.com. Scholar™'s slogan is that it allows you to "Stand on the Shoulders of Giants," which is a famous quote from 18th‐century physicist Isaac Newton. It has a database of scholarly articles, court opinions, books, and dissertations, and what makes it different from other search sites is that it ranks these resources based on how often other scholarly works cite them. This rating system is based on a theory that the value and significance of an article or book can be measured by how often others reference it in their footnotes. Go ahead and open up the Scholar™ site, and let's try a sample search: author: Bill Gates. This phrase will return citations, books, and PDFs of articles written by Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft®.
Google Scholar™ can analyze the articles a user puts in their Scholar™ profile and begin suggesting other articles that might be relevant. Google determines this relevancy through a statistical model and by looking at which articles cite each other (that is why footnotes and endnotes are so important!).
Google Culture
Google is a new kind of company that features beanbags, hammocks, and foosball tables in its corporate offices. It has famously said that its corporate motto is to "Do no evil," and it seeks out people with unique talents. They take search very seriously, but also have fun, as is evident especially on April Fool's Day when they usually announce in a fake press release some fascinating new development. In April 2000, it was a new search tool called MentalPlex that could read your mind; in 2002, it was the revelation that pigeons powered all the search results; in 2004, it was the announcement of Googlunaplex, which was a research facility on the moon; and in 2006, it was Google Romance, with the tagline "Dating is a search problem." Because of the amazing success of Google products like maps, images, and search, there
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were many people who actually believed these stories to be true. So, next April Fool's Day, see what fantasy Google unveils, but then the day after, do not be surprised if the next fantasy they announce is actually true!
However, there is a darker side of Google that suggests its executives are straying from the "Do no evil" motto. There are many examples of this, such as accusations that it collected data from unencrypted home Wi‐Fi networks while it developed the Street View image database for Google Maps™.
Another example took place in August 2011, when The Wall Street Journal reported that Google Inc. avoided being prosecuted for accepting money for illegal ads from online Canadian pharmacies with a $500 million settlement (Catan, 2011). Google now attempts to only show advertisements from online pharmacists approved by United States regulators. This is a policy that Google explicitly rejected from 1999 to 2009.
Bing®
The one constant you will find in the world of computers is that nothing is constant. As soon as one company is on top, it becomes a target for others to go after. Currently, Google is the unquestioned leader of the searching world, so it is also the biggest target. In the background is bing.com, which is seeking to dethrone Google. Normally, Google would not be too worried, but in this case, Bing® has some serious strength behind it because Microsoft® owns it. Much like Google, Bing® searches the Internet as well as images, videos, news, maps, and shopping. Which is better, Google or Bing®? In part, the answer is up to you. As far as users go, Google reigns supreme. The best strategy is to be aware of the battles between these two giants and decide which features of each that you like best.
Bing® continues to innovate in ways that help it to distinguish itself from Google. One example is its social search called Ask Friends. This feature allows people to connect social networking sites (such as Twitter and Facebook) to Bing®. When they do a search on Bing®, the results will include relevant posts from their friends.
How does Bing® find your friends? It accomplishes this fairly easily when you enter in your Facebook information. Then when you enter an Ask Friends question Bing® looks through all of their posts to target the ones that might best know the answer. For example, if you asked a question about restaurants in Akron, Ohio, it would not suggest that a friend living in China had the most relevant answer. This is an important development in social search and will in the future change how we approach the exploration for answers to our questions.
Metasearch
It is important to understand that only looking at one search engine is not enough. A more thorough approach is to send your search terms to multiple search engines. This can be cumbersome and time‐consuming. One way to overcome this is through metasearch engines that take your search terms and send them through other search engines. Dogpile.com is one of these that aggregates searches from Google, Yahoo!®, and Bing®. Other examples of metasearch are http://forelook.com/ (http://forelook.com/) and http://soovle.com/ (http://soovle.com/) . If you want to learn more about the latest trends in Web searching, Search Engine Land is a terrific tool. Found at http://searchengineland.com/ (http://searchengineland.com/) , it links daily to all the important news stories related to search.
YouTube™
These days, it seems that it is almost impossible to escape Google. If you thought that YouTube.com—the location where people upload their own videos—was Google‐ free, think again. YouTube™ was founded in 2005, and just one year later, Google purchased it for $1.6 billion. With its slogan, Broadcast Yourself, YouTube™ has become a popular site. You may often hear of a viral video, which means that a video has become so popular it spreads like a virus as people send emails about it to share it with their friends. If you are interested in watching videos about current events, TV moments from the past, hobbies, film trailers, and lectures, visit this site and enter some search terms. According to its own statistics, every minute of the day, viewers are uploading 20 new hours of YouTube™ video. While YouTube™ may seem like just another site, it is actually part of what is called Web 2.0, which is the focus of our next chapter.
Searching on the Go
As you might imagine, with the prevalence of smartphones and tablets, users are now conducting many of their searches "on the go" or on their mobile devices. A number of options exist for conducting these inquiries. Google, of course, is at the forefront with its http://www.google.com/mobile/search/ (http://www.google.com/mobile/search/) . This includes personalized results based on the location of the user (through the use of GPS). Other options include Bing® (http://www.discoverbing.com/mobile/ (http://www.discoverbing.com/mobile/) ) and Yahoo!® (http://mobile.yahoo.com/search (http://mobile.yahoo.com/search) ).
However, besides these desktop giants, there are some other unique mobile options. One is called ChaCha, which even enables people without smartphones to search by submitting questions via text. This service takes your question, and a team of humans attempts to answer it (see: http://www.chacha.com/ (http://www.chacha.com/) ).
For those with an Apple® smartphone, Siri® is the virtual assistant that helps with searches. This is not just a marketing gimmick, as Siri® and Apple® have begun to slowly erode Google's market share of search. Like Google, Siri® uses location‐based searching, but even here it bypasses Google by using Apple® Maps (Gupta, 2012).
Most importantly, to conclude our current discussion, after reading this chapter, you now have the tools at your disposal to search the Internet and mine it for vital information.
Technology Today: New Ways to Search on the Internet
How many times has someone asked you a question about a topic you didn't know much about and your response was, "Google it"?
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The increasingly common use of the word Google as a verb reflects its status as the Internet's most popular search engine. As of February 2012, more than 65% of all Internet searches conducted in the United States are done on Google, according to Search Engine Watch (Goodwin, 2012). Bing®, owned by Microsoft®, was the number two search engine with 15.3 percent of all searches occurring there. The third most popular search engine, Yahoo!®, continues to see its share declining, and is now at 13.8 percent.
Despite its dominant position in the marketplace, there are good reasons to look at search engines other than Google when hunting for information on the Internet. Research known as overlap studies has revealed that more than 80% of the pages in a major search engine's database exist only in that database.
That means, limiting yourself to Google searches alone could cause you to overlook potentially valuable information. For a second opinion, it might be worth reviewing the secondary search engines, like Yahoo!® and Bing®.
Metasearch Engines
If you lack the time or patience to run queries on multiple sites, you might try a metasearch engine such as Dogpile or Surfwax. These engines have no databases of their own. Instead, they transmit your search to several individual search engines and, within a few seconds, generate a list of results from all of the engines they have queried.
While all of these engines generate results quickly, they do have some limitations that may make you consider exploring some newly emerging search tools.
The major search engines like Google, Yahoo!®, and Bing® rely on software programs that generate results based primarily on how often sites use the keywords contained in a query. So, if you're seeking information on notebook computers and you use those two words in your query, sites that contain those words most often will show up at the top of your list of results. It's up to you to then click through these results to determine which of them, if any, contain the exact information you need.
Some newer search engines attempt to improve their results by relying more on humans—rather than software programs—to generate results. Mahalo is an example of a human‐powered search engine. It employs teams of profile builders who comb the Internet in search of sites that would be appropriate to include in results for various search terms. Mahalo also asks users to recommend sites that might be useful to people searching under specific terms.
Because Mahalo's process for building search results is completely manual, it currently has the capability to deliver results for roughly 10,000 unique queries, far less than would be available from larger, automated engines. But Mahalo argues that its results are more useful because they are derived from real human knowledge of the value of the individual sites listed as opposed to being the best guess of a computer program.
Social Search
Some industry experts believe social media sites like Facebook have the potential to revolutionize Internet search by making even better use of human knowledge. But there are distinct differences between the types of searches being run on Facebook and Google.
Google searches tend to involve broader topics, such as news about celebrities or what cars have the best safety record. Most Facebook searchers are looking for specific people—friends or former colleagues they haven't seen in years.
Recently, however, Facebook has seen an increase in searches on broader topics like car safety records. Some industry experts believe Facebook users are running these searches on the platform because they want to see what real people—including people they know and respect—think about those topics rather than simply relying on the generic results that pop up in a Google search (Goodman, 2010).
As this trend continues—and as Facebook adds new search capabilities to its site—we could see the development of what some industry experts already are referring to as social search engines.
Links for More Information
Changes in the Search Landscape and How They Affect Search Measurement http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/Changes_in_the_Search_Landscape _and_How_They_Impact_Search_ Measurement (http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/Changes_in_the_Search_Landscape_and_How_They_Impact_Search_Measurement)
Mahalo http://www.mahalo.com/ (http://www.mahalo.com/)
Questions to Consider
1. What type of information can you find on the Internet? 2. How big is the Internet? 3. What is a search engine? 4. What is the name of the world's most popular search engine? Where did it get its name?
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5. What is PageRank™? 6. Why is AdWords™ important to search? 7. What Google product would you use to search for scholarly articles? 8. What is Microsoft®'s search engine called?
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Summary In this chapter, our goal was to focus on one of the primary reasons why people go online: to search for information. We began with a brief history of information searching and by defining information itself. We then looked at two main places where you might find research results and answers to your questions. The first is the Ashford University electronic library and the various databases it contains, such as EBSCO, NewsBank, ProQuest, and WorldCat. Only Ashford students and faculty can access the Ashford University proprietary databases. Secondly, we looked at information that is open to everyone who uses the Internet. These resources can be found by using search engines like those offered by Google and Microsoft®, and they are increasingly accessible through mobile devices and apps. In the next chapter, we will explore something called Web 2.0, which refers to the way in which you can easily share your own ideas with everyone on the World Wide Web.
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Key Ideas
There are distinctions between data, information, and knowledge, and not all information is created equally with the same scholarly authority. While we might think that the history of information searching is relatively recent, numerous ambitious and unusual attempts have occurred over the past 100 years. Librarians play a critical role today in the public's access to digital data. There are two main types of library information databases: proprietary and public. Students have a tremendous intellectual opportunity with their ability to access a proprietary library. Many important tools exist that enable users to better search for information on the Internet.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Make a list of the last five things you searched for on the Internet. What tools did you use? Did you come across any misinformation? 2. While information searching has changed dramatically over the last 100 years, how has information searching changed for you since you first used a
computer? 3. When was the last time you went to a library? In what way did a librarian provide knowledge about accessing digital information? After reading this
chapter, will you be more or less likely to contact a librarian for assistance? Why? 4. Consider the types of libraries you have visited. Which were proprietary and which were public? What were some distinguishing features of each? 5. Which of the tools and databases mentioned in this chapter have you used?
Key Terms
Click on each key term to see the definition.
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Google's advertising program.
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A type of logic consisting of two states, true or false.
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The most basic type of information.
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An early information profession in the 1950s devoted to using IBM mainframes and punched cards to store data.
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A number that has a one followed by 100 zeros: 10,000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000.
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A tool used by search engines to create links to information.
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Organized and communicated data.
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A repository for specialized knowledge stored in mainframe computers.
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The discipline that focuses on its members becoming experts in the management of information and how computers store and retrieve it.
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Insight that humans draw from the information they acquire.
metadata (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Information resources that point the user toward data and are organized according to a predefined scheme.
PageRank™ (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Google's system for ranking the popularity of Web pages.
proprietary database (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A database that is accessible only to someone who pays for it or belongs to an institution that purchases a membership.
public domain database (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A database that is entirely free and open to anyone with a computer and an Internet connection.
search engine (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A website that assists users in finding information on the Internet by entering words and phrases into a search box.
taxonomies (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Custom information fields that will help people find a document in the future.
truncation (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Searching strategy in which the character finds all words that match the characters before it, with all combinations after it.
viral video (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A video that becomes so popular it spreads like a virus, with people sending emails about it to share it with their friends.
Web crawlers (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Automated tools that Web search engines use to document information.
wildcard (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Searching strategy in which the search engine finds all words in which any letter substituted for the question mark will make a new word.
Web Resources
For a visual on how Google PageRank™ works, go to: http://visual.ly/how‐does‐google‐pagerank‐work (http://visual.ly/how‐does‐google‐pagerank‐work)
More on the history of search engines can be found at: http://www.searchenginehistory.com/ (http://www.searchenginehistory.com/)
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Chapter 7
Web 2.0
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Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to complete the following:
Explain why Web 2.0 is significant. Define and provide examples of blogging and tweeting. Differentiate between and provide examples of social and business networking. Explain wiki and list its benefits and drawbacks. Summarize and differentiate between different types of email. Describe and provide examples of other Web 2.0 tools and cyberbullying.
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Introduction In the last chapter, we portrayed the Web as a giant library. In this chapter, we will examine the World Wide Web in a completely different way. Previously, we explored how you can get information from the Web in ways that are similar to going to a library and checking out a book. We learned how you can use a search engine to perform research for a school paper or to gather information while at work. This is a vitally important aspect of the Web. However, in the past few years, the Web has changed in dramatic ways (Shuen, 2008). No longer is it solely a place for you to get information. Now, through new Web‐based applications, you can also create content. Metaphorically speaking, instead of going to a library and checking out a book, now you can go to the library and edit books yourself, or write your own, and share them with the world.
Think of the Web as a notebook with an infinite number of pages on which everyone in the world can write and share ideas. You can invite people to read your notebook pages and create a community of friends. With the collaboration and collective input of millions of people contributing pictures, video, ideas, and relationships, the Web has entered a revolutionary new era. Welcome to Web 2.0. In this chapter, you will learn about some exciting Web 2.0 applications so that you, too, can begin placing your own stamp on the world by blogging, tweeting, and social networking.
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With Web 2.0, individuals can share with online communities any time, anywhere. What are some pros and cons of increased involvement in online communities?
AP Photo/Ahn Young‐joon
7.1 What Is Web 2.0? The term Web 2.0 was coined in 2004. At its most basic level, Web 2.0 allows those who visit Web pages to leave their own content for others to view. Another way to look at it is that Web 1.0 was read‐only, while Web 2.0 is read‐write. In this case, it is not the programmers or Web designers who are doing the writing. Instead, the writers are "you." The visitors to Web 2.0 pages are the ones responsible for creating the value and content. The idea was not to create a new Web, but rather, to simply realize the potential of the Web that up until that point had not been achieved (Shuen, 2008). For example, with Web 1.0, you could visit the Web and read a news article. With Web 2.0, you could read that same article and post your own comment on it for everyone else to see. With Web 2.0, you can read and respond in an interactive and open forum.
What enabled Web 2.0 to come about was a new user interface (based on Ajax, technically called asynchronous JavaScript and XML). The nice thing about Web 2.0 is that you do not have to worry about the complicated behind‐the‐scenes programming (Harris, 2008). You get to enjoy the fruits of these programming labors, which include Web‐based applications where you can become an instant author.
This potential is called many things, such as "collective intelligence." Web 2.0 enables collaboration in a way that had previously been impossible. Web 2.0 provides a forum for everyone to share their voice and ideas with the world. Web 2.0 is collaborative and revolutionary because it brings people together into online communities that are an impossibility in the real world.
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Many bloggers write for free to share their experiences or creativity, while some make a career out of blogging. If you were to start a blog, what would your subject be?
iStockphoto/Thinkstock
7.2 Blogging and Tweeting If Web 2.0 is revolutionary, then what are some real examples of what it can do? In this section, we will look at two areas in which Web 2.0 has created a new user experience online—blogs and Twitter accounts.
Blogs
Blog is a funny word, but it is composed of several elements that you already understand. The first is the term log. This means a diary just like the one you might have once had under lock and key under your bed. The second is the term Web, which, of course, means the Internet. If you put these two together, Web‐log, and shorten it (because six letters are far too long in computer lingo), you get the term blog. The very first blog made its debut around the year 2000, and by 2011 there were 181 million blogs. This included 6.7 million people who publish them on blog websites, altogether known as the blogosphere, and another 12 million that use social networks for their blogs ("Buzz in the Blogosphere," 2012). These are all written by people just like you who have an opinion about something. Who will read it? It is kind of like the baseball diamond in the classic movie Field of Dreams. If you build it (and it is interesting), people will come.
There are two main types of blogs. The first is known as the pure aggregator, which is a website that simply has daily updates of links to other websites. The second is called a pure analyst and contains no links to other sites, just original content. There are, of course, blogs that blend these two approaches.
A Look Further: "Best" Blogs
What are the best blogs on the Web? Each year, the Weblog Awards, or the Bloggies, are bestowed among the best on the Web. First awarded in 2001, the 2012 winners can be found at: http://2012.bloggi.es/ (http://2012.bloggi.es/)
It is easy to create your own blog. You could create your own blog for gardening tips, your observations on a favorite sports team, or your reviews of movies and books you have seen and read.
How to Create a Blog
One of the simplest ways to create a blog is through the Blogger website at www.blogger.com (https://accounts.google.com/ServiceLogin?
service=blogger&passive=1209600&continue=http://www.blogger.com/home&followup=http://www.blogger.com/home<mpl=start#s01) (Google purchased this in 2003). When you go there, select Create a Blog, enter a name, choose a template, and finally, Start Blogging. The next time you go to blogger.com, you will see your blog Dashboard, where you can edit your profile (information about yourself and the blog) and upload or update your photo. You can add blogs in your own reading list that you want to follow. But most importantly, Blogger provides you with a place to enter posts. These are public pages that anyone can see, so make sure you do not discuss anything you do not want the world to know about. To create a blog entry, select Add Post, enter a title, write your message in the main body, and then select Publish Post. You can click on View Post to see how it will appear to others when they read it. Also, note your own custom URL, which is in this format: yourblogname.blogspot.com. When you want to announce where to find your blog on the Web, this is the address you will share. And, since this is a blog, your visitors will also have a place where they can comment on your ideas and share their own.
WordPress
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Twitter is used to "tweet" everything from the minutia of daily life to play‐ by‐plays of sports events or breaking news updates. Do you use Twitter? If so, who do you follow?
Dave Thompson/PA Wire via AP Images
Keep in mind that Blogger is not the only blog spot online. There are many, and another option is wordpress.com (http://www.wordpress.com (http://www.wordpress.com) ). We actually compared Blogger and WordPress in Chapter 5 in terms of Web page authoring, but both also serve as blogging sites.
WordPress provides users with more customization options, although this might be difficult for some to figure out. While Blogger is more user‐friendly, it also has limitations in terms of its ability to integrate with other social networks and customization options. The bottom line is that you will not go wrong with either site, but for simplicity, choose Blogger, and for advanced features, select WordPress.
Privacy and Blogging
Decades ago, when people poured their deepest thoughts and desires into a diary, there were very secure privacy settings. The book had a key lock, there was only one copy, and the copy was usually hidden under a bed. Of course, Web blogging is entirely different, and as it is accessible to billions, privacy concerns need to be understood. This is relevant to any aspect of online activity (including any of the Web 2.0 tools we will discuss in this chapter).
The first thing to remember is that what you write will likely be accessible by someone forever. This means that something you might casually compose at a younger age might come back to haunt you when you are looking for a job. Employers often scour the Web to learn about you as a person. So, be careful what you write. Second, just because you use a fake name does not mean this completely protects you. If you ever connect this pseudonym to the real you in any online activity, it becomes quite easy to match all of these writings together, and the real you and the pretend you will forever merge into one. Third, any photographs of you with a fake name are getting easier to associate with the real you, as photographic face recognition software is improving all the time. Fourth, you do have privacy controls while blogging. For example, you can set your blog to remain private and only accept people that you know to read it (such as family or classmates). However, keep in mind that if any of these accounts are compromised and a password hacked, all of your views could suddenly become public.
Finally, as one observer wrote:
"In the late 1990's, the head of a large Internet computer company made the statement, 'Privacy is dead, get over it.' There's some truth to that statement, that in order to ensure one's privacy, one should never make a single public utterance or statement. For absolute privacy, say nothing online. However, that is not a realistic strategy in this day and age. The Internet is the great communicator vehicle, and it will not be silenced simply because of privacy issues" (Grohol, 2005).
Just because you have to be aware of privacy issues does not mean you cannot have fun and take advantage of social networking. One way to do this is through Twitter.
Another type of social network you might be interested in if you do not like posting long, ponderous entries is a site called Twitter (http://www.twitter.com (http://www.twitter.com) ). Twitter enables you to post short statements describing what you are doing at any given time of the day. You have a maximum of 140 characters for each post, which is called a tweet, so brevity is required. Typically, people use Twitter to discuss some of the mundane activities they do during the day. You are simply answering the question: What are you doing?
Who would care about this type of information? You may be surprised. In early 2012, Twitter was generating excitement over who would become their 500 millionth user. Some have said it is like walking down the hallway at work and saying hi to someone. It can be used to share interesting places you found on the Web, an idea of the moment, a life event (someone recently tweeted at the altar as he was about to kiss his bride), a frustration, or a question. Some have used it for powerful political purposes. In Iran, when the government prevented people from gathering and protesting election results, Iranians used Twitter to organize gatherings. This is sometimes called a flash mob or a tweetup. You can also follow other people's posts, and tracking celebrity posts is a popular pastime. In August 2012, Twitter publicized that it had 24 members in its exclusive 10 Million Followers Club. Singer Lady Gaga was the first to amass this many in May 2011.
Twitter is also important for more than this social aspect. It also has a practical benefit for business to promote products, theologians to discuss faith, and for scientists to announce their latest discoveries. While these do not appear in the top 20 list, they do play a vital part in the Twitter experience because you can become connected specifically to people that most interest you.
Blogging and tweeting empower you to become your own Web author and share your ideas and actions with the world. In the next section, we will turn to a different Web 2.0 application: joining and forming a social network.
A Look Further: The History of Twitter
Learn more about Twitter in this article: http://www.socialnomics.net/2013/01/23/the‐history‐of‐twitter/ (http://www.socialnomics.net/2013/01/23/the‐history‐of‐twitter/)
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Questions to Consider
1. Can you share your opinions on the Web? 2. Why do we need Web 2.0? 3. What is Web 2.0, and how is it different from Web 1.0? 4. What is a blog? 5. Why is a blog important? 6. Where could you go on the Web to create a free blog? 7. How is a tweet different from a blog post?
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Facebook and Twitter are global phenomena, used not just to keep up with friends and family, but also to organize political demonstrations around the world. What challenges do you think Facebook faces as it tries to enter the Chinese market?
7.3 Social and Business Networking Think for a moment about the people in your life. They typically fall into two main groups, or networks. The first are your friends and family, with whom you share your innermost secrets, dreams, desires, and aspirations. The second group of people you associate with is your colleagues and associates at work. Of course, many of them might become friends too, but in general, you share different aspects of your life with them as compared with your family. These are the two main networks that define our daily interactions.
With the advent of Web 2.0, we now have Web applications that enable us to communicate with these networks in new and exciting ways. For your friends and family, there is the social networking site called Facebook, and for your colleagues at work, LinkedIn® has become the most important business networking site.
These networks are extremely popular Web destinations, and they are examples of Web 2.0 technology at its best. Taking a look at the popularity statistics, it is staggering to see the amount of traffic they receive. According to statistics from Facebook, there are over one billion monthly active users. (http://newsroom.fb.com/Key‐Facts (http://newsroom.fb.com/Key‐Facts) ). By comparison, LinkedIn® had 175 million members in August 2012 (see: http://press.LinkedIn.com/about (http://press.LinkedIn.com/about) ). In this section, we will look more closely at these applications and explore how you can use them to cultivate, expand, and improve your communication with the people in your life.
If you have not experienced Facebook personally, it can be difficult to understand. Using Facebook is not like transforming a paper diary into digitized text and putting it on the Web, as a blog does. Instead, it is an entirely new communications environment. It was Friendster and MySpace that originally defined this genre of Web applications. Friendster no longer exists, and Facebook has now trampled MySpace to become the leading social networking site.
So, what is Facebook, exactly? Facebook (which can be found at http://www.facebook.com (http://www.facebook.com) ) originated in 2004. This Web application allows you to blog, establish private networks, share photos, and locate friends. You can form and join groups of people who share your interests. You can post brief status updates, as you might do on Twitter. Facebook is a dynamic and vibrant Web community that is completely free to use (Vander Veer, 2008).
"The Facebook Effect"
Friends on Facebook
Without friends, Facebook is a lonely and quiet place. So, the first thing you will want to do is try to find people you know by using the search box in the upper‐right corner of your monitor screen. When you see someone you know, add them as a Facebook Friend if you want to share information. Once they accept the invitation, you can start keeping track of what they are doing when they update their status, post a picture, or join a group. Both parties must agree before the friendship is official. Once it is, then you have access to each other's profiles, friend lists, postings, and so on. There is now a new official word in the English language—the verb unfriend. This is what you do when you decide to remove someone from your online Friends list.
Facebook's Timeline and News Feed
When you finish creating your profile, you will have your own timeline. A timeline on Facebook is like a big chronology of your life where your posts, photos, and likes will appear daily as you create them. You can also insert historical posts in the past to commemorate memorable moments like school graduations, marriages, and
"The Facebook Effect" From Title: The Facebook Obsession
© Films Media Group. All Rights Reserved. Length: 1:68
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LinkedIn® is becoming an indispensible tool for professional networking. Do you know anyone who has found a job or a business opportunity through LinkedIn®?
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births of children. It is through this feature that people can now post to dates before Facebook was established. At the top, is a box with a question that asks things like: "What's on your mind?" "How's it going?" or "How are you doing?" Your answer to this question is called your Facebook status update. When you type something and select the Post button, it is posted to your timeline as well as to the timelines of all of your friends. You can also visit one of your friends and post something directly to them on their timeline, and, of course, they can do the same for you. There are also options for real‐time chat and private messages.
The News Feed is a scrolling list of all of your friends' posts on Facebook as they happen. Facebook considers Timeline and News Feed the two central "pillars" of its site, and in 2013, they are emphasizing a third called "Graph Search."
Facebook's Activity Log and Graph Search
Another key component of your Facebook page is known as the Activity Log. This is a list of all of your posts and various activities you have made from the very moment you first created an account on Facebook. This includes photos you have been tagged in, friends you have made, and pages and posts you have liked.
As of September 2012, Facebook updated the Activity Log to include search queries. Search is becoming more important to the Facebook mission. Its search engine is called Graph Search. This is a powerful new tool that will enable users to find friends who have visited a particular place or like a specific topic. Examples of these searches might be: "Chinese restaurants liked by my friends who are Chinese." While this is a great feature for finding new types of information, it does raise continued privacy concerns.
Facebook Caution
It is important to remember that everything you do on Facebook is visible to all of your friends. So, remember who is watching. Dave Awl, author of a book titled Facebook Me!, offered an excellent piece of advice. He suggested, "An ounce of discretion is worth a ton of privacy settings" (Awl, 2009, p. 52). Keep in mind that family members, friends, and coworkers might all be in your Facebook network. If they are, then you should remember to be discreet. Do not complain about your coworkers to your friends or disclose family secrets to your coworkers. Bad behavior on Facebook can have real‐world consequences. For example, there have been cases of colleges rejecting a student's application based on inappropriate postings on Facebook. Although there are some privacy settings, as a general rule, it is good to remember that if you post something on Facebook, there are no secrets. Once you become more advanced with Facebook, you can group your friends into tiers such as Trusted, Family, Acquaintance, and Restricted friends. Then you can begin controlling who sees what. But until then, post wisely and discreetly, but most of all, have fun!
Google+™
Despite its size and market share, Facebook does have competitors. Its largest threat is from Google, who has also entered the social networking competition with Google+™ (http://plus.google.com (http://plus.google.com) ). While in many ways it is similar to Facebook, a major difference is that Google+™ members have an increased chance of interacting with strangers, even those in a different country.
A key feature in Google+™ is its circles. This is a simple way to group people you know. For example, you might include a circle of friends, another circle with coworkers, and a third circle of family members. You could then send out a message regarding a family reunion just to your family circle because your coworkers or friends might not be interested. These targeted groups are also possible in Facebook, but Google+™ makes this a more streamlined and centralized feature.
The battle between Facebook and Google+™ will continue, and in the meantime there are other social networks that are important to explore.
LinkedIn®
While Facebook is for fun, LinkedIn® (at http://www.LinkedIn.com (http://www.LinkedIn.com) ) is a valuable Web application for business networking. If Facebook wears shorts and sandals, then LinkedIn® is dressed in a suit and tie. First and foremost, LinkedIn® is a business network. According to Jason Alba in his book I'm on LinkedIn—Now What???, there are four main groups of people who set up accounts here. The first are professionals who want to share their skills with the world. This type of exposure can assist in finding clients. Second are those who are looking for jobs. LinkedIn® can help them find out who is hiring and also get leads from friends. Third, LinkedIn® is for recruiters and those who are in charge of hiring people to work at their organizations. Finally, LinkedIn® is for entrepreneurs who have established a company and are looking to create an online presence, define a new brand, or find partners, investors, and customers (Alba, 2007, p. 14). In short, if you are in the business world, you should be on LinkedIn®.
LinkedIn® Profile and Contacts
Just as with Facebook, when you set up your account with LinkedIn® (which is also free) you will create a profile of yourself. Unlike Facebook, you will spend more time entering a description of your educational background and work history. Think of your LinkedIn® profile as an online version of your resume. You should also upload a photo of yourself to personalize your profile. Once you complete your profile, you will want to start searching for contacts you know. This process is very similar to finding friends on Facebook. You can search for one person at a time, or you can import contacts (select Contacts from the upper menu bar and then Add Connections) from your email system, and LinkedIn® can determine whether they have accounts. Decide which people you want to invite and then send a message saying, "Join my
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network on LinkedIn®."
LinkedIn® Recommendations
Recommendations are important in LinkedIn®, just as in the business world. The difference is that all of your contacts here can see your recommendations of other people, and also what others have said about you. Once you have built up your contact list, select three people with whom you have worked and write a recommendation for each of them. You might also suggest that they return the favor for you.
LinkedIn® Network
On LinkedIn®, your network extends beyond your primary contacts. Just as in the real world, where a "friend of a friend" might help you, there is something similar with LinkedIn®. All of your contacts are broken down into three main tiers. The first is your primary contacts, known as Your Connections, and they are defined with an icon of a circle with a number 1 inside. These are all the people you have invited directly to join your network, and those whose invitations you have accepted. The next network level is called Two Degrees Away, and it includes all the associates of your primary contacts mentioned above. The third network level is called Three Degrees Away, and it includes friends of the friends of your primary contacts. LinkedIn® allows you to search all of these people and contact them directly through what it calls an Introduction. For example, if you are interviewing at a company and you see that one of your Three Degrees Away contacts works there, you might introduce yourself to learn more about the company and its needs. This is why LinkedIn® is so powerful.
To understand the power of LinkedIn®, consider the statistics in the following example. You can transform just 62 of your own contacts into more than 10,000 friends of friends. When you consider all their friends, your network can easily reach more than a million people.
Technology Today: The Influence of Social Networking Sites
With so many people using social networking sites, what impact is all this social networking having on society at large?
The media often portrays social networkers as social misfits more interested in chatting with virtual friends than making real ones. There also have been sensational stories about teens committing suicide as a result of "cyberbullying" taking place on social networks.
But people who regularly follow the impact of technology on society argue that when it comes to social networks, the positives far outweigh the negatives.
That certainly was the conclusion drawn by a team of researchers at Michigan State University that spent three years studying how undergraduates use Facebook. A research team member posted these comments on a New York Times online forum regarding the impact of social networks on society (Dubner, 2008):
Our original motivation was to better understand why individuals would voluntarily use a site that, based on media reports, offered them only a way to disclose information they shouldn't disclose, collect hundreds of "friends" they didn't know, and waste time better spent studying. What we found surprised us.
These students were using Facebook to increase the size of their social network, and therefore, their access to more information and diverse perspectives. They used the site to look up old high school acquaintances, to find out information about people in their classes or dorms that might be used to strike up a conversation, to get contact information for friends, and many other activities.
These aren't the kinds of Facebook activities you are likely to read about in the media, which have encouraged widespread public concern about Facebook use by young people.
Other studies are busting myths surrounding social networking as well. For instance, Facebook reports that its greatest growth now comes from the 35‐ to 49‐year‐old age group, and 50‐ to 64‐year‐olds are joining the site at twice the rate of teens (Corbett, 2009).
These numbers may be skewed somewhat by the fact that teens and young adults were early adopters, which means there are fewer of them left to sign up. Still, the growth in adoption among older generations indicates that social networking is becoming a mainstream activity.
Even the most conservative of businesspeople are flocking to sites like LinkedIn® because they find them to be useful tools for building—and maintaining—stronger business relationships. Major corporations are setting up Facebook fan pages and Twitter accounts in order to keep customers abreast of their latest products. Some companies now assign employees to monitor social networks for any negative comments about their products or services. This allows them to resolve problems or create strategies to alleviate negative public perception before that information gets to the mainstream media.
Although social networking is still in its infancy, all indications are that it will continue growing and maturing for some time to come. The question is whether its positives will continue to outweigh its negatives over the long term.
Some optimistic observers believe social networks could potentially change the world for the better by making it easier for people from different cultures to see—and better understand—viewpoints from different parts of the world.
A Culture Clash
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Many instances of social networks have been sparking global debates. One case occurred when Molly Norris, a Seattle‐based cartoonist, objected to the Comedy Central network editing a portion of its South Park program that would have depicted the Prophet Mohammed in a bear costume.
Muslims believe that any drawing of Mohammed is blasphemous. But Norris felt Comedy Central, as a U.S.‐based network, was violating the free speech rights of the South Park producers. She created a Facebook page and launched a contest encouraging artists to submit their best drawings of Mohammed.
Roughly a month later, 40,000 people had registered support for the contest, while more than 50,000 had registered on a separate page opposing the idea. Thousands of people also took to the streets of Pakistan to protest the contest, causing that country's government to block access to Facebook until the contest page was removed (Hill, 2010).
This incident clearly shows social media's ability to quickly disseminate opposing views on an issue. But will these tools become powerful enough to stop opposing sides from shouting at each other, and instead encourage them to actually resolve their differences? Only time will tell.
Links for More Information
For a visual on who uses different social networking sites, visit: https://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2013/03/social‐demographics‐who‐uses‐facebook‐tumblr‐twitter‐ pinterest‐ instagram‐infographic.html (http://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2013/03/social‐demographics‐who‐uses‐facebook‐tumblr‐twitter‐pinterest‐instagram‐ infographic.html)
For information about some pros and cons of social media, see: http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=412755 (http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=412755)
Questions to Consider
1. Is online networking only for fun? 2. What is the most popular social networking site on the Web? 3. What is the status update question that you answer about yourself on Facebook? 4. What is the name of the location on Facebook where you post status updates and comments to your friends? 5. Why is discretion an important guide for what you post on Facebook? 6. What is the most popular business networking site on the Web? 7. What is the difference between social networking and business networking? 8. Define the three main connection tiers on LinkedIn®.
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7.4 Wikis Have you ever been reading a book or a magazine on a topic that you know fairly well and found an error made by the author? Did you ever wish you could set the record straight or provide your own unique insight on the issue? Of course, you could write your correction or comment in the margin of the book you were reading, but likely you would be the only person ever to see it. What if you could actually change the book? Now you can, and that is the power of a wiki (pronounced WIK‐ee). While you cannot change the printed words in a published book, in a wiki you can read what someone else wrote online, suggest an update, and if it clears the wiki administrator, your words will become the final word on the subject (at least until someone else comes along with a better idea). All of these changes and the edit history are saved, so if someone wants to track down the evolution of the idea, it is all there (Ebersbach, 2008, p. 12).
What Is a Wiki?
The unusual‐sounding name Wiki comes from a Hawaiian term that means "hurry" or "quick." The idea was that a wiki would allow people to make edits online and share ideas quickly. Ward Cunningham developed the very first one in 1995. He was a computer programmer, and his WikiWikiWeb was a way for his team to work on software projects together, even if they were not physically in the same location. Years later, his wiki is still running, but now there are millions of other wikis helping business teams collaborate and share documents all over the world.
How to Create a Wiki
One of the best ways to learn how a wiki works is to find a Wikipedia page that interests you, and then search through that page's history to see what has been added, edited, and deleted over time. This demonstrates how a wiki is a living and breathing entity. For example, go to Wikipedia.org (http://www.Wikipedia.org (http://www.Wikipedia.org) ) and enter "Steve Jobs" into the search box. Next, in the upper right hand corner select "View history." Then, you can see a list of the many, many edits and revisions to the entry by various people. This is the beating heart of a wiki.
Once you have this background, try it for yourself. Open up your favorite Web browser and visit http://www.sites.google.com (http://www.sites.google.com) . This is a free service provided by Google that allows you to create websites and wikis. You will need a Google account for this, so go ahead and sign up for one if you would like to try this demo. Once you are logged in, select "Create site." Select the Project wiki template and then click on "Name your site." Your URL needs to be unique, so you may have to try a few times to get a name you like. This URL is for the website where your wiki will be located. Finally, type in the security code and select "Create site." Click on "Edit page" and then type in a home page message. This is what everyone will see when they log onto your wiki. When you are done, select Save. The next step is to invite people to join your wiki. Select "Edit Sidebar" and then click on Sharing. Now you can invite people to your site as owners, viewers, or collaborators (meaning they can edit your content). This is also the place where you can change the themes and colors of your site. Congratulations! You are now the owner of your very own wiki. See if you can think of a way to use your new wiki to collaborate with people at work or school.
Wiki Fears
One of the main questions and concerns that people have expressed about using a wiki in the workplace is the potential for unverified information chaos. One computer specialist used the following analogy (Ebersbach, 2008). He said that, to him, a wiki sounded like a room full of kids with unlimited cans of spray paint and a giant gray concrete wall. In other words, what prevents a wiki from being nothing more than graffiti?
Stewart Mader, in his book Wikipatterns, said that when he first heard about a wiki, he imagined it would be uncontrolled, unproductive, and inappropriate (Mader, 2008). He thought that people needed the comfort and familiarity of in‐person conversations and meetings, and that when face‐to‐face contact was not possible, the phone or email was the next best thing. But after he began studying wikis, he realized that his fears were mostly unfounded. Why? Wikis can be kept under the control of qualified and accurate moderators. It is true that an open wiki with no system of control can turn to chaos. But with editorial tracking and someone who reviews every update and has the authority to reject changes if they are hurtful, wrong, or obscene, then many of the fears about wikis can be put to rest (West & West, 2009). Where have wikis been used most effectively? At a website called Wikipedia.
Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a giant wiki that functions much like an encyclopedia or the World Brain that H. G. Wells was envisioning at the start of the last chapter. Jimmy Wales began the initial encyclopedia project, and his staff consisted of teams of experts with PhDs writing articles in the normal way that encyclopedias were put together for centuries. One author worked on a single topic, finished it, and then moved on to the next one. Using this model, the project ran out of money and with only a few hundred articles completed, the work was nowhere close to being done. In a last‐ditch effort, Wales decided to put the unfinished work online in January 2001, and he extended an invitation to everyone on the Web to help complete the project for free (Friedman, 2007, p. 121). It was then that something amazing happened. Only one year later, Wikipedia had 20,000 finished articles, tremendous Web momentum, and translations in over 12 languages. Graphs of Wikipedia's growth are fascinating. By the end of 2012, Wikipedia crossed over the 4‐million‐article mark. The rate of growth has slowed since the end of 2006 (when authors wrote 50,000 new articles each month), but its authoring community is still producing 25,000 new articles each month (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_of_Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_of_Wikipedia) ).
Wikipedia Is a .org
If you want to visit Wikipedia, you can find it at Wikipedia.org. You will notice that the domain extension is .org, which in this case indicates it is a not‐for‐profit organization. Keep in mind though that anyone can purchase a website with an .org extension. Even though they are supposed to indicate a non‐profit status, the domain registrars do not rigorously enforce it.
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Jimmy Wales accepts a Quadriga innovation award for his work founding Wikipedia. Have you ever written, edited, or contested a Wikipedia article? What inspired you to do so?
Sean Gallup/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
Wikipedia exists completely through user contributions and donations of time and money. "Wikipedia isn't a commercial website. It's a community creation" (Wales, 2009). It operates just like the generic wikis described above, and while anyone can edit it, the entries are tracked and verified as much as possible before they are posted.
Wikipedia Weaknesses
Although using Wikipedia is not acceptable for a paper you would write for an institution of higher learning, it is a great place to go for general knowledge for two main reasons. The first is that while safeguards are in place to prevent errors, whenever there are 3 million articles on anything, mistakes can slip through the overseers. The other main reason that Wikipedia is not suited for scholarly referencing is because there is no identifiable authorship or permanence to the articles. For example, let's say you cited an article on computer literacy in Wikipedia for a class paper. By the time the professor got around to grading your paper, the article you cited might be completely different. So, feel free to use Wikipedia in your personal life but not your professional one. This stipulation does not detract from Wikipedia being one of the great Web 2.0 success stories. Sometimes, the positive or negative aspects of a wiki depend on perspective. One example is Wikileaks.
Wikileaks
One organization often in the news these days is called Wikileaks. Found at http://www.wikileaks.org (https://www.wikileaks.org) , it aims to provide information to the public. This sounds harmless and like any other news organization. However, it does this through an unusual way that leverages the power and anonymity of the Web. Wikileaks provides a way for journalists to submit information anonymously online that can be passed along to the public.
Though Wikileaks states that the news stories are presented in a similar style as Wikipedia, the two organizations are not related. And the biggest difference is that individual users cannot edit the posted pages or source documents. Examples of stories include secret files on Guantánamo Bay prisoners. While some might see these documents as "shining the light of truth on a notorious icon of the Bush administration's 'War on Terror,'" others might see it as a compromise to national security efforts. It is in this way that Wikileaks resides in the gray area of legality, but it unquestionably represents the power of the Web.
Questions to Consider
1. How would you share information online if you were working with a team that was spread out across the United States? 2. What is a wiki? What does the word mean? 3. At what site on the Web can you create a wiki for free and share it with the world? 4. What are some of the concerns that have been expressed about wiki pages? 5. What is the most successful wiki on the Web? 6. Who is the founder of Wikipedia? What is the site's primary goal? 7. Can you use a Wikipedia article as a reference source in a college class?
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7.5 Email Not only has Web 2.0 enabled the development of entirely new online applications such as blogs, social networking, and wikis, but it has also transformed some of the oldest forms of communication made with a computer. The best example of this is email. While this may seem like a Web 2.0 application, in reality, Web‐based email predated Web 2.0 by several years. Email, which means electronic mail, was one of the first tasks performed when computers became linked together in a network. You can recognize an email address by the @ character (pronounced "at"). An email address looks like this: [email protected]. You would say it like this: "name at example dot com." The section before the @ is the user name, and the part after the @ is known as the domain. In this chapter, we will explore the more traditional way of sending email, which is an application such as Microsoft® Outlook®. Then we will turn to the Web version of email and explore Google's Gmail™.
What is the difference between Web mail and computer email? With Web mail, you are not storing any of your correspondence (sent or received emails) on your computer. Instead, they are stored in the databases of whatever Web mail system you are using (such as Google's Gmail™ or Microsoft®'s Hotmail®). The advantage is that you can access all of your messages from any computer that has a Web connection. In contrast, Microsoft®'s Outlook® is a software application that you install on one computer, and all of the email is stored on that computer (this is not to be confused with the relatively new outlook.com, which is a Web mail system). Unless you can use that computer remotely, you cannot access your email when you are on another computer. There is no one right selection regarding which type of email system to use; in fact, some people use both types. It is all a matter of personal preference. It should be pointed out that Outlook® and Gmail™ are not the only alternatives for PC‐based and Web‐based email applications, but since they are the most commonly used examples of each type, they will serve as our models.
The Evolution of Email
The very first email message was sent in July 1971. That was when two programmers for ARPAnet (discussed in Chapter 5) developed a mail program to transmit electronic messages. Few people thought it was a significant development. By 1975, 1,000 people were registered to use it (Campbell‐Kelly & Aspray, 1996, p. 296). Today, the United States is email crazy. By some estimates, 25% of all office workers' productive hours are spent on email. The Clinton presidential administration turned over 32 million email messages to the National Archives in 2001. In 2009, the Bush administration left behind 100 million messages. Not all of this transmission of electronic messages involves the communication of worthwhile ideas. In fact, in 2008, about 100 billion spam emails were sent each day. These were messages that were of a commercial nature and unsolicited (Shipley & Schwalbe, 2008, p. 12). In January 2013, SecureList estimated that 58 percent of all email sent was spam ("Spam in January 2013," 2013). One of the most popular ways to send email is through a PC‐based application called Microsoft® Outlook®.
Outlook®
Earlier in this textbook, we toured three of Microsoft®'s most important applications (Word, Excel™, and PowerPoint®). Along with these programs, Microsoft® has developed many others, and Outlook® is the name of its email application. We will briefly review this program here. First released in 1997, Outlook® offered the user many important functions. These included sending and receiving email, creating email groups, managing a contact list, keeping a calendar for appointments, and itemizing a to‐do list.
Outlook® Mail Folders
Just as there are folders on your main computer that contain the files you work on, Outlook® also organizes what you do into folders. These include the Inbox (all the email that is sent TO you), the Sent Items (the email sent FROM you), and the Outbox (all the email waiting for Outlook® to send). There are other folders as well, and you can also create your own folders in which to organize your emails. You might want to create a Family folder for emails from your family members. At work, you might create a separate mail folder for each client you work with. The email organization and file structure is up to you and the file that actually contains the emailed content is known as a .pst file.
Microsoft® Exchange
The other important point about Outlook® is that it's often the email of choice for businesses. The main reason is that it uses an Exchange Server, which is proprietary (and highly controllable) by the organization. Specifically, it provides applications like email, calendar, and contacts on your PC, phone and Web browser. The IT staff in a business prefers Microsoft® Exchange for several reasons. These include antispam filtering, disaster recovery, role‐based access, a sharable calendar, and security policies (http://www.microsoft.com/exchange/en‐us/exchange‐server.aspx (http://office.microsoft.com/en‐us/exchange/microsoft‐exchange‐server‐2013‐email‐for‐business‐ email‐server‐FX103765014.aspx) ).
Gmail™
With the development of Web 2.0, a new type of email system has been created in which neither your email files nor the email application itself is stored on your computer. Instead, all of your messages are stored online and accessed on the Web through free services. The leader in this service is Google's Gmail™. The tremendous benefit is that you can sit down in front of any computer in the world that has a Web connection, and you can send, receive, preserve, and read all of your email. Let's use Google as an example to see how this is done.
To use Google's Gmail™, you do not need to install software as you did with Outlook®. Instead, all you need to do is visit http://mail.google.com (http://mail.google.com) and sign up for an account. You will be able to choose an email address such as [email protected], and you will receive a very large free mailbox to work with. Google currently provides about 10 gigabytes of storage for you. To send an email, select the Compose Mail option directly under the Gmail™ logo. You will then recognize some of the familiar elements you saw in Outlook®. You begin by entering an email address in the To box, then a Subject, and finally, you will compose your email. You can also attach a file. Once you are done composing, click on the Send button, and the email will be transmitted.
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Outlook.com is a Web‐based email service from Microsoft®, meant to replace Hotmail.com® and Live.com. As of May 2013, Outlook.com had approximately 400 million active users.
Steffen Trumpf/picture‐alliance/dpa/AP Images
One of the positive aspects of Gmail™ is its two‐step verification process, which adds a valuable level of security to your Google Account. This works by first requiring a username and password (step 1) for entry into your information. Then, once you are logged in, Google sends you a special code via a text or a voice call, which you must enter to gain access (step 2). You can tell Google you do not need both steps for special computers like one in your home. Having a two‐step verification process adds more security because someone trying to log into your account would need to know your password, username, as well as have access to your phone.
Gmail™ Conversations
The main operational difference between Gmail™ and Outlook® is that folders are not the central way that Gmail™ manages the messages. Instead, Gmail™ organizes sent and received email into Conversations. These threads bundle together a conversation between two or more people on the same topic to make it easier to go back and review what was said and when. Also, since Google's main business is search, it enables you to take advantage of its powerful searching functions for all your conversations. For example, if you received an email from a friend two months ago but you forgot what he or she wanted, simply type his or her name into the search box and Google will quickly list all of the correspondence you have had. You can also search on any keyword that might have appeared in any email you have ever sent or received. And, it is important to note that this landscape is changing and the distinction between Outlook® and Gmail™ is blurring.
Outlook.com
Microsoft® is now promoting a Web email service with Outlook.com (https://login.live.com/login.srf?
wa=wsignin1.0&ct=1377200662&rver=6.1.6206.0&sa=1&ntprob=‐1&wp=MBI_SSL_SHARED&wreply=https:%2F%2Fmail.live.com%2F%3Fowa%3D1%26owasuffix%3Dowa%252f&id=64855&snsc=1&cbcxt=mail)
. This blends its earlier Web mail systems from Hotmail.com® and Live.com into its new Web‐based service. It will take advantage of the Windows® 8 Metro functionality and has a powerful, yet simple design. Most importantly, it stores all of your email in Microsoft®'s SkyDrive®. That means none of your email is actually tied to your computer. Outlook.com offers a similar look and features as Gmail™ but provides unlimited storage and a more extensive preview pane option. Outlook® also attempts to provide the user with a more simplified interface.
Email on the Go
One other benefit to having a Web‐based email system is that you can easily access it on the go with your mobile devices. Google achieves this with its Gmail™ for Mobile site with links to download apps from Google Play (for Android™ devices) or iTunes® (for Apple® devices). Or you can visit google.com/mail (http://google.com/mail) on your phone. Mobile Gmail™ has many of the features found on the desktop version. These include:
Search Stars and Labels Conversation View
Another interesting point is that with the prevalence of cell phones with text messaging capabilities as well as smartphones with Facebook Messenger option, the overall amount of email has decreased. We may see email in the future used for more formal conversations, much like traditional letters were when email first emerged.
Questions to Consider
1. Why send email instead of making a telephone call or sending a fax? 2. When was the first email sent? What was the organization that sent it? 3. What is the name of Microsoft®'s email program? 4. What are the main tasks you can perform with Outlook®? 5. How do you send an email with Outlook®?
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6. Where are your email files stored with Outlook®? 7. What is the name of Google's email program? 8. How much storage space does Gmail™ provide to each user? 9. What is the main difference between Gmail™ and Outlook®?
10. Where does Gmail™ store all of your emails?
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Social bookmarking sites like Pinterest are gaining in popularity, as people take advantage of Web 2.0's capabilities to share graphics, recipes, project ideas, and other interesting things they find on the Web with friends.
AP Photo/Pinterest
7.6 Other Web 2.0 Tools There are a vast number of Web 2.0 tools that we could discuss here. We have only scratched the surface so far, but in conclusion to this chapter, it is important that we look at the significance of several others.
Images
Images and the Web go hand‐in‐hand, and there are two popular tools for organizing and sharing your photos and videos with the world. The first is http://www.flickr.com/ (http://www.flickr.com/) . Remarkably, this site has over 5 billion photographs. Flickr is not just for looking at other people's photos; it is also designed as a way for you to create your own profile and upload images you can share with your friends and family. Like most all Web 2.0 sites, you can take Flickr on the go with you with your mobile devices at http://www.flickr.com/mobile (http://www.flickr.com/mobile) .
A service specifically optimized for the mobile world is http://instagram.com/ (http://instagram.com/) . It quickly became popular (so much so that Facebook purchased it for $1 billion in April 2012) because of its simplicity (snapping pictures with your smartphone), creativity (allowing users to apply filters to their images), and connectivity (a quick option to post images to Facebook or other sites). The filters were a fun and easy way to make new photos look like old black‐and‐white snapshots from the 1970s, or enhance colors in the image.
Social Bookmarking
The Web 2.0 tools for social collaboration create new ways to network and share information. One other example is the growing trend of social bookmarking and Reddit.com is one of the most popular of these sites. The community it creates is one in which users (or redditors) vote on which stories are most interesting. As more and more people collaborate and vote, the "hottest" stories begin to rise while the "cooler" (meaning less important in this case) sink. One powerful tool is that anyone has the capability of creating a community (called a "subreddit"). These are open‐source communities and all the users can comment on every story. In August 2012, Reddit had nearly 40 million unique visitors from 172 countries who viewed over 4 billion pages and cast over 13 million votes (http://www.reddit.com/about/ (http://www.reddit.com/about/) ).
Another example in this genre is StumbleUpon.com (http://www.StumbleUpon.com (http://www.StumbleUpon.com) ). You simply tell the website your interests and it lets you see related sites, videos, and photos. There is a "Stumble!" button which let's you randomly encounter new sites based on your interests and history at this website. Finally, you have an opportunity to rate everything that StumbleUpon shows you, which enables it to better match content to your desires.
Pinterest is a third social bookmarking site, which is now becoming something of a media sensation starting in the summer of 2011. The idea is a simple one. Think of going to a coffee shop or a library and you will often see a large board where people can pin items of interest (upcoming music shows, book signings, lost cats, cars for sale, etc.). Remarkably, there was nothing directly analogous on the Web, and Pinterest was born as a "virtual pinboard." People can pin images, recipes, and other items they find on the Web. They can look through what others have posted on their pin boards. People can use Pinterest for organization, and to share and find ideas or photos. (See: http://pinterest.com/about/ (http://pinterest.com/about/) .)
Skype™
The final Web 2.0 tool we will investigate is a way to turn your mobile device, laptop, or desktop computer into a video phone. Combining video with phone calls has long been an aspect of science fiction, but today it is a reality with tools like Skype™ (http://about.skype.com/ (http://about.skype.com/) ).
This means that if your loved one is fighting in a war in a foreign country, as long as they have Web access, they can read a book at night to their child at home. While the parent and child could not touch each other, they could see and hear themselves in real time. Others use Skype™ to connect to family, friends, and business associates across the world. This is a hugely popular service with as many as 40 million users online at peak times.
The Future: Web 3.0
While we have been discussing Web 2.0 tools in this chapter, be aware that there may be a Web 3.0 around the corner. Known as the "semantic web," this has the potential to vastly change and improve the way you interact with the Web. Imagine a night that you and your friends wanted to plan for fun. You might suggest dinner, a movie, and then go dancing. Your friends agree with you and eventually you decide on Chinese food, a romantic comedy, and then salsa dancing. The question is, how would you find out the best places to do all of this?
One answer is to use a variety of different websites that might give you restaurant listings and ratings, movie times and reviews, and dance clubs and descriptions. This might require you to visit a half dozen or more websites. Web 3.0, using its semantic capabilities, could reduce that search time dramatically. You open up your Web
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3.0 tool and say: "I want to go with 4 friends to a Chinese dinner at 7 p.m., go to the most popular romantic comedy film at 9 p.m., and then go salsa dancing afterwards. Plan this evening for me."
A moment later, an itinerary might appear for you to approve or disapprove, and then click on related links for reservations. If this sounds like an automated personal assistant, you are correct. And that is some of the potential power of Web 3.0.
Taken together, all of these Web 2.0 tools (as well as Web 3.0 tools in the future) work to better connect you to the world. As you know from your personal life, there are risks associated every time you venture into the unknown. Social networking is no different.
The Dark Side of Social Networking
Any time people gather together there is an opportunity for a limited few to misuse the space and take advantage of others. Social networking online, much like physical interaction in the real world, also has this potential. One example is cyberbullying. While awareness is growing about the psychological complications that stem from kids bullying kids at school, there is an equal concern (if not more) of bullying that takes place in electronically mediated environments. These include social networking sites, as well as email and text messages sent through standard desktop computers and mobile devices. This also is not limited to children, as cyberbullies can have detrimental effects on people of all ages.
Important differences exist between real world bullying and cyberbullying. Most significantly, cyberbullying can take place privately, 24 hours a day. Though cyberbullying can affect anyone, take for example the vulnerability of children. Though children might be physically safe at home in their rooms, they might be psychologically exposed to cyberbullying late at night. Also, a cyberbullying message can be posted anonymously and also transmitted to a very large number of people at one time. Twenty years ago, someone might have written something disparaging about someone with graffiti on the side of a building. Today, a student might post something hateful and share it directly with all of his or her classmates instantaneously.
The United States Government has established an online center for learning more about this at http://www.stopbullying.gov/ (http://www.stopbullying.gov/) . It states that in a 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Study, 16 percent of all high school children were bullied. These children were affected in significant ways such as having poorer attendance in school, a lowered self‐esteem, increased use of alcohol and drugs, lower grades, and a greater risk of health problems.
These same dangers exist for adults where cyberbullies can damage people's reputations or careers.
Regardless of the specifics of the future, communicating your thoughts and ideas to another person quickly, easily, directly, and on the go is the central goal of Web 2.0. It enables you to access the Web and link you with other people in unprecedented ways, creating a blank slate on which you can log your dreams, aspirations, and opinions. It is time for you to start leaving your imprint on the world, and Web 2.0 has the tools you will need to begin doing it.
Questions to Consider
1. What are Web 2.0 tools? 2. Why is social bookmarking important and how is it used? 3. Does Web 3.0 exist? 4. What is the semantic web? 5. What are some dangers of social networking?
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Summary In this chapter, our goal was to focus on the emergence of Web 2.0 and describe the power it gives you to share and collaborate with others online. Through desktop and mobile devices, two of the main ways people use Web 2.0 are for social and business networking. Facebook is an example of a social networking tool, while LinkedIn® is an example of business networking tool. But, there are a variety of other powerful 2.0 tools, such as wikis. These let groups of people combine their knowledge and expertise to collaborate on a specific project. One of the best‐known examples is Wikipedia, which is an encyclopedia written (and constantly being rewritten) by everyone who visits that site. Another example of Web 2.0 is online email. We compared it to Microsoft®'s more traditional Outlook® email application, and saw how Microsoft® is staking its claim to online email where Google's Gmail™ has reigned supreme. Through the use of Web 2.0, online communities can form. We talked about discretion in our section on Facebook, but the same caution holds true for any Web 2.0 application, including office email and Web activity. The Web is a public space, and while it may seem private, this is often an illusion, especially at work. Employers monitor what you do, and if the activity is questionable, you could lose your job. In other words, be responsible on the Web, just as you would in real‐life society. In the next chapter, we will continue this theme by looking at the digital society.
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Key Ideas
Web 2.0 allows those who visit Web pages to leave their own content for others to view. Another way to look at it, is that Web 1.0 was read‐only, while Web 2.0 is read‐write. Blogs and Twitter are two of the most significant ways that Web 2.0 has enabled a new user experience online. Social and business networking sites (like Facebook and LinkedIn®) help people to cultivate, expand, and improve their communication with those in their life. In a wiki, you can read what someone else wrote online, suggest an update, and if it clears the wiki administrator, your words will become the final word on the subject (at least until someone else comes along with a better idea). Web mail enables users to store their email online, and it can be accessed from any computer in the world. Computer‐based email applications (like Microsoft®'s Outlook®) are stored on a single computer and unless you can use that computer remotely, you cannot access your email when you are on another computer. Other important Web 2.0 tools include applications to store and share images, social bookmarks, and video chat. The dark side of social networking is the dramatic increase in the potential and severity of cyberbullying.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Make a list of some examples of Web 2.0 applications you use. Which ones did you see discussed in this chapter? 2. If you would like to try a new blogging or tweeting Web 2.0 tool, which one would it be and why? What would it enable you to do? 3. What is the difference between a social and business network? Have you used both? If so what different capabilities do each provide? If not, what ways
might it enhance your social or business life? 4. If you wanted to suggest to Wikipedia a topic to write about, what would it be? After you wrote and submitted it, what would be some concerns you might
have after you released it to the world? 5. What email program do you prefer? Where do you find that you typically access your email: at work, at home, on your phone, tablet, desktop, etc.? Would a
different program discussed in this chapter provide you with more convenient email opportunities? 6. Have you or someone you know ever encountered cyberbullying? What are some things you might tell a new computer user to be aware of?
Key Terms
Click on each key term to see the definition.
blog (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Web log.
blogosphere (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
The entire universe of blogs.
email (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Electronic mail.
Friend (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Someone you have invited to join your network, or someone from whom you have received an invitation to become a friend.
flash mob (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A Twitter‐organized gathering, also called a tweetup.
profile (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A social networking feature where you share information about yourself.
pure aggregator (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A website that provides daily updates of links to other websites.
pure analyst (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
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A website that provides no links to other sites, just original content.
spam (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Messages that are of a commercial nature and unsolicited.
status update (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A Facebook feature in which you can state what you are doing now.
tweet (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A Twitter post of 140 characters or fewer.
tweetup (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
See flash mob.
unfriend (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
What you do when you decide to remove someone from your online Friends list.
Web 2.0 (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
The interactive aspect of the Web that allows those who visit Web pages to post their own content for others to view.
wiki (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Named after a Hawaiian word that means "hurry" or "quick," a wiki is a website that allows people to make edits online and share ideas quickly
Web Resources
The Web 2.0 Summit: http://www.web2summit.com (http://www.web2summit.com)
Best Blog: http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com (http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com)
Most Overrated Blog: http://www.techcrunch.com (http://www.techcrunch.com)
Web 3.0: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=off08As3siM&feature=related (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=off08As3siM&feature=related)
What is LinkedIn®?: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzT3JVUGUzM (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzT3JVUGUzM)
How to use Twitter: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0xbjIE8cPM (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0xbjIE8cPM)
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Chapter 8
The Digital Society
iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to complete the following:
Explain issues with privacy, pornography, and piracy on the Web. Summarize how money can be made online and provide examples. Define virtual communities and list examples. Explain the relationship between online and onground education. Summarize the relationship between computing, information, and the law. List some trends of globalization and the role of computing in those trends.
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Introduction Are you a digital native? According to John Palfrey and Urs Gasser, authors of a book titled Born Digital, if you were born after 1980, then you are (Palfrey & Gasser, 2008). They believed 1980 was an important turning point because of the rise of the personal computer and software applications. What started with spreadsheets and word processors evolved into more complex digital interactions such as friendships, social relationships, and even civic activities, all taking place through (or mediated by) a computer. Those who were born before 1980 can still become a part of this digital society, and they have an important vantage point because they have had the opportunity to watch the changes evolve. However, if they remain on the outside and do not take part in this new world, then they are often a step behind in school or the workplace. In the 21st century, this digital society is growing larger each day, with new computing tools designed to become more and more embedded into our lives. Because we cannot afford to live outside of this digital society, we all must become as comfortable with it as digital natives. In this chapter, we will look at both the positive and negative aspects of digital society, as well as the many ways in which the digital society parallels prevalent issues in our real life society. Of course "society" is a vast and multifaceted subject. So, we are going to narrow this topic to five main areas: our concepts of privacy, law, economy, community, and education. These five subjects become the central theme of our chapter on the digital society. And we end our discussion here by exploring the associated globalization of this digital society.
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The ability to store information digitally is useful but can also present privacy issues. What solutions can you think of to prevent unauthorized people from accessing your personal information?
iStockphoto/Thinkstock
8.1 Privacy, Pornography, and Piracy The computer is neither good nor evil. In itself, it has no morals, positive or negative, because it is simply a machine. As with any other tool, such as a hammer or a gun, the morals of the user shape its functions. In the hands of a carpenter, a hammer can be used to build a shelter for the homeless. In the hands of a thief, a hammer can be used to break a window of that same home and jeopardize the security of its inhabitants. In this regard, a computer is much like a hammer. It can be used for good as well as evil. When we see examples of computers threatening society, do not blame the computer. Blame the person sitting at the keyboard. To protect ourselves from those who wish to use computers to infringe upon our rights, knowledge is the best defense. If we can understand aspects of this dark side of computing—such as privacy, piracy, and pornography—we will be better prepared to live safely in our digital society.
Privacy
The amount of data collected about you is staggering. You leave a digital fingerprint every time you use your credit card, borrow a library book, go to the doctor, rent a movie, bank online, apply for a job, email, blog, and use Facebook. You are aware that many people will see some of this information, such as what you post on a blog. It is intended to be public. But other information is extremely private, such as your bank account login code, and therefore, the unauthorized access of personal information is a serious threat. How can you protect yourself and preserve your privacy?
How to Permanently Erase Data
The first step is to safeguard your personal computer (Tynan, 2005). One thing you should be aware of is that when you delete a file, it is not really gone. The data still exists in your computer's hard disk (or other type of magnetic media like a flash drive). Deleting a file simply tells the computer that if it needs more storage, it can use that space. But it may not do so. So, when you go to sell or throw away your computer, you could be leaving a wealth of data for an identity thief to easily uncover. There are several solutions for this. First, if you are junking your computer, you can take out the hard drive, get a hammer (wear safety glasses), and literally destroy it. Second, if you are selling or donating your computer, you can delete all the files on your hard drive and then make one large Word file with lots of pictures and copy it over and over until your hard drive is full. This will write over all of your data. A third solution is to purchase a software program such as Active@Kill Disk Hard Drive Eraser, which will permanently delete anything you want to erase from your hard drive.
Backing up Files
At the opposite end of the spectrum from permanently erasing data is making sure that you are saving it, which is known as backing up files. Hard drives are known to fail from time to time, so it is essential to periodically back up your files, or save your data to a different location. There are several ways to do this. You can purchase an external hard drive (typically with a USB connection) that can be set up to automatically back up your data at a certain time every day (typically in the early morning hours when you are not working on the computer). This way, if something happens to your internal hard drive, all your data can be restored from your backup external drive. The other benefit is that an external drive is portable, so you can easily transport all of your information if you are away from your home computer. The downside is that if there is a physical catastrophe to your computing environment (fire, water damage, and so on), both your internal and external data will be lost. For this reason, offsite storage (called cloud storage—to be discussed further in Chapter 9) is essential, so if your computer is destroyed, you can easily retrieve all of your information.
Another offsite storage option is Google Drive™ with the first 5 GB given to you for free. Once installed on your phone or mobile device, files can be placed and accessed on any device that has Google Drive™. Files can also be edited on the Web, allowing you to collaborate with others.
Apple® has a similar product with its iCloud®, which backs up all of your data (5 GB of free storage with an option to purchase more) on your iPhone®, iPad®, or iPod Touch®. It can also backup files on a mobile device.
Log‐In Protection
Another privacy concern is that someone might break into a computer that you currently use and steal data. You should require a strong password (discussed in Chapter 5.2) to log in to your account, but this is sometimes not enough protection against a skilled data thief. One solution is a small device, often found in large organizations, that updates your password every 30 seconds. You carry around a keychain device, called a security token, and when you want to log in, you enter the current password shown on the security token.
How to Encrypt Files
Another solution is to encrypt your most sensitive files. Encryption is like a secret code for your data, and only your computer has the key to unscramble the code. So, if someone manages to break into your computer and copy your files, when he opens them again later, he or she will see nothing but useless garbage information. To encrypt a file in Windows® 7, simply right‐click the file or folder, select Properties, click the General tab, and select Advanced. Then, select Encrypt Contents to Secure
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Data and press OK. You will then get an encryption certificate that should be backed up, because if you lose it, you will not be able to decrypt your own files.
A Look Further: Encryption Tools
However, there are third‐party encryption tools you can also use. Here are the top five, as chosen by Life Hacker:
http://lifehacker.com/5677725/five%E2%80%90 best%E2%80%90file%E2%80%90encryption %E2%80%90tools18 (http://lifehacker.com/5677725/five%E2%80%90best%E2%80%90file%E2%80%90encryption%E2%80%90tools18) .
Virus Protection
We all know what a human virus is, and that is why we cringe when someone sneezes too close to us. A computer virus is something similar, and we should take precautions to protect ourselves. In 1948, John von Neumann was the first to suggest that a programmer could create a computer virus by writing a program that replicated itself (or made unauthorized copies without human intervention). Hundreds of thousands of viruses now exist, and your computer can become infected when you download software, open your email, or copy an infected file onto your computer. Downloading is a term used to describe the process of bringing information that exists somewhere on the Internet onto your home computer. Although this is a powerful feature for accessing and using software and information, downloading is also risky because of the possibility that the data might contain a virus. It can only take a few minutes for an unprotected computer to become infected with a virus (Lehtinen, Gangemi, & Russell, 2006, p. 6). Data thieves use automated tools that constantly probe the Internet for vulnerable computers, so do not let yours be one.
One way to lessen this threat is antivirus software, which works in two ways. First, it references a vast virus dictionary of all known ways to infect a computer. The antivirus program compares and contrasts code in your computer with this database. If there is a match, it tries to remove or quarantine it. Second, the antivirus software looks for unusual behavior from the computer that could be the work of a virus, such as a program that tries to write an executable file. This is a program that can initiate a series of wanted actions, like word.exe to launch Word for Windows®, or unwanted actions in the case of a virus. For more on how viruses work, see Antivirus World: http://www.antivirusworld.com/articles/antivirus.php (http://www.antivirusworld.com/articles/antivirus.php) .
A number of virus protection options are available, including Webroot® Secure Anywhere Antivirus, Norton® AntiVirus, Bitdefender Antivirus Plus, and Kaspersky Anti‐ Virus.
There are also a number of free antivirus tools, which are powerful alternatives for students on a budget. These include:
Panda Cloud Anti‐Virus AVG Anti‐Virus Free Avira Free Antivirus
In 2013, the Top Ten Reviews website ranked Bitdefender the best antivirus product, followed by Kaspersky, and Norton® (http://anti‐virus‐software‐ review.toptenreviews.com/best‐antivirus‐software‐for‐2013.html (http://anti‐virus‐software‐review.toptenreviews.com/best‐antivirus‐software‐for‐2013.html) ).
Security Software
The best protection is to install a security software suite on your computer. One example is McAfee® Total Protection Service. This actually includes multiple programs to help keep you safe. The first is virus and spyware protection. Spyware is a secret program that gathers information about you in the background of your computer and then shares it with another person. This type of information might be advertising, personal data, or even ways to change how your computer is configured. Such a program is also called malware (mal means "bad"). Spyware can change the home page of your browser, it can adjust settings so it becomes very difficult to change it back, and it can also cause computer crashes. Microsoft®, at its Safety & Security Center, has an excellent overview of the dangers of spyware and how to prevent it. The following is a detailed article from Microsoft® on how to prevent spyware: http://www.microsoft.com/security/pc‐security/spyware‐prevent.aspx (http://www.microsoft.com/security/pc‐security/spyware‐prevent.aspx) .
It is very important to understand that spyware and malware is not a virus, and antivirus programs do not detect spyware. Therefore, it is essential that any protection suite you purchase has both antivirus and spyware protection. And it should also have a firewall.
A second type of program is firewall protection that will block malicious attacks on your computer from outside threats (see Chapter 5, Section 5.2 for more on this). But, as referenced, the Microsoft® Safety & Security Center also has some excellent firewall tips here, too. The bottom line is that if you have a computer connected to the Internet, or to another computer, or if you share files with anyone else (and there are very few computers which do not meet at least one of these criteria) then you need protection. This includes a hardware and software firewall.
A third is browser protection. This includes a list of unsafe websites that might contain viruses or other privacy issues related to your computer, so when you browse the Web, you will see a green check mark if the site is clean. Programs like this from McAfee® all require that you pay ongoing subscriptions for the service. A subscription like this will give you the latest updates because new threats are developed all the time. If you buy virus protection once and do not renew it, you are inviting an attack.
The Purpose of Viruses
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Security expert Mikko Hypponen explains why viruses are created, how they work, and the frightening ways criminals benefit from them. Do you currently have up‐to‐date virus software? What would you need to do to fully protect your computer?
AP Photo/The Medford Mail Tribune/Bob Pennell
Pornography
There are other dark sides of the digital society that may not pose a direct threat to your own data, but you should be aware of them if you have an underage child in the house with computer access. It is somewhat difficult to get accurate statistics on the use of pornography. It is not like the movie industry where tickets can be easily counted. In contrast, no national organization is tracking how many people click on a pornographic image. But, there are some important statistics that convey the massive amounts of pornographic material online. According to Morality in the Media (founded in 1962, it is one of the leading national organizations opposing pornography and indecency), 12 percent of all websites are pornographic. Over 40 million Americans regularly visit porn sites. Each day, 2.5 billion emails have a pornographic message (8 percent of all emails sent). One out of every four search engine requests is pornographic (http://pornharmsresearch.com/infographic‐porn‐ addiction‐in‐america‐statistics/ (http://pornharmsresearch.com/infographic‐porn‐addiction‐in‐america‐statistics/) ).
And many social networks can be used to engage in something known as cybersex, defined as virtual sex using text functions to chat between two real people. Now, this also includes sharing photos or videos in various stages of undress. While this might have been consensual when a relationship was in progress, after a messy breakup, disgruntled partners sometimes post the private photos as a hurtful act of vengeance.
Children are also exposed to Internet pornography at a young age. In fact, the average age of first exposure is 11 (http://www.mykidsbrowser.com/pornography_stats.php (http://www.mykidsbrowser.com/pornography_stats.php) ). This happens through intentional and accidental online exposure. It is easy to mistype a word and suddenly be in a part of the Web that is for adults only. The pornography industry is big business, generating revenues that rival the mainstream film industry in Hollywood. It is not going away. What is the solution? If you want to control access to this type of material, there are software applications called antipornography filters. Examples include NetDogSoft's Anti‐Porn Filter, which attempt to block sites of this nature from appearing on your computer. However, it is important to realize that no Web filter is 100 percent effective in blocking pornography.
Piracy
We have all heard stories about pirates with names like Blackbeard who sailed the seas. They would find unsuspecting and unprotected ships, board them, and steal all of their property. Something similar occurs in the world of computing. Data is also known as intellectual property. This term refers to the creativity behind everything from songs to books and even computer programs. In the digital era, this intellectual property is reduced to a stream of zeros and ones in a computer. While this is great for our access, it also makes intellectual property vulnerable to unauthorized and easy reproduction. If you purchase a music CD, copy it in large quantities and then sell the copies to all of your friends, then you are guilty of copyright infringement and have violated intellectual property rights. In other words, you are a pirate! This is a significant issue. According to the Business Software Alliance (BSA), 62% of all software in Central and Eastern Europe is pirated, compared with 60 percent in the Asia Pacific region. The United States had the lowest piracy rate at 19 percent (http://globalstudy.bsa.org/2011/ (http://globalstudy.bsa.org/2011/) ).
Copyright is a significant issue on the Internet in part because it is so easy to make digital copies of music, books, images, movies, and other material. However, just because something is easy to do does not make it lawful or ethical. Therefore, a number of
Purpose of Viruses From Title: TEDTalks: Mikko Hypponen—Fighting Viruses, Def...
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As computer‐related copyright violations increase, law enforcement agencies are working hard to shut down illegal download sites and distributors of pirated media. Do you think computer piracy can be stopped? Why or why not?
organizations (as well as governments) are working to reduce and prevent the illegal copying of information. One example is the Association for the Protection of Internet Copyright (APIC). Its mission is to educate the world about Internet copyright law, and enforce that law (see: http://www.a‐w.org/Home.html (http://www.a‐w.org/Home.html) ).
Peer‐to‐Peer Piracy
One famous example of intellectual property theft was the Internet site called Napster. It used what is known as peer‐to‐peer (sometimes written as P2P) file sharing that enabled millions of people to download copyrighted songs for free on their computers. When you logged in, Napster took note of all the music files on your computer. These became a part of the Napster database and enabled its community to download them from you. In turn, you had the ability to browse and download anyone else's music. Record companies and musicians banded together and filed a lawsuit against Napster. They won the case, and Napster was charged with copyright infringement. The website still exists, but you now have to pay for the songs that you download.
The next generation of P2P file sharing services is the torrent. The torrent is often an illegal service that enables the sharing of copyrighted materials such as software, music, and movies. Notorious examples are The Pirate Bay and ISOHunt. Each of these has roughly twelve million unique monthly visitors ("Top 15 Most Popular Torrent Sites," 2013).
Law Enforcement and Cyber Crimes
Cyber crimes, or crimes associated with computers connected to the Internet, are closely policed and prosecuted by the United States government. The U.S. Department of Justice has a Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section that is responsible for finding those individuals who are abusing the powers of computers and breaking the law (see link here (http://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/index.html) ). It specifically investigates illegal hacking into private computers, the theft of private data, and violations of copyright and intellectual property laws. It works with a variety of partners, including other governments, private companies, and universities, to find violators and also propose new legislation to protect law‐abiding citizens from cyber crimes that include computer intrusion (hacking), password trafficking, counterfeiting of currency, child pornography and exploitation, Internet fraud, spam, Internet harassment, Internet bomb threats, and trafficking in explosive or incendiary devices or firearms over the Internet. Intellectual property crimes include copyright piracy, trademark counterfeiting, and the theft of trade secrets.
Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism
What will the battlefields of the future look like? If World War I was the trench, World War II was the amphibious assault, and Vietnam was the jungle, then what is warfare in the 21st century like? Certainly conventional warfare still exists, however, cyberwarfare is an increasingly significant threat in the future. Consider that in June 2012, the U.S. Air Force graduated its first elite cyberspace task force. Designed to emulate the Navy's famous Top Gun program (elite fighter pilots), these new computer savvy warriors, who trained at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada, learned how to defend American computer databases and infrastructure, track down those that seek to do it harm, and plan and execute their own cyber attacks. Already there have been attacks on this front, allegedly by United States and Israeli cyber forces attempting to destroy key elements of Iran's nuclear capability. In fact, the U.S. Cyber Command commenced in 2008 and is integrated within the National Security Agency. In total, the Air Force spends $4 billion per year on these cyber programs. Likewise, the Navy trains 24,000 individuals each year at its Center for Information Dominance (Barnes, 2012).
Crimeware
There is actually software created for use by criminals. One example is ransomware, which is a program that lets a criminal enter in stolen data, where it is encrypted. The criminal can then hold the data "ransom," telling the victim they can have it back once they pay a ransom fee. For example, in February 2013, police in Europe arrested eleven people for a ransomware scam that affected thousands of people. It works by making a program look like it comes from a legitimate law enforcement agency telling the user they must pay a fine for some alleged offense. The fine can be paid online, and when the user does so, the criminals gain access to the computer and can steal data ("Police hold 11 over ransomware scam 'affecting thousands'," 2013).
A Real Cyber Threat to America
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Richard Clarke, head of U.S. Cyber Defense, describes what could happen in the event of a cyber attack on the United States. Does this video change your ideas about what cyberterrorism is?
Creative Commons
It is important to learn how to protect yourself if you are the creator of online content. If you are an artist, musician, or writer, you want people to see and hear your creative products. Sharing is essential. But you also do not want your intellectual property to be used inappropriately, nor do you want to use other people's work illegally. One option is the traditional copyright, and another is available from Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org/ (http://creativecommons.org/) ). This nonprofit organization has developed an electronic "commons"—a vast body of work that is available for legal sharing and remixing. Authors and artists can submit their work with copyright terms attached, such as "all rights reserved," "some rights reserved," or "no rights reserved."
In conclusion, the dark side of the Internet will always be with us. If you arm yourself with knowledge, install advanced software protection, and license your intellectual property, you should have a safe experience. We will now turn to more positive ways in which computers are reshaping society in areas such as business, community life, and education.
Questions to Consider
1. Is the computer a good or an evil machine? 2. What are some of the main computer privacy issues you should be aware of? 3. Does deleting a file on your computer permanently erase it? 4. What is encryption? 5. How do you protect your computer against viruses? 6. What threats does Internet pornography pose? 7. What is computer piracy?
A Real Cyber Threat to America From Title: Cyber Wars: The Hacker as Hero
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8.2 Making Money Online Are you interested in using your computer to earn some money? Imagine this scenario. You turn on your computer one morning to see an email from a Nigerian bank official who claims that because of some strange overpayment, the bank has a lot of extra money. The only problem is that in order for the bank to maintain the funds, the money has to leave the country for a period of time. The Nigerian bank official then compliments you in the email because of your known trustworthiness, promising that if you agree to simply hold these funds at your bank, you will receive a large percentage of the money for your minimal effort. Who would have suspected that making money online was going to be this easy? Sometimes hundreds of thousands of dollars are promised.
If you reply to the email from the Nigerian banker and express interest in his proposal, this is what usually happens. The official is, of course, delighted you want to help, and says that all you need to do is take care of some advanced fees or a bond, or transfer taxes, and so forth. This is a small amount at first, but gradually more small demands for money up front are made. Eventually, you realize that the Nigerian bank official does not live in Nigeria, nor is he a banker. This business transaction is actually an Internet fraud, and you have been scammed out of your money with no recourse. Estimates by the Secret Service claimed that more than $100 million was lost to Nigerian letter scams in 2001 (Mintz, 2002, p. 115).
The FBI website is actually a great place to keep up to date with the latest scams on the Internet. By visiting this site, http://www.fbi.gov/scams‐ safety/fraud/internet_fraud (http://www.fbi.gov/scams‐safety/fraud/internet_fraud) , you can learn tips for avoiding Internet auction fraud, investment fraud, business fraud, credit card fraud, non‐delivery of merchandise fraud, and of course the classic Nigerian fraud. The FBI lists these common types of frauds in Table 8.1.
Table 8.1: Common scams
Scam Type Examples
Fraud Scams Telemarketing Fraud Nigerian Letter or "419" Fraud Identity Theft Advance Fee Schemes Health Care Fraud/Health Insurance Fraud Redemption/Strawman/Bond Fraud
Investment‐Related Scams Letter of Credit Fraud Prime Bank Note Fraud Ponzi Schemes Pyramid Schemes
Internet Scams Internet Auction Fraud Non‐Delivery of Merchandise Credit Card Fraud Investment Fraud Business Fraud Nigerian Letter or "419" Fraud
Frauds Targeting Senior Citizens Health Care Fraud/Health Insurance Fraud Counterfeit Prescription Drugs Funeral and Cemetery Fraud Fraudulent Anti‐aging Products Telemarketing Fraud Investment Schemes Reverse Mortgage Scams
Source: http://www.fbi.gov/scams‐safety/fraud (http://www.fbi.gov/scams‐safety/fraud)
The point is not that all Internet commerce is fraudulent. You can make money in legitimate online transactions. But as in all areas of life, especially where money is concerned, you have to be careful and know what you are doing. In this section, we will discuss some of these real Web‐based business activities.
E‐commerce
The name for making money with online transactions is called e‐commerce. The "e" stands for electronic, and commerce means doing business. E‐commerce occurs when goods or services are marketed, bought, and sold through the Internet. As an individual, you might engage in e‐commerce when you purchase a book online from Amazon.com. People who sell goods on eBay™, which is an Internet auction site, are also involved in e‐commerce. Large organizations are also moving in this direction. In a B2B (also known as a business‐to‐business) transaction, bills can be paid online, money transferred, and goods shipped and received, all with a few mouse clicks. E‐ commerce is growing by the day, and very few businesses are not involved in some type of activity on this front. You will often hear about companies that sell only through e‐commerce. They can be compared with bricks and mortar stores, or those that have an actual storefront you can walk into. You will find many of the elements of a real store in an online store. For example, online stores use an icon of a shopping cart that you fill up with your goods. When you are done shopping, you
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go to the checkout page and then pay by credit card.
Even onground banks are taking advantage of the new electronic world. Many banks now have mobile applications that allow people who have an account to deposit checks from their smartphones or mobile devices. Smartphone users can even use their devices to swipe credit cards and take payment for products or services.
Technology Today: E‐Commerce Issues
To get an idea of how integral computers have become to the world's economy, consider the e‐commerce sales data from the U.S. Census. It stated that the second quarter of 2012 alone consisted of $51.2 billion in e‐commerce transactions. Another important figure is the percentage of e‐ commerce to overall retail sales. In 2012, e‐commerce represented roughly 5 percent of all sales.
Figure 8.1: Total and e‐commerce retail sales, 2012
Adapted from: Thomas, I., et al. (2013). Quarterly retail e‐commerce sales: 1st quarter 2013. U.S. Census Bureau news. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved from: http://www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf (http://www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf)
The convenience factor—the ability to make a purchase without leaving home—is a big advantage for online retailers when it comes to attracting customers. But these merchants increasingly are taking advantage of technological advancements to make their electronic stores even more appealing.
This is displacing some very old types of business. For example, online discount sites like priceline.com, cheaptickets.com, travelocity.com, hotels.com, and expedia.com are replacing the work once done by local travel agents.
Smartphones and 2‐D Barcodes
As Sucharita Mulpuru, an e‐commerce analyst with Forrester Research, told Internet Retailer magazine, "The online shopping experience is getting to be more fun . . . You can create outfits online, you can share products with others, you can read customer opinions on topics; you can watch videos. It's a much more immersive experience than ever before, and that engages people" (Davis, 2010).
The appeal of e‐commerce will become even greater as more consumers adopt smartphones. These devices allow consumers to have the same interactive shopping experience that they currently enjoy on their PCs. With smartphones, however, they can have this experience anywhere at any time—at home, at work, or on vacation.
Several technology vendors are experimenting with a new type of bar code designed specifically for conducting e‐commerce via mobile phones. These 2‐D bar codes represent an advance over the black‐and‐white striped codes affixed to virtually all merchandise in traditional retail stores today. These newer bar codes, because they store data in two dimensions, can contain much more information.
For purposes of e‐commerce, website addresses are the key pieces of information being placed on 2‐D bar codes.
Microsoft® ran a pilot program to test consumer reaction to 2‐D bar codes in conjunction with the release of an Xbox® game called Halo Wars. Displays bearing 2‐D bar codes were placed in selected Walmart stores where the game was sold. Consumers were instructed to take pictures of the bar codes with their cell phone cameras. Those who did were immediately directed to a special website where they could preorder the game and get free perks such as ringtones. Microsoft® found that 85% of the people who visited the site ended up downloading content onto their phones (Woyke, 2009).
The next step for merchants using the 2‐D bar codes to attract consumers to their sites is allowing them to make purchases.
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And now the QR code is becoming ubiquitous. These are small squares of numerous inset white and black squares, which mean nothing to the human eye, but when you let your smartphone scan them they reveal embedded information. QR stands for Quick Response and it is a barcode the Japanese automotive industry first developed. Now, they are on many products and advertisements that let a user with a smartphone, and the associated QR app, learn more.
Let the Buyer Beware
While consumers clearly are enthralled with the new interactive features being added to e‐commerce sites every day, they also should be aware of some potential pitfalls.
Just as legitimate merchants are using new technology to entice online customers, there are many unscrupulous characters developing schemes to defraud unsuspecting Internet shoppers. A tactic known as phishing (pronounced fishing) is among the most popular of these ploys. (Also see Chapter 1 for more on this scam.)
A phishing scheme typically starts with an email bearing the name of a legitimate e‐commerce provider or financial institution. The message tells the receiver to click a link leading to what also may appear to be a legitimate business website. The tip‐off that this is a phishing scheme comes when the consumer is asked to enter an account number or other personal information on this site. Legitimate businesses never ask for that type of information unless the consumer has initiated a transaction on their site. Phishers use this personal information to make unauthorized purchases with a person's credit card or, even worse, to steal their identity and open other accounts in their name.
The true trademark of a phishing email is that it contains a link to what is supposed to be the real e‐commerce site. However, when the user clicks on it, he or she is directed to a fake version of the real site. The actual e‐commerce site would have the user actually type in the URL address instead of clicking the link. So, if you do click one of these links (and the recommendation is that you never do), you will often see a non‐official URL. For example, here are phishing samples targeting PayPal users: http://www.consumerfraudreporting.org/phishing_paypal.php (http://www.consumerfraudreporting.org/phishing_paypal.php)
This is just a reminder that even in what is fast becoming the E‐Commerce Age, the old fashioned warning of caveat emptor—let the buyer beware—is still sound advice.
Links for More Information
For Quarterly E‐Commerce Information, visit: http://www.census.gov/retail/ecommerce/historic_releases.html (http://www.census.gov/retail/ecommerce/historic_releases.html)
What is phishing? http://www.onguardonline.gov/phishing (http://www.onguardonline.gov/phishing/)
What are 2‐D Barcodes? http://tag.microsoft.com/what‐is‐tag/2d‐barcodes.aspx (http://tag.microsoft.com/what‐is‐tag/2d‐barcodes.aspx)
Amazon.com
One of the greatest online selling success stories is a website called amazon.com. Founded by entrepreneur Jeff Bezos in 1994, it began as a way to buy books and music online, but soon expanded to include just about any product imaginable. With Amazon's online store, customers can "window shop" for more products than they could find even at the largest shopping malls. They can have the goods shipped directly to their house, rather than wasting money on gas or spending time trying to find a parking space. E‐commerce is fast and convenient, and it has made Jeff Bezos a wealthy man, even though his company struggled for many years at the outset to turn a profit. At first, people were skeptical about using their credit cards online, and few people had fast Internet accounts. However, with more secure credit authentication systems and other types of security, and more people getting broadband connections in their homes, Amazon and sites like it have experienced a tremendous surge in business (Bacon & Pugh, 2003, p. 20).
A Look Further: Visitors to Retail Websites
Consider the following statistics for popular retail websites from the first quarter of 2012. Amazon had the most number of unique Web visitors per month at 107 million. They were followed by Apple® (48 million), Wal‐Mart (39 million), Netflix (28 million) and Target (24 million) (see http://www.statista.com/statistics/172685/monthly‐unique‐visitors‐of‐us‐retail‐websites/ (http://www.statista.com/statistics/172685/monthly‐unique‐ visitors‐of‐us‐retail‐websites/) ). Do you think this will be how people will purchase goods, rather than driving to a store? Why or why not?
PayPal
One other online service that has eased the minds of consumers about online transactions is PayPal (www.paypal.com (https://www.paypal.com) ). This is a money transfer website founded in 1998 for what is known as C2C (consumer‐to‐consumer) transactions. It enables anyone with an email address to send money safely and securely to anyone else in the world who has an email address. These transactions might be as simple as paying a neighbor's kid to rake your leaves, or it might be something more substantial, such as collecting payment from the buyer when you sell your car. PayPal can just as easily be used for transferring money for services
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eBay™ bought PayPal after the latter's safe, online payment system contributed to eBay™'s success. In addition to keeping customers' financial information secure, what else is central to building a successful online business like eBay™?
AP Photo/Paul Sakuma
(raking leaves) or goods (a car). To use this service, simply open a PayPal account and then transfer money into it through a bank wire or a credit card transaction. Now, you are ready to give the money to anyone with a PayPal account (Friedman, 2007, p. 86).
PayPal has capitalized on the rise of mobile computing and even its company motto references it (see it here: https://www.paypal‐media.com/about (https://www.paypal‐media.com/about) ). With an app, you can link your PayPal to bank accounts, credit cards, or debit cards and then select how you want to pay for a transaction. There are alternatives to PayPal such as Stripe (https://stripe.com/ (https://stripe.com/) ).
eBay™
eBay™ had its beginnings in Pierre Omidyar's spare bedroom in a Silicon Valley townhouse. It was 1994 when he opened a site called AuctionWeb, and few people cared much about it. The idea was to auction goods online, just as one might with a real auctioneer and an audience bidding and one‐upping each other on price. It seemed like a strange idea, but Omidyar first tried it by putting his broken laser pointer online with an opening bid of $1. Over the next two weeks, he watched people actually fighting over the pointer, until the auction closed and the winning bidder paid $14.83. When he reminded the purchaser that the pointer was broken, the bidder on the item said that was okay because he was a collector of laser pointers. This was the day that Omidyar knew his idea would change the world (Cohen, 2003, p. 4). Four years later, eBay™ itself had a value higher than Sears, Kmart, and J.C. Penney combined. Omidyar's own net worth was $4 billion. In 2002, eBay™ saw how important PayPal was to its success and acquired the company. Today, PayPal has 113.2 million active accounts and can make transactions in 25 currencies in 190 markets around the world (https://www.paypal‐media.com/about (https://www.paypal‐media.com/about) ).
At ebay.com, millions of people have moved their yard and garage sales to the Internet, where they sell their goods to the highest bidder. eBay™ has taken the visibility that a garage sale provided, which was essentially anyone who might drive by your house, and expanded it to the world. eBay™ works for the casual seller of a few items as well as those who open their own electronic storefronts to sell their own brands of purses, crafts, baseball cards, or anything else that might be imagined. According to its website, eBay™ currently has 100 million users and is the largest online marketplace in the world.
In 2011, eBay™ was responsible for transactions involving $68 billion worth of goods. E‐commerce is fast becoming the primary way goods are bought and sold (http://www.ebayinc.com/who (http://www.ebayinc.com/who) ).
Questions to Consider
1. How can you make money online? 2. Are all online business opportunities safe? 3. What is e‐commerce? 4. What is the meaning of B2B and C2C? 5. Who founded Amazon.com and when? 6. Is Amazon.com a bricks and mortar store? 7. What is one of the most popular ways to transact money on the Internet? 8. What is eBay™? 9. What company did eBay™ acquire in 2002 and why?
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NASA maintains a presence in Second Life, and in this photo NASA is holding a press conference inside the virtual world. What might be some of the advantages and disadvantages of visually immersive virtual environments?
NASA/Science Faction/SuperStock
8.3 Virtual Communities When we think about society, which is the theme of this chapter, another word closely associated with it is community. Within the larger society, we also form smaller communities of people with whom we interact on a daily basis. These might be communities within our neighborhood, church, or school, or groups we join based on our hobbies and interests. Is it possible to duplicate these types of activities online? The answer is yes, and virtual communities are a fast‐growing segment of digital society. Virtual communities are formed when groups of people come together with a common interest in an online space. Such a community is virtual because the space is not real in the traditional sense, and interactions take place entirely online with people from all over the world.
Cyberspace
In 1984, science fiction writer William Gibson coined a new term—cyberspace. It is important to consider how he defined this term, because his words provide an amazingly prophetic vision of a future we are experiencing now. He said that cyberspace was a "consensual hallucination . . . a graphic representation of data . . . [involving] unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding . . ." (Gibson, 2000, p. 51). What was he talking about? Perhaps if you saw the Matrix movies you might have some idea. But Gibson was envisioning a virtual community that humans could actually live within. Is this possible?
In 1993, Howard Rheingold wrote a book called The Virtual Community in which he discussed the possibility of people gathering together in a unique new way on the fledgling World Wide Web. It was the beginning of the era of people actually finding "life" on the Net (Rheingold, 1993). Why were people flocking to this new type of interaction? Because there was a real hunger for community, and as informal public spaces began to disappear, the virtual community would expand to fill the void.
LambdaMOO
One of the first virtual communities emerged at a place that we have seen several other times in this book—Xerox®. In 1990, Pavel Curtis, a computer scientist at Xerox® Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center, created LambdaMOO on his workstation. This was an experimental MUD (Multi‐User Dungeon), which meant that people could use the Telnet function of their computers to enter a text‐based world where they could interact in real time with other people. The MUD was an online textual game much like Dungeons & Dragons. Although this type of interaction does not appeal to everyone, another type of textual environment emerged called a MOO (MUD Object Oriented). It did not have the gaming element and was intended more for social interaction. Much more than a chat room, it was a virtual world in which you could walk around buildings, explore forests, and visit friends. Places like this were where some of the texting terms we use today, like LOL (laugh out loud) and AFK (away from keyboard), originated.
LambdaMOO is now a dying community. At its peak usage, more than 300 people were connected at one time, although this often caused the system to "lag" or slow down. Ironically, now that faster computers have eliminated the lag, only a dozen or so people participate at any one time.
Second Life
The vision of having a vibrant virtual community is now realized in Second Life. Have you ever asked yourself what you would do if you could live your life over? What type of person would you be? What career would you select? What would you look like if you could change your appearance? Would you be the same gender? If these questions appeal to you, then Second Life may be for you.
Unlike LambdaMOO, Second Life is a visually immersive community that uses all the power of the Internet to create a simulated world. No longer is text the way that items are defined. Instead, complex 3‐D renderings of a world created by the users enable you to walk through it and see and interact with other people. The avatars are much more complex, too. An avatar is a character or image that represents someone in a virtual community. You can design and clothe a character that looks just like your real self, or you can create a fantasy character for your avatar, such as a superhero, a race car driver, a robot, or an animal.
Launched in 2003 by Philip Rosedale (http://www.secondlife.com (http://www.secondlife.com) ), Second Life initially had just 1,000 users or players. By 2006, its population had reached one million. Real life also has its representations in Second Life. For example, many colleges and universities have Second Life locations. Just about any real landmark you might want to visit (such as the Sistine Chapel, the Statue of Liberty, or the Eiffel Tower) exists as a stunning replication in Second Life. Another reason Second Life is such a powerful virtual community is that it has its own economy. This is important because it enables people to have their own jobs. You could be a newspaper reporter, a politician, a seamstress, a priest, and so on. Your options are limited only by your own imagination. And what would an economy be without its own currency? Second Life has Linden Dollars (L$), and there is actually an exchange rate with real U.S. dollars (US$). For example, if you wanted 100,000 L$, it would cost you roughly 400 US$. You can make this payment to your Second Life avatar by credit card or PayPal. Or you can actually earn money in Second Life by working at your Second Life job. For example, if you are a good house builder or clothing designer, you can sell your goods to other characters and make a nice living for your virtual self (Rymaszewski, 2007). You can watch this video on Second Life to see some of the experiences possible:
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http://youtu.be/LraV05R2m50 (http://youtu.be/LraV05R2m50) .
Though Second Life is still a vibrant community, membership is declining.
MMORPG
For those who want to join a virtual community but are more interested in fantasy gaming than replicating or simulating real life, then a MMORPG (massive multiplayer online role‐playing game) might be for you. Some of the most popular games are World of Warcraft (http://www.battle.net (http://www.battle.net) ), RuneScape (http://www.runescape.com (http://www.runescape.com) ), League of Legends (http://www.leagueoflegends.com (http://www.leagueoflegends.com) ), MineCraft (http://www.minecraft.net (http://www.minecraft.net) ), and EverQuest (http://www.everquest.com (http://www.everquest.com) ). As with Second Life, you get an avatar and a profession, but these are fantasy worlds, so you can become a magician, a warrior, or a thief. By completing quests, killing monsters, and exploring dungeons, you gain experience points, increase your abilities and attributes, and earn gold. This is yet another example of a virtual community because you are playing with other real humans. You can team up to quest together for just one night, or you can align with a Guild to share more extensive quests for longer periods.
Many of these games are browser based, meaning that you do not have to purchase software from a store to begin playing. Some also have mobile apps to continue games while on your tablet or smartphone.
Also there are increasing numbers of MMORPGs for kids. One example is Toon Town (http://www.toontown.com (http://www.toontown.com) ), the Disney MMORPG for kids with a variety of parental controls to prevent inappropriate chatting. Another is WebKinz, which ties in real‐life products purchased at a store (stuffed animals) with an online community. With each animal purchased, a child can enter information into webkinz.com (http://www.webkinz.com (http://www.webkinz.com) ) and see that animal as an avatar in the virtual world.
A Look Further: Create Your Own Avatar
If you want to create a custom avatar just for fun that is not linked to any other application, you can build one at:
http://doppleme.com/ (http://doppleme.com/)
A Virtual or Real Community?
How far can you take this? In March 2003, Julian Dibbell, the author of Play Money, announced to his friends and family that he was going to start his own business selling "make‐believe commodities." His products did not exist in the real world. They were simply ones and zeros that when strung together became a virtual item in Second Life, and they had enough value that other people would pay real money for them. He, and others, have had real (not virtual) financial success. He called this "half‐illusory economy" the most improbable industry earning a half‐billion U.S. dollars a year on earth (Dibbell, 2006, p. 2). So, is this a virtual or a real community? Perhaps in the future there will be no difference. In April 2012, Forbes Magazine announced the first virtual currency exchange opened, giving people "the opportunity to cash out or monetize their virtual world activities" (Matonis, 2012).
This has expanded so dramatically today that it is difficult to estimate the total amount of virtual items owned. One example of how large this has become is the company called Zynga, which went public with a $10 billion market value. Most of its revenue comes from selling virtual products, like strawberries and other produce, in its popular game Farmville (Mir, 2012).
Questions to Consider
1. What is a virtual community? 2. Why interact in a virtual community when you live in a real one? 3. When was the term cyberspace coined and by whom? 4. What is LambdaMOO, and why was it important? 5. What can you do at Second Life? 6. What is an avatar? 7. What is a MMORPG?
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In general, educators and institutions understand that providing online learning opportunities is crucial to remaining competitive. Here, a video is produced for use in online learning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Melanie Stetson Freeman/The Christian Science Monitor
8.4 Online Education Clearly, online education is a topic you know something about already. But education is fast becoming one of the most significant areas of the digital society. It is important to take a step back to look at more general issues of online education and its role in society. What is remarkable is how quickly these schools have become a viable and important educational alternative. In the 1990s, few universities had online classes. Today, online education is one of the most exciting and revolutionary aspects of our educational system.
The Origins of Computer‐Assisted Learning
Online education, or distance learning, is defined as the use of computer technology to link students and teachers together who do not share the same geographic location. In 1970, Murray Turoff developed the first computer conferencing system, and some of these ideas eventually became a key component of the online classroom. In the 1980s, computer learning typically meant a multimedia presentation on a medium such as CD‐ROM. It was not until the development of the World Wide Web in the 1990s that a more interactive type of learning environment was created.
Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning
Two types of learning models evolved. In synchronous learning, all the students meet at the same time but in different locations. They learn by engaging with other students and the professor at the same time. With asynchronous learning, there are no set times for everyone to gather together. There are weekly assignments and discussion board postings, but students do not have to be logged on at any specific time of the day. The availability of asynchronous learning is important when there is a worldwide student body. For example, when it is noon in New York, it is midnight in Jakarta, Indonesia. This makes attending a class at 2 p.m. impossible for someone living half a world away.
The Growth of Online Education
Online education is growing dramatically each year not only in higher education, but also at the K‐12 level. U.S. News & World Report is considered by many one of the most thorough rankers of higher education, including both online and on‐ground institutions. It published an article on why six students decided on online over on‐ ground education. Despite their different backgrounds and educational pursuits, the majority of these students chose online classes because of the flexibility it offers (McMullen, 2012).
Most educators see online learning as essential for the long‐term success of their schools. In other words, if a university is not offering some online classes, it will have a hard time competing in the future. Another trend is the growth of graduate degrees. Recent statistics from the Sloan Consortium (2011) indicate that 30 percent (roughly 6 million) of all students take at least one course online. The study coauthor Elaine Allen said that, "The rate of growth in online enrollments is ten times that of the rate in all higher education." She continued by saying, "While growth rates have declined somewhat from previous years, we see no evidence that a dramatic slowdown in online enrollments is on the horizon" (Allen et al., 2011).
Course Management Systems
Course management systems are software programs that define the online classroom environment. In 2004 and 2005, Forbes Magazine listed eCollege as one of the 25 fastest‐ growing technology companies. It was also the first online learning company that targeted higher education (colleges and universities) to be publicly traded on the stock market. There are course management systems other than eCollege, such as Educator, BlackBoard, and even Outlook® Express. With a growing demand for these systems among educational institutions, the developers will continue to put pressure on each other to improve their products. This benefits the student, because it ensures that course management software will continue to evolve and enhance the online learning experience.
Two growing open‐source course management systems (CMS) are Moodle and Sakai. Moodle (http://moodle.org/ (http://moodle.org/) ) can be used by a single professor or an entire university with hundreds of thousands of students. With forums, databases, and wikis, it requires installation on a Web server and some knowledge of how to configure it to receive students. Sakai is another open‐source example (http://www.sakaiproject.org/ (http://www.sakaiproject.org/) ). Over 350 educational organizations now use Sakai with features including forums, emails, chat, and Twitter integration.
Another key trend is MOOCs (massive open online courses). These are single courses offered for free by major universities. One example is Coursera (http://www.coursera.org/ (http://www.coursera.org/) ), a for‐profit start‐up founded by Stanford University students in 2011 that quickly registered 680,000 students in 43 courses. In 2012, the New York Times reported that Coursera is expanding its partners to include California Institute of Technology; Duke University; the Georgia Institute of Technology; Johns Hopkins University; Rice University; the University of California, San Francisco; the University of Illinois, Urbana‐Champaign; the University of Washington; and the University of Virginia. Richard A. DeMillo, the director of the Center for 21st Century Universities at Georgia Tech said, "This is a tsunami. . .It's all so new that everyone's feeling their way around, but the potential upside for this experiment is so big that it's hard for me to imagine any large
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research university that wouldn't want to be involved" (Lewin, 2012).
In July 2012, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University released their own joint plans to form edX (https://www.edx.org/ (https://www.edx.org/) ), along with 120 college and university partners. Unlike Coursera, edX is a not‐for‐profit start‐up (Young, 2012).
Tips for Online Education Success
There are a number of skills required for success in an online classroom. Many of these are the same study habits required to do well in an onground classroom. As one professor stated, "It's similar to a brick‐and‐mortar class, but you have so much flexibility that you really need to plan for how and when you're going to do it" (Sheehy, 2012).
However, there are some important differences and U.S. News & World Report offered these four tips.
1. Familiarize yourself with the course and important due dates. The first thing all students should do is go through the syllabus and all other introductory materials and literally map out a plan with your schedule for how you will navigate through it. This is something the student needs to do him or herself because no one knows their schedule like they do.
2. Make sure your hardware and software is up to date with university requirements. 3. Take time to get to know your professor and other students, and strive to make a good impression. 4. Learn about the educational resources at your online university. Make sure you understand how to research in the library and the difference between
quality scholarship and an online blog.
In addition to these, time management, balancing personal obligations, finding a good study environment, not underestimating one's workload, and personal discipline are all critical skills.
Finally, also from U.S. News & World Report, here are the 8 main mistakes that online students often make and how to avoid them (Clark, 2010):
1. Investigate the school and accreditation. 2. Budget at least 10 hours of study time per week. 3. Know your learning style. If you need face‐to‐face interaction, then online education is not for you. 4. Ensure that you have the technology to support your school's requirements. For example, if you do not have access to a computer, then you should not
consider online education. 5. Investigate your teacher. Ratemyprofessor.com is one way, though often only the best and the worst students post comments there. Better ways to do
this are to look to see what they have published, read their bio, and ask friends. 6. Do not jump into a full plate of difficult courses for your first online experience. Start slow, learn the ropes, and then build on those successes. 7. Understand plagiarism. 8. Be willing to work hard and cooperate with your online classmates.
This final tip is essential because online education is not a solitary endeavor. It requires high levels of interaction, and this requires special attention to etiquette.
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Explore the interaction to learn more about how you can set yourself up for success in the online educational environment.
Online Etiquette
Contrary to the idea of water cooler gossip, there are important net etiquette rules for making sure your online interactions are polite and professional.
There are some important guides to follow when engaging in online learning. They are part of a set of rules called net etiquette or sometimes netiquette. In the real world, etiquette includes unwritten rules of good behavior such as holding the door open for the person entering a building behind you, not shouting in public or being rude, and always showing respect for your colleagues. Online, similar rules are important in order to maintain a positive learning environment. Since you will be expressing your ideas with your words, you must be careful that your intent is communicated. For example, if you make a joke in a real classroom, you might be laughing and smiling as you say the words, thereby letting the students and professor know that it was a good‐natured comment. However, the same words, without the nonverbal cues associated with them, might come across in a far different way online. You are always advised to read everything you write before you post. If you are making a joke, use caution. It never hurts to include a smiley :) emoticon if you are not sure people will understand that you are joking. Be careful not to overuse emoticons, however. Sometimes you will find that it is better to rephrase your post entirely.
Some more clear‐cut examples of dos and don'ts of online etiquette include the following.
1. Always avoid offensive language, and be sure to reread everything you write so it cannot be interpreted as offensive in any way. 2. Never share personal material about any other classmate in a post. 3. If you want to upload attachments, try to keep them small (under 1 MB). 4. Never distribute pornographic or slanderous material. 5. Opinions are important to share, but do not make posts a stage from which to broadcast your personal views of life. 6. The goal for each student is to learn the classroom material, not to try to make everyone see life the same way you do. 7. Your experiences can enhance this learning for others, but the online classroom is not only about your experiences. 8. Finally, if you have a question about something you want to write or about what another student wrote, email your professor privately. Do not engage in
flaming, which is a term that describes an increasingly intense and vicious debate. If it appears that a discussion is headed in this direction, simply stop.
These rules are easy to learn, and you will find that they quickly become second nature. You will soon be having fun with your online interactions and learning a great deal at the same time. The rules simply make your online learning experience as positive as possible.
This concludes our tour of the digital society. There are certainly other examples of the ways in which computers and society are interacting, but these examples— education, community, economy, privacy, piracy, and pornography—go a long way toward sketching the general outlines of digital society today.
Questions to Consider
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1. What is the value of a virtual classroom? 2. What is distance learning? What is another term for it? 3. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous learning? 4. What are some examples of online course management systems? 5. What is flaming? 6. What is netiquette? 7. What are some behaviors that would violate online etiquette?
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Facebook has been the subject of protests and debates about what it does with its users' personal data and how well it protects users' privacy. Do you feel you have enough privacy on social media sites?
Paul Sakuma/Associated Press
8.5 Computing, Information, and the Law Just as we need to be aware of special laws that apply when we drive a car (speed limits, licenses, school zones, no drinking and driving, minimum age limits, and seatbelt use) there are also legal issues involved in using computers. Did you know that some one was arrested for a Facebook poke? If you are not a Facebook user, a poke is simply a virtual way to let someone know you are thinking of them, and no physical poking actually takes place. Millions of these pokes happen every day. However, the person who was arrested for her poke had a restraining order against her. Law enforcement considered the poke to be a violation of the restraining order, and an arrest was made. Beyond the specifics of this case, it raises a larger point about the law and the world of computing. The intersection of computers, information, and the law is a vast topic that has been the subject of many books. In this section, you will learn more about this dynamic, ever‐changing, and important field, and you will read about some relevant examples of recent legal questions. These issues have a direct relationship not only to your online experience but also to your personal life away from computing. Your own privacy and the power of computers, the legality of people collecting data about you, and the value of this information on the open market are issues all of us should be aware of, regardless of whether or not we are studying digital literacy.
Legal Battles and Computers
Litigation, or the process of bringing legal proceedings against a person or organization, has paralleled the evolution of computing and mirrored its growth. While we hear about many frivolous lawsuits today, some important and necessary legal battles have been fought. For example, before 1976, computer programmers had few rights because the programs they wrote were not considered eligible for copyright protection. Over time, the law has been shaped to enable this type of protection. The programmer's code is now considered intellectual property, and it is subject to rights and laws that protect its creators and owners. Just as you would not directly copy someone else's words when writing a paper for school without citing the source (because this is plagiarism), computer code also cannot be used without the owner's consent (Graham, 1999).
But this is just a small snapshot of the intersection between the law and computers. Take a look at your computer screen and consider this fact: just about every feature you see has had a lawsuit attached to it at one time or another. Lawrence Graham, in his book Legal Battles That Shaped the Computer Industry, provided a list of these features. He said that each of them (and many more) had a major lawsuit, fought between computer hardware and software companies, and that the resulting legal rulings have shaped the way that we use computers today. A partial list of these include menu arrangements, fonts, icons, trademarks, keystrokes, back‐up copies, operating systems, and even the "look and feel" of the screen itself (Graham, 1999). One thing is clear: lawyers have been as busy as programmers during the computer age.
Privacy
Many of the current legal concerns revolve around the issue of privacy. In a book on invasions of privacy in the computer world, Dan Tynan (2005) listed more than 150 privacy concerns. It would be impossible to discuss all of them here, but some of these include keeping medical data private, using public Internet terminals to store information, and online shopping and the safety of sharing your credit card number with unknown vendors, cyber stalkers, and identity thieves. As Scott McNealy, the CEO of Sun Microsystems, infamously said in 1999, "You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it" (Tynan, 2005, p. 1). Of course, this is not something we can or should "get over," but we do need to be aware of the threats. Sometimes privacy invasions happen as simple mistakes. For example, Facebook mistakenly sent emails to the wrong addresses. Imagine sending a private email to your friend complaining about your boss, and having this email appear in the inbox of someone who might know your employer personally, or even the boss herself.
Another privacy issue occurred with Google's new social networking site called Buzz. When it first went live in 2010, everyone who had Google Gmail™ accounts was automatically signed up. Buzz shared the user's email addresses with everyone else on the network, without asking permission. The Electronic Privacy Information Center immediately issued a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission stating that Google's Buzz was in violation of the Federal Consumer Protection Law (Choney, 2010). Google has avoided this mistake with its introduction of Google+™ social networking. Still, this example highlights the fact that none of us can be confident that we are aware of all the privacy issues that exist. With new social media and ways to use computers and with link
information being developed every day, there is a corresponding privacy threat that emerges with all of them. The best defense is knowledge and vigilance.
Contemporary Issues
As the above examples demonstrate, the fact that incredible numbers of legal battles have been waged in the past does not mean the legal landscape is now settled. Almost every day, a new question arises over the use of computers and information and their impact on individual rights. One example occurred in February 2010. In a landmark ruling in Italy, Judge Oscar Magi convicted three Google executives on criminal charges. The crime? Google had failed to remove a video that someone had posted that infringed on Italian privacy laws. The video was of a boy who had Down syndrome, and the father said that it violated the family's privacy. Google actually did remove the video two hours after the complaint was lodged. The Google executives included the company's chief financial officer, chief legal officer, and the lawyer
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for Google who specializes in global privacy. The problem is that with millions of videos being uploaded to Google's YouTube™ site, it would be impossible for the company to be responsible for all the content that users upload. This case not only highlights the ongoing legal issues that surround computing, but also the global nature of many of these issues.
Privacy still remains a central area of legal concerns. Consider the following example. When you type an email in Google's Gmail™ or Yahoo!® mail, advertisements related to your content will appear. If you type that you love French fries, then you might see an advertisement for McDonald's. Several California residents are taking Google and Yahoo!® to court for doing this. Their claim is that their emails are being intercepted without their knowledge, consent, or permission (Ellin, 2012). They claim that this tactic by Google and Yahoo!® is in violation of the California Invasion of Privacy Act (CIPA), which prohibits wiretapping phones or eavesdropping on emails. Stay tuned to see how this legal battle plays out and how it might affect your email system.
Questions to Consider
1. Is everything legal on the Internet? 2. What is an early example of a legal battle that programmers waged? 3. What are some visible elements of computing that have had lawsuits attached to them? 4. What are some of the main privacy concerns that center on the use of computers? 5. What was the legal issue involved in the release of Buzz? 6. Is the right to free speech online threatened today?
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Julian Abram Wainwright/Bloomberg via Getty Images
8.6 Globalization and a Flattened World The word globalization is a fairly recent term dating back only to the 1960s, but it was not until the 1990s that it became the buzzword of the decade. The central meaning of globalization is that all social life on the planet, from Andorra to Zimbabwe and every country in between, is interdependent (Steger, 2010). No longer is there an "us and them," or "over here and over there." We are all living in the same world. But why should you have to be concerned about globalization in a class on digital literacy? It sounds more like something that you would read about in a textbook on international business. The reality is that at the heart of globalization has been a technology that makes it all possible. You probably guessed it—the computer. But did you realize that in helping to bring about globalization, the computer also flattened the world?
Is the World Flat?
It may come as a surprise to you to hear that the world is flat. Before you begin hunting down your grade school teachers and asking why they taught you that the world was round, you should know that the idea that the world is flat is credited to a journalist rather than a geographer. Thomas Friedman is the journalist, and in his best‐selling book, The World Is Flat, he used this metaphor to explain the new global economy and illustrate how closely connected we all are. Of course, he acknowledges that the world is in reality still round. But he says that our computer technology has "flattened" it, meaning that people from all over the world can interact with each other and "plug, play, compete, connect, and collaborate" (Friedman, 2007, p. x). No longer are geographical boundaries or distance factors that prevent communication.
Browsing the World
The first important flattener involves connectivity. The only way people in all parts of the world can compete and collaborate with each other is if they can connect and communicate with relative ease. Friedman says the key moment was the convergence of the Internet, the World Wide Web, and the browser. While university students had created several UNIX browsers in the early 1990s, it was the release of Netscape Navigator® in 1994 that made this convergence available to a much larger audience. While it is true that people were connecting to the Internet at very slow speeds by today's standards, the widespread availability of Netscape Navigator® set in motion a revolutionary trend in connectivity. We see it today in our online courses. It does not matter where all the students in your virtual classroom are located. Your classmates may be scattered on every continent of the world, but each of you has the same opportunity to earn an education as a person actually standing on a university campus itself. This is the power of globalization, and computers are central to making this possible.
Leveling the Global Playing Field
We typically do not think much about the process of uploading something to the Internet. Uploading happens when we send an image to Facebook, attach a Word document to an email, or post a school paper to the electronic classroom. These are all examples of uploading. The more time you spend online, especially in a Web 2.0 world, the more you will be uploading information. According to Friedman, this is an essential force involved in globalization. Again, it levels the worldwide playing field because a programmer in India has the same opportunity to upload ideas about a software project as an employee living in Silicon Valley. If that person in India could not easily upload these documents and images, he would be isolated and cut off from the world. Closely associated with this flattener is the ability to download. This is equally important to globalization, because without it, the flow of information would go just one way. That same employee in India also has an opportunity to download information to his own computer—company manuals, software updates, books, and articles—so that access to information is equalized.
Linking through Outsourcing
If you are old enough to have been aware of computers during the turn of the millennium between 1999 and 2000, you may remember something called Y2K (which is short for Year 2000). There was a global fear that at the stroke of midnight, computers all over the world would suddenly not know how to tell time and that everything from flights to bank accounts would crash. Why is Y2K important to globalization? According to Friedman, it was essential, because in preparing for the predicted Y2K disaster, the United States and India "started dating." He suggested that Y2K should actually be a "national holiday in India" (Friedman, 2007, p. 136). In order to make sure the doomsday Y2K scenario did not occur, American executives hired massive numbers of inexpensive programmers from India to go through the old code with a fine‐tooth comb and remove all dating errors. India's skilled labor force was perfect for this task. In the process of our working with India, the idea of outsourcing began to grow.
Outsourcing is the process by which jobs in one country (the United States, for example) are sent to another (India) that has cheaper labor. India is vital to the U.S. and world economy today because of a relationship that started with Y2K. This collaboration has fueled globalization because American companies saw how easy it was, using new computer technologies, to outsource work to other parts of the world. Today, the outsourcing of American jobs includes not just programming but also customer service and many other white‐collar professional positions. Although many corporations find outsourcing to be a profitable and efficient business model, others argue that it is ultimately weakening the United States by hurting middle‐class men and women whose jobs have been outsourced (Hira & Hira, 2005).
In 2011, the United States outsourced over 2.5 million jobs. Over 50 percent were in manufacturing, while only 12 percent were in call centers. The reasons Chief Financial Officers most often give for doing this is to reduce costs, relieve internal resources,
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Many call center jobs are outsourced to countries like the Philippines, where educated labor is cheaper than in the United States. How do you think outsourcing affects the U.S. economy?
expand IT services, and reduce the time to put products in the market. India and Indonesia are considered the top countries to outsource to (http://www.statisticbrain.com/outsourcing‐statistics‐by‐country/ (http://www.statisticbrain.com/outsourcing‐statistics‐by‐country/) ).
India Next Door
In this chapter, we have looked at the digital society from a variety of perspectives, including privacy, e‐commerce, virtual communities, education, legal issues, and globalization. In conclusion, I would like to offer a personal example that ties all of these issues together. Late one night, I was working at my computer when my virus protection crashed. This is a serious and urgent problem because it left my computer vulnerable to hackers who might break the law, infringe on my privacy, and steal my information.
A friend of mine, who happens to be a programmer, lives a few doors down from me. He is the person I typically call when I have a question, but it was late, and I did not want to wake him up. So, I went online to the support site for my virus protection, found the technical support number, and called it. In a matter of minutes, I was connected with a person who could help. He actually worked in India, and to fix the problem, he used a software connection program to take control of my computer, delete some corrupted files, and reinstall the software. This is significant, because while I watched someone from India move my mouse pointer around the screen, I knew beyond a shadow of a doubt that we were truly living in a digital society. It was easier and more convenient for me to get assistance from a stranger in India than it was to call my friend who lived in my own neighborhood. The digital society has indeed created a flat world.
What are the effects of globalization on the United States? Ultimately, the final outcome is unknown. There are detractors who argue that it hurts American interests because of the loss of middle‐class jobs to outsourcing, the reduction of services that small American business can offer, and the shift of wealth to other countries. However, others argue the opposite—that globalization strengthens the United States by opening up new markets for American products. For example, China has more than a billion people, and a 2005 survey overwhelmingly concluded that the Chinese people want more American‐made products, such as consumer electronics and high‐quality personal toiletries ("China Loves U.S. Stuff," 2005). The United States exports to China are growing and the U.S.‐China Business Council stated that "Between 2000 and 2011, total US exports to China rose 542 percent, from $16.2 billion to $103.9 billion" (http://www.uschina.org/cmi/total‐yearly‐us‐state‐exports‐ china‐pass‐100‐billion‐first‐time‐april‐4‐2012 (http://www.uschina.org/cmi/total‐yearly‐us‐state‐exports‐china‐pass‐100‐billion‐first‐time‐april‐4‐2012) ).
The growing Chinese middle class also hungers for clothing items with logos worn by American sports stars. So, the final scorecard on globalization has yet to be tallied, but one thing is certain—the forces of globalization will not be stopped, and those who will succeed are the ones that understand them best.
Questions to Consider
1. Is the world flat? 2. What is globalization? 3. Why is globalization important to computer literacy? 4. What is the significance of uploading and downloading to a global society? 5. What is Y2K, and how are its effects still being felt?
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Summary In this chapter, our goal was to focus on the digital society. Just like the society in which we interact with others in our real life, the digital society faces issues involving privacy, protection, and legal dilemmas. We explored examples of some of these issues in the electronic world. As we all know, one of the most important activities we perform in the real world is making money, and there are a variety of ways to do this in the digital society. We examined one popular way to generate e‐commerce: selling items on eBay™. The other main activity through which we engage in our society is socializing in communities. The digital society is similar, with several types of virtual communities existing to satisfy everyone from the gamer to the person who wants to experiment with a "second life." Our final topic was something with which you should be familiar already—online education. Considering all of these aspects together provides a very good picture of digital society. One of its most important features is that it is global. Virtual communities are not confined to your local street or town. The tools provided by computers have created a global digital society that has flattened the world.
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Key Ideas
The computer is neither good nor evil. In itself, it has no morals, positive or negative, because it is simply a machine. Not all Internet commerce is fraudulent. You can make money in legitimate online transactions. But, as in all areas of life, especially where money is concerned, you have to be careful and know what you are doing. Virtual communities are formed when groups of people come together with a common interest in an online space. Such a community is virtual because the space is not real in the traditional sense, and interactions take place entirely online with people from all over the world. In the 1990s, few universities had online classes. Today, online education is one of the most exciting and revolutionary aspects of our educational system. The intersection of computers, information, and the law is a vast topic. These issues have a direct relationship not only to your online experience but also to your personal life away from computing. At the heart of globalization is the computer—the technology that makes it all possible. In helping to bring about globalization, the computer has also "flattened" the world.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. As stated at the beginning of the chapter, the computer has no morals, positive or negative, because it is a machine. In your opinion, is the computer used for more positive or negative activities?
2. Have you ever purchased anything online? If so, what types of merchandise do you buy? Other than a physical presence, is there anything different between virtual and real goods bought online?
3. What are the benefits that a virtual community has over a real one? What are the limitations of virtual communities in comparison with real ones? 4. Which of the tips for online success do you find most important? Have you made any of the 8 main mistakes that online students often commit? 5. Why do you think that litigation, or the process of bringing legal proceedings against a person or organization, has paralleled the evolution of computing
and mirrored its growth? 6. Is the world "flat"? If yes, what are some reasons that make it so? If not, then how would you argue that Thomas Friedman is incorrect in his best‐selling
book, The World Is Flat?
Key Terms
Click on each key term to see the definition.
asynchronous learning (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
An online course method of delivery, with no set times for everyone to gather together.
avatar (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A character or image that represents someone in a virtual community.
backing up files (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Copying files to an external hard drive or offsite location to protect your data.
bricks and mortar (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Universities or stores that have a physical presence and real buildings.
business‐to‐business (B2B) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Transactions between businesses, such as bills paid online, money transferred, and goods shipped and received.
computer virus (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A program that replicates itself (or makes unauthorized copies without human intervention).
consumer‐to‐consumer (C2C) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Transactions from one consumer to another; examples include PayPal and other ways of sending money from one person to another through the Internet.
cyber crimes (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
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Crimes associated with computers connected to the Internet.
cybersex (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Virtual sex using text functions to chat between two real people.
cyberspace (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
The virtual world online, where people, gather, meet, communicate, and share information.
distance learning (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
(See online education).
downloading (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
The process of bringing information that exists somewhere on the Internet onto your home computer.
e‐commerce (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Electronic commerce, or making money online.
encryption (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A secret code for your data that only your computer has the key to unscramble.
flaming (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
An increasingly intense and vicious debate online.
globalization (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Interdependence of all social life on the planet, from Andorra to Zimbabwe, and every country in between.
intellectual property (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
The creativity behind everything from songs to books and even computer programs.
malware (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
(See spyware).
MMORPG (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Massive multiplayer online role‐playing game.
MOO (MUD Object Oriented) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A textual virtual community typically accessed with Telnet.
MUD (Multi‐User Dungeon) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A textual virtual community, typically accessed with Telnet, that often had a role playing component.
net etiquette (netiquette) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Rules of conduct for interacting with people online.
online education
10/12/2015 Print
https://content.ashford.edu/print/AUINF103.13.2?sections=ch06,ch06introduction,sec6.1,sec6.2,sec6.3,sec6.4,ch06summary,ch06learning,ch07,ch07introduct... 61/61
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
The use of computer technology to link students and teachers together who do not share the same geographic location.
outsourcing (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
The process by which jobs in one country (the United States, for example) are sent to another (India) that has cheaper labor.
peer‐to‐peer (P2P) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
File sharing that enables millions of people to download copyrighted material for free on their computers.
poke (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
On Facebook, a virtual way to let someone know you are thinking of them.
security token (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A small device, often found in large organizations, that updates your password every 30 seconds, and can be clipped on your keychain.
spyware (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
A secret program that gathers information about you in the background of your computer and then shares it with another person.
synchronous learning (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Online classroom in which all the students meet at the same time, although they are in different locations.
uploading (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Sending information from your computer to the World Wide Web.
virtual communities (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
Groups of people who come together with a common interest in an online space, and interactions take place entirely online with people from all over the world.
Y2K (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)
The year 2000.
Web Resources
To learn more about cloud computing, visit: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ae_DKNwK_ms (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ae_DKNwK_ms)
The Computer Crime Manual from the Office of Legal Education is available at: http://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/docs/ccmanual.pdf (http://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/docs/ccmanual.pdf)