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Introduction to Digital Literacy Mark D. Bowles American Military University

AVP, Editor in Chief: Steve Wainwright

Sponsoring Editor: Mireille Yanow

Development Editor: Carrie Brandt

Assistant Editor: Kristle Maglunob

Senior Editorial Assistant: Nicole Sanchez‐Sullivan

Production Editor: Lauren LePera

Media Editor: Angela Hearne

Copyeditor: Lachina Publishing Services

Photo Researcher: Susan Lantz and Joyce Myers

Senior Project Manager: Peter Galuardi

Cover Design: Ryan Fleetwood

Printing Services: Bordeaux

Composition/Illustration: Lachina

Video Production: M&R Consultants Corporation

Cover Image: iStockphoto/Thinkstock

ISBN‐10: 1621780856

ISBN‐13: 978‐1‐62178‐085‐4

Copyright © 2013 Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.

GRANT OF PERMISSION TO PRINT: The copyright owner of this material hereby grants the holder of this publication the right to print these materials for personal use. The holder of this material may print the materials herein for personal use only. Any print, reprint, reproduction or distribution of these materials for commercial use without the express written consent of the copyright owner constitutes a violation of the U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101–810, as amended.

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Acknowledgments Though there is usually only one name on the cover of a book, in reality, it is a community production that requires a dedicated team of professionals to create a quality product. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the people who made significant contributions to the development of this text.

I thank the following Ashford contributors for their helpful advice and suggestions: Jongbok "Jake" Byun, Aileen Cole, Danika Geathers, Michelle Hinton, and Jaclyn Minor.

I would also like to thank the following reviewers, as well as other anonymous reviewers, for their valuable feedback and insight:

David Fry, Hutchinson Community College

Jane Herrick, Cuyamaca Community College

Joe Perret, Pierce College

Steven Schwarz, Raritan Valley Community College

Clarence Stokes, American River College

For the first edition of this text, I would like to recognize Peter Galuardi for creating the vision for the book; Christina Ganim for her assistance through the revision process; Jaime Anderson, for securing the Word tutorials, Careers in IT, and Technology Today articles; and Lindsay Serra, for researching and formatting the photo program.

The speed with which the digital landscape changes is remarkable, and we realized that much of this book needed updating since the first writing. The editorial team for the second edition of this book has brought significant improvements, while retaining the strengths of the first edition. I would like to offer a heartfelt thanks to Mireille Yanow, who served as the sponsoring editor of this project. I am very fortunate that this is the second time she has managed one of my projects. Her blending of fun with scholarly excellence makes for the kind of environment that every author covets. She has a special gift to mollify cranky authors. Kristle Maglunob, assistant editor, has expertly guided and shepherded me—and the book—through the revision process. Finally, Carrie Brandt, development editor, and Nicole Sanchez‐Sullivan, senior editorial assistant, provided excellent support in the development and production of this second edition.

While this work team made the project a great pleasure, I would also like to thank my home team for making my life worthwhile. To my wife and daughters, Nancy, Isabelle, Emma, and Sarah, thank you for creating the most pleasant background noise an author could ever imagine. To my three daughters, the digital world is yours for the taking. Seize it, and become what you are meant to be.

The editorial staff would also like to thank Kris Jamsa and David Fry for their assistance in developing ancillary material; Susan Lantz, for her editorial support; and finally, Ryan Fleetwood, for his cover design.

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About the Author Mark D. Bowles is Professor of History at American Military University. He earned his Ph.D. in the history of science and technology from Case Western Reserve University in 1999, and was the 1997–98 Tomash Fellow at the University of Minnesota's Charles Babbage Institute. Dr. Bowles is the author of over 10 books, including two other textbooks used at Ashford University: U.S. History Since 1865 and Science and Culture Throughout History. He has also written several critically acclaimed books about NASA, such as The Apollo of Aeronautics (2010) and Science in Flux (2006). Both won the prestigious American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics award for best historical manuscript in their respective publication years. Dr. Bowles is the founder of a public history company, Belle History (www.bellehistory.com (http://www.bellehistory.com) ), and is also an adjunct faculty member at Ashford University. He has been married to his wife, Nancy, since 1990. They are raising their three daughters—Isabelle (b. 2000) and twins Emma and Sarah (b. 2009)—in northeast Ohio.

You can follow Mark D. Bowles on Twitter@mdbowles or visit him on the Web at mdbowles.org (http://mdbowles.org) .

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Preface Introduction to Digital Literacy is designed to give students a better understanding of computers and the digital world. Covering hardware from traditional desktops to the latest tablets, and software from business suites to smartphone apps, this book ensures that students build on existing knowledge, and learn vital new tools to enable their digital skills to evolve in the future.

Textbook Features

Introduction to Digital Literacy includes a number of features to help students understand key concepts, think critically, and apply digital literacy concepts, including:

Interviews from the Field: Interviews with professionals working in digital technology.

Technology Today: Highlights technology that is currently in development.

A Look Further: Link out to sites related to concepts in digital literacy.

Videos: Illustrate the concepts that are embedded throughout the eTextbook.

Multimedia: Throughout the text, we will have various media files to help exemplify concepts. These may include interactive presentations, assessments, quizzes, slide shows, or timelines.

Tutorials: Found in the Appendices. How‐to videos for Microsoft® Office. The videos have either closed captioning or downloadable transcripts.

Pre‐ and Post‐Test: Each chapter contains multiple‐choice questions that students can answer to get real‐time feedback on how well they have mastered the content.

Relevant Weblinks: These are placed at the end of each chapter for students to click for further information on a variety of topics and discipline‐ specific resources.

Troubleshooting

While every effort has been made to ensure that the links remain viable, you may periodically encounter a broken link or an error message ("404 Not Found"). In these situations, it is advisable to copy and paste the web site name into Google as a new search. Often this will solve the problem caused when an organization reorganizes its web site.

A specific web page may no longer be available when an organization goes out of business. In this case, you paste the URL into the Wayback Machine (http://archive.org/web/web.php) to view an archive version of the web page.

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Chapter 1

Introduction to the Digital Literacy Journey

Wavebreak Media/Thinkstock

Learning Objectives

After reading this chapter, you should be able to complete the following:

Explain the definition of digital literacy and its history. Describe the relationship between computers and society. Explain the social impact computers have in communication, collaboration, and ethics.

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Introduction Get ready for what promises to be an exciting journey inside the heart of a computer. Why, you might ask, is such a journey necessary? You likely already know how to use a computer and how to access the Internet. Since you are pursuing an online education, you are familiar with how a computer can assist in your studies and communicate with the outside world. However, changes happen quickly in the computing world. It is easy to become comfortable with what you know, and then suddenly find that technology has passed you by. This course is designed to help ensure that you are not left behind. At the end of these five weeks, you will have a better understanding of the past, present, and future of computers, and you will have the basic tools necessary for your skills to continue to evolve, preparing you for the next computer revolution. Let's begin our journey into digital literacy.

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One aspect of digital literacy is knowing how to participate effectively and productively in virtual communities. What online communities are you a part of?

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1.1 What Is Digital Literacy? Literacy is an important skill in our society because many of our activities depend on our ability to read and write. Literacy is invaluable; let's take a moment to look closer at the activity of reading. Imagine picking up a book, scanning the chapters with your eyes, processing the concepts in your mind, and preserving the ideas in your memory. Life would be nearly impossible without this skill. However, we must also master other types of literacy in order to get the most from our lives. One example is digital literacy, which at its most basic level, means understanding how and why computers work, and knowing the best way to use them to accomplish our career and personal goals. Although both types of literacy are important, a further relationship exists between reading and computers. Everything you do when you read a book has a corresponding process in the world of computing. The way you interact with words on a page is similar to the way a computer processes data. Let's investigate this similarity.

A book is really a storage device for letters, words, paragraphs, and chapters. Computers rely on many such devices, including hard drives or disk drives that store bits (a bit is a BInary digiT) of information. The marks in a book are called words, and the bits of information in a computer are called data. Your eyes are the path by which words travel to your brain; for computers, the process is called input. Inside your head is a brain, and inside a computer is a processor (the brain is infinitely more complex than even our more advanced computer processor). In the real world, you communicate by writing or speaking; in computer terminology, this is known as output. Just as your brain has memory from which you can recall certain aspects of your life, so, too does a computer have various types of memory where it stores all of its data. The preceding computer terms are familiar to us in our daily lives and are present each time we read a book, but they are also terms used to describe the functions of computers.

Our society is in the midst of a revolutionary transformation—from a literary society (where information is stored in books) to a digital one (where information is stored on computers). Being digitally literate means having the skills to search, understand, use, and share information on a computer (Rivoltella, 2008). Being digitally literate also means learning how to become a productive and ethical citizen in the information society and a member of the virtual communities that are blossoming every day.

Everyone who is reading this book has experienced the necessity of computer and digital literacy. It is important to note that the terms computer literacy and digital literacy are sometimes used interchangeably. While these terms can have a similar meaning, computer literacy focuses more on the hardware. In contrast, digital literacy focuses more on mastering the entire environment of electronic information such as the Web, databases, applications, and searching.

In either sense, knowledge of computer or digital literacy is critical for professional and personal success in the 21st century. You need look only as far as the words you are reading right now on the screen. They are digital—not printed on traditional paper. You are also not in a physical classroom but in one that exists online. In this new world, we rarely take out a pen to write a letter; instead, we open our smartphone to text or log onto our computer to email. We also less frequently visit a physical library to search for information; instead, we search the Internet and electronic libraries online. The goal of this class is to help you become more computer and digitally literate, starting from your current level of experience with computing. Some of this material may include ideas you have learned in the past, and some of it will be new. But just as when you learned how to read, we will take this learning process one step at a time. So, let's begin at the beginning.

A Brief History of Digital Literacy

If we are to start at the beginning, we must ask ourselves, "What does digital literacy mean?" Arthur Luehrmann was one of the first to popularize the term computer literacy in 1972 (Moursund, 2003). However, just like computers, the idea of digital literacy was also evolving at a rapid pace. In the 1980s, the term could mean simply possessing a working knowledge of computers, or something much more in‐depth and broad such as understanding how computers work, how they are used, and the ways that they influence society (Robinson, 2009, p. 2). Today, the definition of digital literacy means someone with the mental and physical tools that enable them to effectively work and play in the digital environment. This requires knowledge of the opportunities and threats that exist online, as well as the possession of or access to the tools required to interact with digital information. These tools include desktop computers, smartphones, laptops, netbooks, and tablets.

Where Do We Go from Here?

In our book, we will help you to gain a working knowledge of computers and their impact on society; strive to fulfill the most modern and challenging definition of what it means to be digitally literate; and provide you with the basic tools to work independently with a computer so that you can accomplish important functions at school, work, and play.

We will encounter other fascinating ideas on our digital literacy journey. We will learn about the history of the computer, the differences between hardware and software, and some of the most important applications in use today (Word, Excel®, and PowerPoint®). We will describe some of the central skills necessary for using these applications, and learn about Facebook—the most popular social networking site on the Internet for communicating with friends and family.

We will identify the difference between a Twitter and a Tweet, why people are creating "Second Lives," and how business networking on LinkedIn® can be an asset in

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When we are learning a new technology, it can sometimes feel like the technology is fighting us. Have you ever felt that a technology beat you? What happened? How did you solve the problem?

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the corporate world. We will also explore the inside of a computer to understand how it works, its theory of operation, basic components, and how programmers get it to do what they want it to do. We will learn how to use a computer to effectively search for information, solve problems in new ways, and then communicate and share our findings with others.

Other issues will encompass the darker side of computing, including concerns such as privacy, security, crime, spyware, and viruses. We will investigate emerging computer trends involving simulation, gaming, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence. Our final destination will be the "Cloud," and we will address how this is increasingly the location where personal user data and applications are stored. Although many of these terms may be unfamiliar to you now, we will begin exploring these and many other concepts slowly over the course of the next five weeks.

While we will examine many exciting elements of digital literacy in this book, we cannot touch on every important concept or application (such as business and enterprise software) that is significant in the world of computing. This book and this course will present you with the essential tools for growing and expanding your own computing expertise in the future.

While this is what it means to be digitally literate in the 21st century, a more humorous definition of digital literacy should also be considered. In Alan Cooper's book, The Inmates are Running the Asylum, he wrote that the digitally literate user is actually the person who has sometimes learned the hard way about computers through frequent frustration. In this sense, he says that living digitally is like earning a Purple Heart—a badge that demonstrates battle wounds incurred while working on the front line of computing. Many of us know exactly what Cooper is talking about. We might have spent all night slaving over a document only to have the power go out or the computer crash, and watch helplessly as all of our hard work vaporizes into nothingness. These are the battle scars to which he is referring. But there is another way. With knowledge comes power, and with digital literacy comes the skills to avoid many uncomfortable situations. As Cooper concluded, digital literacy really means that "when your program loses your document, you have learned enough not to panic" (Cooper, 1999, p. 35). Join us on this journey into digital literacy and gain important knowledge and techniques that will help you live with a technology that has transformed all of our lives and promises to become even more

integrated into our society in the future.

Questions to Consider

1.  What is digital literacy? 2.  Why is digital literacy important? 3.  Who coined the term digital literacy, and when? 4.  In what ways is reading a book similar to the operation and function of a computer? What are the common terms used for both actions?

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Considering the size of early computers, it is easy to see why people once thought that only a handful of them would be needed. How many computers are in your home? What would your daily life be like without them?

1.2 Computers in Society Why do we need to become digitally literate? One reason is that computers have very quickly come to play a central role in society. Prior to World War II, some experts predicted that the United States would never need more than four or five digital computers. Today, although it is impossible to determine the exact number, billions of computers are in use. More and more are produced each minute of the day, and computers are now being embedded in almost every electronic device. The automobile has several, including the GPS (global positioning system), a dashboard computer to control the digital gauges, an embedded computer in the DVD player, and a computer that runs the engine. As a result, a typical car now has more computers than many thought would exist in the entire United States. Today, very few (if any) professions exist that do not use computers.

Science and Society/SuperStock

A long line of fantastic claims has surrounded the development of computer technology since World War II. While some of these predictions have come to pass and others have been off the mark, one thing is clear: computers are now connected with and embedded in society. The enthusiasm is based on the realization that computers can make our lives better.

Computers and Information

The attraction surrounding the computer throughout the 20th century was not confined to the technological development of robots, microcomputers, and the Internet. Rather, this optimism reflected a growing awareness of the potential for people to use these technologies to control, store, and manipulate information. From the robots of the 1940s that solved complex differential equations, to the Internet of the 21st century that serves as a storehouse of our collective memories, the promise of the computer has always been its potential to manage and manipulate information. Adding to this potential today is the ability to bring people throughout the planet together to share work, love, and intellectual interests. Some people have argued that the ability to store information on a computer (to the extent of transferring whole libraries) will be known as one of the most important developments of the 20th century (Forester, 1987, p. 1). We see the fruits of that work today in resources such as Google Books™ and Worldcat.org, as well as the Internet itself.

It is important to understand the distinction between computers and information. The computer is the boxlike device that is connected to components like a monitor, mouse, and keyboard. And it is also the tablet‐shaped device you are holding in your hand and interfacing with by swiping your fingers over the surface. In either case, the information is the data that can be stored, processed, and output from the computer. We will discuss more about this later, but for now keep in mind that an important difference exists between the two, and yet they are interdependent. Digitizing information, which means turning books, music, and videos into a string of ones and zeros that computers can understand, would be useless without the corresponding advancements in computer technology. Likewise, the fastest computers in the world would have very little significance if they had no information to process. It is for this reason (as well as others) that computers and their information management capabilities are equally important for us to understand.

Where Are Computers Used?

Although it would be impossible to list all the places that people encounter computers today, a representative sample includes the following. Besides the standard desktop computer you can purchase at Best Buy® or Staples®, computers are also found in automobiles (as mentioned earlier), jet airplanes, grocery store cash registers, ATM machines, cell phones, cameras, PDAs, e‐book readers, televisions, video games, toys—and the list goes on. Small computers are even found in the printers used to print words and images from computers! Computers come in many shapes and sizes such as large mainframes in rooms, desktop computers on your office table, laptops in your briefcase, tablets taking up part of a backpack, or a smartphone in your pocket.

Technology is Great

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Music producers and artists including Moby and Robyn explain how the digital revolution has made recording music simpler and cheaper than ever before, allowing artists unprecedented freedom and creativity. Have you ever used computers to create any form of art?

The Robotic Surgery Simulator (ROSS) employs 3‐D virtual reality so surgeons can practice advanced techniques before operating on patients. In this simulation, a surgeon removes a mass from a virtual bladder using robotics.

AP Photo/David Duprey

Computers are used in the workplace for writing letters, compiling financial data in spreadsheets, tracking inventory, displaying and selling products on the Internet, and staying in contact with customers through email. Let's look at some examples:

Law enforcement uses computers to track criminals. Scientists use computers to perform experimental simulations and map the human genome. Medical students can practice the art of surgery on a virtual computer‐generated patient instead of a living one or a cadaver. Physicians use computers to create 3‐D diagnostic images of the human body and to share patient data with other specialists throughout the world (Bowles, 2003). Musicians use computers to record, mix, and produce their songs with software systems such as Pro Tools®. Pilots usually take their first flying lessons on computer flight simulators, and aeronautics experts use computers to improve the efficiency of airplanes (Bowles, 2009). Engineers use computers to send rockets into space and to design everyday objects (Bowles, 2006). Librarians are no longer spending time sorting physical index cards because computers have transformed their profession into digital information management (Bowles, 1999a).

In this book, we will focus a great deal on the growth of mobile computing, such as smartphone and tablet devices. While these are also computers, by virtue of their mobility, they can do many things that a computer tied to your desktop cannot, such as suggest information to you based on your location.

At home, computers have also taken a central role. Computers are embedded in everything from televisions to clocks, and the home computer can help us balance checkbooks, pay bills online, shop online, and research more books and information than can be found in any single physical library on earth.

Technology Today: Strategies for Computer Shopping

It is almost impossible to live in the Information Age and not own a computer. But shopping for a computer can be daunting, particularly if you are not completely comfortable with technology. Luckily, some helpful online guides are available to assist you.

Consumer Reports is always a good place to start. It is an "expert, independent, nonprofit organization whose mission is to work for a fair, just, and safe marketplace for all consumers and to empower consumers to protect themselves." They have over 5,000 reviews of all types of technologies,

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Computer threats, including malware, viruses, and crimes such as identity theft, are on the rise. Have you experienced a computer threat? What do you think could be done to better protect technology users?

iStockphoto/Thinkstock

including computers. For their Computer Buying Guide, click here (http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/electronics‐computers/computers‐ internet/computers/computer‐buying‐advice/computer‐shopping‐tips/computer‐shopping‐tips.htm) . For laptops, PC Magazine has a very good overview article on "How to Buy a Laptop (http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2356818,00.asp) ."

The Web site TechSpot also has a quality article entitled "Laptop Buying Guide (http://www.techspot.com/guides/buying‐laptop/) ."

For those looking to purchase a tablet computer, Engadget has an excellent buyer's guide, which can be found here (http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/22/engadget‐tablet‐buyers‐guide‐spring‐2013/) .

Some important questions you should consider before buying a computer are:

How will I use my computer?

How much can I afford to spend on a computer?

Am I a desktop, laptop, or tablet person?

We recommend you use these questions as a starting point and seek other sources for more detailed information. For instance, the Web sites of most retailers that sell computers have applications that will guide you through the decision‐making process by asking you to respond to many of the questions posed here. Your responses will lead to a list of computers from the retailer's inventory that fit your needs.

If you are uncomfortable with that process, visit the store and tell the salesperson how you plan to use your computer and how much you can spend. In most cases, you will be directed to the system that is right for you.

Computer Threats

The story of the computer in society is not always a positive one. Computers (and people who use them maliciously) can threaten and jeopardize individual rights. The first concern is the right to privacy, which means keeping the information you create for yourself accessible only to you. Computers collect a vast amount of information on people all over the world. Data such as books checked out at the library, food purchased at the grocery store, clothing bought online, phone calls made and the duration, medical histories, and tax and educational records are all stored in a computer somewhere on this planet. While there are important laws that prevent access and dissemination of this information beyond the person for whom the data is intended, these securities can be compromised by hackers (people who break unlawfully into computer databases). It should be noted that while the news media often casts all hackers as engaging in malicious activities, originally the term had a positive connotation, which was the ability to find a new way of using technology to solve a problem. More correctly it is the cracker that engages in identity theft, by stealing your login information, name, Social Security number, and so on. Never weaken your own security by sharing your password with others.

One of the ways identity theft can occur is through phishing. This is an email sent to a user that appears to be from a bank or other legitimate business asking for an update for passwords and other login information. Take a look at the following Web site, which shows a sample phishing email. When you click on the "reveal clues" button, it will show you how to detect whether it is an email designed for malicious activity to compromise your security: http://www.pnl.gov/cogInformatics/showcase/simulation/phishing/phishing.html (http://www.pnl.gov/cogInformatics/showcase/simulation/phishing/phishing.html) .

One common example is PayPal, which is an Internet site that works like a bank in which you can keep funds and make online purchases (Schneider, 2008, p. 534). The phishing scam tells users in an email that their account has been compromised and that the only way to protect their money is to log in via a link that is provided in the email and reset their password. In reality, the fraudulent email is from an identity thief (Rosenberg, 1992). The unsuspecting user types in the information and gives the criminal access to private data and banking accounts (Eck, 2000, p. 163). Visit the following link for some examples of actual phishing emails and a discussion of how you can determine if visitors are fake: http://www.credit.com/credit_information/id_theft/Phishing‐Pharming‐and‐Other‐Scams.jsp (http://www.credit.com/credit_information/id_theft/Phishing‐Pharming‐and‐Other‐Scams.jsp) .

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Explore the interaction to learn more about how to identify phishing scams.

Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses

Computers can often be at risk from a program called a virus. A virus is a series of computer instructions or code that can replicate itself and infect other computers. Ken Thompson, a computer scientist, was the first person to describe this phenomenon in 1984, when he explained how a program could be designed to replicate or reproduce itself within a computer network, spreading like a virus, without human authorization (Moravec, 1988, p. 132). A computer virus can be spread through corrupted emails or other files downloaded from the Internet.

A virus can be as benign as one that simply announces its presence, or as malevolent as one that erases all of the data stored on a hard drive. Antivirus and malware protection programs exist to help ward off these threats. The companies that create them, such as Norton™ and McAfee®, are constantly updating their virus definitions so that subscribers have the most up‐to‐date protection available against threats. There are also free options such as AVG's antivirus software (http://free.avg.com (http://free.avg.com) ). But despite all the best protection, some viruses can still get through. One of the best ways to defend yourself against a virus is to avoid risky behavior. Never open an email attachment from an unknown person or start a program that has been emailed with the extension ".com" or ".exe" unless you can verify by the sender that the program is not malicious. As a general rule, always be cautious about Internet downloads (Morley, 2008, p. 43).

If you thought a virus was bad, a computer worm has the potential to be even worse. For a virus to spread, it requires a user to consciously share it with another user. As an analogy, if you have a cold and you stay at home, isolated in your room, you will not infect anyone else. A computer virus is the same. However, a worm is a program that can unknowingly infect your computer's memory and can duplicate itself and spread on its own. It takes advantage of how connected most computers are to the world, and spreads through email. Many worms are harmful and users design them with malevolent goals such as wiping out an organization's computer system (Reynolds, 2012, p. 89).

A Trojan horse is another attack used along with viruses and worms. The term comes from a story in ancient Greek mythology about a beautiful wooden horse that was left outside the gates of Troy. The horse looked like a gift, but when the citizens of Troy brought it inside the city's gates and opened it up, Greek soldiers jumped out and managed to capture the city. In computer terminology, a Trojan horse is a program that hides its true intent and looks like it is performing important functions. In reality, it is hiding a malicious intent, which is usually to allow someone to gain unauthorized access to a computer or network (Lehtinen, Gangemi, & Russell, 2006, p. 87).

How can an unsuspecting user become infected with one of these threats? One way is by illegally downloading music, video, or other programs. Known as pirated software, this often contains unknown risks. One way to learn more about these threats is the site b4usurf.org, which is the Business Software Alliance's organization dedicated to establishing a legal and safe digital world. The site helps educators, parents, and the young learn about surfing dangers. On this topic, it points out that "The pirated software also may contain viruses and spyware which could crash computer networks because there will be no assurance of the quality or reliability of the software" (The Cost of Illegal Downloading and File‐Sharing, n.d.).

A Complex Machine

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To borrow the title from a book by David J. Eck, computers are The Most Complex Machine. The reason for this complexity is not merely how they are designed, built, and operated (Eck, 2000). Creating a robot that would be smarter than a human would not only be extremely complex, but also has yet to happen. A computer might be able to beat anyone on the planet in a game of chess, but that same computer might have no idea how to play tic‐tac‐toe. Computers are complex from a hardware and software perspective, and the way in which they have been integrated into our society is also complex. Computers bring positive change, information, and capabilities to those who increasingly rely on them at work and at home. This reliance can also become a threat, as those with malicious intent use computers to commit crimes against society. The computer is similar to fire in that they both have dual natures. Fire provides warmth on a cold night but also has the power to destroy property or kill people. Likewise, while the computer provides access to knowledge, it can also be used to steal our identities. The computer is, indeed, a most complex machine. The only way to prevent fire from burning you is to learn how to use and control it. This is also the goal of digital literacy. In the next section, we will look at some of the most important trends in computing today.

Questions to Consider

1.  What is the significance of a computer? 2.  How do computers differ from information? 3.  In what ways are computers used in society today? 4.  What are some of the positive benefits of computers? 5.  What are some examples of threats represented by computers in society? 6.  In what ways is a computer a complex machine?

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Digital communications have made working from home the new routine for many employees who no longer require a daily commute to an office. What are some of the benefits and drawbacks of working remotely?

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1.3 The Social Impact of Computing As technologies grow and evolve, they bring changes to society. This is what is meant by the phrase the "social impact of technology." Take a look at the automobile and consider how it has shaped our roads, cities, and suburban living areas. The automobile has even changed courtship patterns and how we meet, mingle, and date. While courtship used to take place on the front porch of a woman's house, automobiles have made dating a much more private and romantic affair than was possible during the 19th century (Bailey, 1988). But this does not mean that technology alone determines or controls our social existence. Instead, it is a reciprocal relationship. Individuals create new technology, and when people begin to use it, society itself can change. In this section, we will explore some of the more important social impacts of computing today and consider some of the ways in which computers are changing communication, collaboration, ethics, and how they are intricately connected to society.

Importantly, it is the evolution of mobile computing that has resulted in the greatest changes to our social lives. No longer are computers bound to the office desktop. The availability of cell phones and tablet computers with powerful processors and Internet access means that many people spend less time "off‐line" than online. This means that there is a significant social impact to computing that is essential to understand. While people once used to wake up and read the morning newspaper, today, more and more people are turning on their smartphone or tablet computer to check the latest news, or see what their friends did the night before (or even that morning).

Communication

Computers enable us to communicate with each other in unprecedented ways. We all know how easy it is to stay in touch with our loved ones with cell phones. But this communication technology also connects us to people throughout the world, ending our isolation in even the most remote areas on earth. Katie Spotz, a daring 22‐year‐old endurance athlete, decided that she wanted to row a boat across the Atlantic Ocean to bring attention to the problem of a lack of clean drinking water in some parts of the world (to learn more, see http://www.rowforwater.com (http://www.rowforwater.com/) ). While this 90‐day journey found Spotz alone in the midst of a great ocean, her solar‐ powered batteries, satellite technology, and computer let her stay in constant contact with her family and friends on Facebook. Even a person floating in a tiny rowboat in the middle of the ocean is never truly alone if she has the power of computer‐aided communication on her side.

Connections across vast distances are made possible through a combination of multiple technologies, including high‐speed Internet, portable computers, GPS, cell phones, and video technology. Of course, these connections benefit far more people than those engaging in extreme events like rowing across an ocean. For example, computers and communication technology now allow virtual offices to exist anywhere in the world. People who were formerly tied to an office within a building owned by an employer can now work efficiently at home. While not every profession has this luxury (most physicians still need to see patients in person though even they can sometimes remotely diagnose disease through the use of computers), other jobs such as accounting, teaching, programming, or design can easily be performed remotely. In a book called The 60‐ Second Commute, authors Erica Orloff and Kathy Levinson (2003) argued that computer technology creates a new communications environment in which people can integrate home and work life in entirely new ways. There is no magical reason to start the workday at 8 a.m. anymore or end it at 5 p.m. Computers blend leisure and work time, enabling some professionals to measure their contributions not by time spent on the job site but by the quality and efficiency of the work they perform (Orloff & Levinson, 2003). Computers have created a communications revolution.

Collaboration

No matter where work is performed, computers create opportunities to collaborate in new and important ways. This collaboration can happen with people who work in the same office building or in various locations throughout the world. Computers, by means of a variety of important software and hardware tools, have created opportunities for people to share data and work together in ways that can significantly improve workplace performance. Some have suggested, "mass collaboration changes everything" (Tapscott, 2008). This might include sharing the creation and editing of a document, bringing people in different continents together in an online video conference, or giving users of software programs the power to change and improve the product themselves (more on this topic will be provided when we discuss open‐source programs). The result is a new way to collaborate that would have been impossible without a computer serving as a vehicle for people to instantaneously share, edit, and comment upon ideas. One example of this collaboration is a Web site called Wikipedia (see Wikipedia.org). While it is like a traditional encyclopedia—it has descriptive entries on important topics from A to Z—it also uses the power of collaboration to go beyond what a traditional encyclopedia can provide. Massive numbers of users bring their unique experiences to the site to create and revise the content in ways that take advantage of mass collaboration. Some have described this phenomenon with the slogan, "We are smarter than me." In other words, there is a power in crowds (or groups of people who share common interests) that can be focused and harnessed in fresh ways through computer technology. This new collaborative power can achieve something that would be impossible for individuals or small groups alone to accomplish (Libert & Spector, 2008).

Ethics

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Power and ethics have always had a close relationship, and as the old saying goes, "Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely." This means that people have a responsibility to use their power wisely and ethically. The power created by computers is no different from any other type of power, as it also has a profound effect on ethics. The first person to explore this issue was James Moor, who wrote an article in 1985 titled "What Is Computer Ethics?" in which he suggested that computers provided society with new capabilities, and that computer ethics was the study of how to use these powers wisely and fairly both on a micro or personal level and at the macro level of society itself (Stamatellos, 2007).

Throughout this book, we will see examples of ethical dimensions of computer use, but a short list of ethical issues related to the emergence of computers in society is provided here. The collection of data about individuals raises concerns about the privacy of that data and the importance of ensuring that only authorized people know certain things about other people's lives. Another issue is security and the possibility that thieves can steal your identity and use your credit cards and other assets for their ill‐gotten gain. A third issue involves the reliability of data. Computer use cannot eliminate the possibility of human error. If a person enters the wrong information about you into a database, this inaccuracy might affect your medical records or credit history. A fourth issue is that of intellectual property. Digital information can easily be copied and reproduced. Because of this, significant ethical issues are involved in ensuring that the creators of a piece of intellectual property receive all the rewards and recognition due to them.

The Digital Divide

A final important ethical issue involves equality of access. As you will see in this book, while there are many positives associated with computers, there are also related problems. Another social consequence of computing is known as the digital divide. Though this is not a threat posed by computers, it is a related threat that results from groups of underprivileged people not having them. This term recognizes the fact that while some people have easy access to computers and all the benefits they provide, many others are cut off from them. The digital divide separates those who are information rich on one side from those who are poor, who live in an underdeveloped country, or who reside in a rural area with no Internet access. In 1990, 22% of all homes in the United States had a personal computer. This percentage increased to 63% by 2001, and in 2004, nearly 75% of all Americans had Internet access in their homes. While this is a high number, and growing daily (especially among multiple‐computer households) there are still a significant number of people without computers or Internet access, and they are getting left behind in school and in the workplace (Baase, 2008, p. 372). Figure 1.1 provides more statistics regarding the digital divide in the United States.

Figure 1.1: The presence of the digital divide in the United StatesFactors

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Factors such as age, income and educational attainment can influence an American adult's access to the Internet. Those with disabilities are also less likely to use the Internet.

One way to measure the digital divide is known as the Digital Opportunity Index (DOI), which is a standard measurement tool based on information and communication technology indicators that helps measure and compare the digital divide of different countries (see http://www.itu.int/ITU‐D/ict/doi/index.html (http://www.itu.int/ITU‐D/ict/doi/index.html) ).

Computers and the Internet represent a wealth of knowledge for those who have access to them. As another old saying goes, "Knowledge is power." Therefore, it stands to reason that there are ethical issues at stake when using computers to transmit knowledge. It is vital to make sure that the world is not divided into a two‐class society of "information‐haves" and "information‐have‐nots." In one important way, the effort to help people become digitally literate will ensure that this will not happen. Those who take part in the wonderful world of computing have an ethical responsibility to understand issues of right and wrong, fairness, access, and equality that exist in the digital world. By making wise and ethical decisions, we can help ensure that power does not corrupt and that knowledge is shared equally.

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Questions to Consider

1.  What are some aspects of the social impact of technology? 2.  Why is communication an important feature of computer technology? 3.  How can computers improve collaboration? 4.  What is computer ethics? 5.  What are some ethical issues involving computer technology?

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Summary In this chapter, our goal was to begin our explorations of digital literacy by introducing some entry‐level concepts and exploring broad aspects of the significance of computers in society. You should now have an understanding of digital literacy and the relationship between computers and society. While everyone comes into this class with a different level of prior knowledge about computers, this chapter should have provided you with the beginnings of a foundation that will be built upon during the rest of the course. The chapter concluded with three important topics—communication, collaboration, and ethics— which are recurring themes in the chapters ahead.

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Key Ideas

Digital literacy is the understanding of how and why computers work, and how you, as a person, can best use them to achieve your personal and professional goals. One of the main reasons that digital literacy is so important for everyone today is that computers have become central to our society; everyone needs to understand its power as well as potential threats. The computer's impact on society is immense and touches all aspects of communication, collaboration, ethics, and access.

Critical Thinking Questions

1.  In what ways do you think improving your computer literacy will impact your personal and professional life? 2.  Take a moment and reflect on a typical day. Where do you encounter computers or digital devices? 3.  Have you ever experienced or read about a situation in which an unethical person used computer technology to pose a threat to an individual or a group of

people? 4.  Think about some of the main ways that computers shape our society today. Do you think that they have more of an influence on how we communicate or

collaborate? Why? 5.  If knowledge is indeed power, as the old saying goes, what are some ethical questions that surround the idea of equal access to computer‐mediated

information?

Key Terms

Click on each key term to see the definition.

computer literacy (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

An understanding of how and why computers work, and knowledge of how best to use them to accomplish career and personal goals.

digital divide (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The fact that some people have easy access to computers and all the benefits that they provide, while many other people are cut off from computers because of poverty or living in underdeveloped countries or rural areas without Internet access.

digital literacy (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The ability to search, understand, use, and share information on a computer.

digitizing information (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Turning books, music, and videos into a string of ones and zeros that computers can understand.

hackers (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Typically a term used by the media for those that break unlawfully into computer databases and networks. More correctly, a hacker is one who uses new technology to solve problems in original ways. It is a "cracker" that breaks unlawfully into other people's computers for malicious intent.

identity theft (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

What happens when someone steals another person's login information, name, bank account details, Social Security numbers, and so on.

mainframe (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A large‐sized computing machine designed to support a multitude of users concurrently.

phishing (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The act of sending an email to a user that appears to be from a bank or other legitimate business asking for an update for passwords and other login information.

privacy (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Keeping the information you create for yourself accessible only to you.

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Trojan horse (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A program that hides its true intent and looks like it is performing important functions when in reality, it is designed to allow someone to gain unauthorized access to a computer or network.

virus (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A series of computer instructions or code that can replicate itself and infect other computers through corrupted emails or other files downloaded from the Internet.

Web Resources

Learn more about the impact of the digital divide on education: http://www.educationworld.com/a_tech/tech041.shtml (http://www.educationworld.com/a_tech/tech041.shtml)

Explore how digital rights are being defended: http://www.eff.org (http://www.eff.org/)

Top Ten Smart Phones for the year and their reviews: http://cell‐phones.toptenreviews.com/smartphones/ (http://cell‐phones.toptenreviews.com/smartphones/)

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Chapter 2

The Hardware Revolution

iStockphoto/Thinkstock

Learning Objectives

After reading this chapter, you should be able to complete the following:

Understand the history of the personal computer. Explain what is inside a computer and identify central components. Describe the types of computer peripherals and their functions. Describe the benefits of laptops, notebooks, and Ultrabooks™ and distinguish between them.

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Introduction In the first chapter, you learned about the penetration of computers into society and the importance of digital literacy. The goal was to help you realize the social significance of the computer and understand its importance in our lives today. In this chapter, you will take the next step. Instead of observing computers from the outside, we will explore them from the inside to see what they are made of and to understand how they have evolved over the last century. We begin the chapter by discussing early computers, which were so large they were weighed by the ton, and we end the chapter by examining some of today's computers, which are so thin they can be easily carried in a pocket or a purse. Indeed, it has been a hardware revolution.

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Charles Babbage developed plans for an "Analytical Engine" in the mid‐ nineteenth century. Though he never completed the engine, he is considered the father of the computer for being the first to conceive of and diagram an automatic calculating machine.

2.1 A Brief History of Computing Although many people think the computer is a very recent development, it actually has a long history that demonstrates how quickly the computer industry changes. History provides a context for how far we have come with computers in a relatively short period of time. Most importantly, by understanding computer history we can gain a better and deeper understanding of today's computing environment. Since you are reading these words on a computer right now, take a moment and look around you. If your computer is a desktop, the items you see—your mouse, keyboard, monitor, and even the icons on your screen—all have a history. If you are reading this on a tablet computer or an e‐reader, it, too has a history, though with a much shorter timeline. This history shapes our lives and influences the way we interact with the world.

In the Beginning. . .

The concept of a calculating machine with gears first took physical shape during the 17th century. The use of mechanical devices as an aid in the calculation of numbers was an elusive and attractive dream for Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician (Coleman, 1986, p. 32).

One of those who Pascal inspired was Charles Babbage. In 1812, at Cambridge University in England, Babbage worked with his friend, Ada Byron Lovelace, who also had high expectations for the future of a computing machine (Stein, 1985, p. xi). While they never attained these lofty ideals, what Babbage did accomplish was to develop designs for all the components of a programmable computer. Babbage and Lovelace defined the central functions of a computer and called them input, output, memory, logic, and processor. These are terms we still use today. Together, Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace can be considered the "Father and Mother of the Computer."

The Origin of the Computer

The IBM® Era

By the late 19th century, the enthusiasm for computers moved to the United States (Bowles, 1996). Herman Hollerith had great success with his construction of a machine to tabulate the 1890 census. He came up with the idea of representing each person's data on a punch card with holes in it. In 1924, Hollerith's company changed its name to International Business Machines, which is known today as IBM®.

The von Neumann Architecture

The next important computer was the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), completed in 1949, and operational in 1951. It was significant because of John von Neumann's work on the logical operations of the machine (Macrae, 2000). These five "classic components" of a computer—memory, input, output, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit—are known as the von Neumann architecture and remain the basic structure for computers to this day. The EDVAC was also called the stored‐program computer because it stored data internally on its memory. In addition to storing information, the memory could hold codes for operating the machine, also known as a stored program.

In von Neumann's system, the computer had its own arithmetic calculator that could perform basic math. This arithmetic logic unit used only binary numbers. Binary means that the computer represents all information, including images and text, as combinations of ones and zeros. To understand what this means, think of a light bulb. When the light was on, the computer considered this to be the number 1. When the light was off, the computer considered this to be a 0. Every number and letter on the computer can be signified by a series of ones and zeros. Von Neumann referred to data coming into the computer as the input and data leaving the

The Origin of the Computer From Title: The History of Computers

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This graph demonstrates the incredible increase in the number of transistors in processors over time. As the data shows, the number of transistors doubles every two years.

machine as its output. It traveled through a data path (later called a bus) from its memory, performed the operation in the arithmetic component, and then either stored the result for further computations or output the data (Davis, 2000, p. 182).

The IBM® 360

At this point, IBM® staked the future of the company on the development of a new computer called the IBM® 360, first released in April 1964. The name 360 indicated that this computer targeted a "full circle" of customers to perform functions ranging from complex mathematics at scientific laboratories, to simpler and more repetitive calculations done in business. (You may also recognize the importance of this number today from the Xbox® 360, a game console system from Microsoft®, or Norton™ 360, a virus protection suite of software.)

The IBM® 360 also came with a host of peripherals (external devices that can be connected to a computer to enhance its capability, such as printers or storage devices). More than 150 peripherals were offered the first day the IBM® 360 went to market, including disks, tapes, and punch cards designed to make the entire system more efficient and user‐friendly. It also had an operating system known as OS/360 and used transistors, a Bell Labs innovation that quickly became the heart of the computing industry, to eliminate the need for vacuum tubes and enable computers to be smaller, faster, and more reliable. Transistors are small switches that can amplify a data signal to a computer, as shown in Figure 2.1. Some have called the transistor the most significant invention of the 20th century (Bunch & Hellemans, 2004, p. 546).

Figure 2.1: Increase of transistor count over time

Adapted from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transistor_Count_and_Moore %27s_Law_‐_2011.svg  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transistor_Count_and_Moore%27s_Law_‐ _2011.svg)

With the IBM® 360, the company gained an astonishing 70% of the market share (Ceruzzi, 2003, p. 145). By the mid‐1970s, the computer industry had come of age. Information technology had taken its place as one of the most significant industries in the world, and it was beginning to rival the automobile industry in size. By 1975, of every $120 spent on goods in the United States, $1 went for the purchase of a computer (Campbell‐Kelly & Aspray, 1996, p. 150).

As so often happens in the computer industry, change was coming. The personal computer was on the horizon, and a revolution was around the corner.

Innovation at Xerox®

While today we think of Xerox® as a copier manufacturing company, it was the center of the universe as far as computer innovation during the 1970s (Hiltzik, 2007). At this time, there was a growing concern that businesses might become "paperless" because all data would be stored on computers. This was a concern to Xerox® executives because their income was based on businesses photocopying physical documents. Therefore, they began to explore how Xerox® might be able to survive in a digital era. Located near Stanford University in California, these bright engineers at Xerox® PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) prepared for a paperless doomsday that they believed would occur in 1990 (although it did not happen, we are still moving in this direction). Fear spurred them to create peripheral devices that changed the shape of computing, including the cursor, mouse, pointer, Graphical User Interface (GUI), WYSIWYG, laser printers, and word processors. Although we will be discussing what some of these terms mean later, it is important to remember that while the initial innovations occurred at Xerox®, it was other companies that brought these devices to market. This is a valuable lesson; innovation does not guarantee commercial success.

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What happened to all of this peripheral innovation? The Xerox® executives were interested in what these engineers accomplished, but they never gave the go‐ahead to fund the devices beyond the research stage. They did, however, invite guests to tour their facilities. Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple®, visited Xerox® in 1979 and gathered ideas that became the central features of the Macintosh®, which he released in 1984. Bill Gates would later incorporate these same design elements into Microsoft® Windows® (Cringely, 1991, pp. 73–92). The personal computer was on the horizon.

Inventing the Processor

The development of the processor enabled the computer to become personal. Ted Hoff, working at a widely unknown company called Intel® during the 1960s, came up with an interesting idea to solve a problem for a customer. Hoff's idea was to develop a general‐purpose integrated circuit, instead of a specific logic chip that would work only in this calculator. In other words, multiple electronic circuits were placed on one chip.

What is an integrated circuit? Often, you will find that it is difficult to understand the definitions of technical terms because the explanations can be as complex (or more so) than the original terms themselves. An integrated circuit is an example. Basically, it is a small silicon wafer in which circuits consisting of millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors can be embedded. The transistor is a switch that can amplify current (think of a radio amplifier in your car stereo) or turn electricity on or off. A resistor can control the current and limit it (think of a volume control on a TV). A capacitor can collect and hold energy for a short burst (just like the flash on a camera).

Hoff's integrated circuit was a revolutionary development because it was more than just a chip for a calculator. Instead, it could be used in a variety of devices ranging from music synthesizers to missile guidance systems. To make these machines perform different functions, each chip needed only a different set of instructions, or a program. This was revolutionary because now one piece of hardware (the processor) could be used in any type of computer as long as the software changed. It was much easier to change a software program than to redesign a processor. Hoff was elated with his development, but no one else seemed to care or realize its significance. Hoff was able to convince Intel® to develop his project, and by 1970, they had a prototype called the "processor" (Palfreman & Swade, 1991, pp. 106–118).

One of the main benefits of the processor was its small size. Remember, the mainframe computers of the 1950s weighed several tons and filled an entire room. The silicon processor, developed in a California region soon to be called Silicon Valley, could be held in the palm of your hand. Smaller, faster, and cheaper, the processor seemed to have unlimited potential. But Intel® remained ahead of the curve. IBM® and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) evaluated the idea and concluded that there would be no market for such a device. After all, what possible reason would an average person have for a computer, especially at home? IBM® thought that if someone really wanted to use a computer, he or she could rent time‐sharing from a local business mainframe during off hours (Campbell‐Kelly & Aspray, 1996, pp. 236–258).

Altair, the First PC

The large computer makers failed to realize there was a home market for computers. Instead, those who were most excited about the development of the processor were the hobbyists. They wanted a computer in their home and were willing and knowledgeable enough to build it themselves. They were finally able to do this in January 1975, when Popular Electronics hit the newsstands with a cover depicting a computer called the Altair that could be purchased in pieces and assembled at home. By 1976, 5,000 to 15,000 Americans had an Altair (Berger, 1976, p. 112). At one large meeting for the Altair in Atlantic City, two men named Stephen Wozniak and Steve Jobs began selling circuit boards.

Apple®

Jobs and Wozniak were an interesting, idealistic pair who had been tinkering with a computer in Jobs's garage. In 1976, they released their computer, called the Apple® I, which soon evolved into the more popular Apple® II. This was a personal computer designed for everyone to use out‐of‐the box, not just the skilled hobbyist geeks who assembled it with their own soldering guns. The Apple® II met with a resounding success upon its release in March 1977. The company had $700,000 in sales the first year, and $7 million the next. Suddenly, a personal computer industry began to flourish, and along with Apple®, other computers hit the market, including the RadioShack TRS‐80, the Commodore PET, and later, the Atari™ 400/800 computers.

These new computers came with a monitor (or could be plugged into a television) and a keyboard, but the biggest frustration for users was how data and other programs were stored. The device used to store a program or load one into the computer was a simple audiotape cassette deck that plugged into the computer through a special port. The sound carried the data, but it was a slow and often inexact process to enter or save data. Sometimes, the entire tape played in, only to display a data entry error at the end, requiring the entire process to be repeated:

Rewind. Advance the leader of the cassette tape. And try again.

Rewind. Advance the leader of the cassette tape. And try again.

Wozniak eventually came to the rescue by developing a disk drive that stored data on 5.25‐inch floppy disks. This was a faster and much more reliable method of transmitting and storing data to and from the computer. By 1980, Apple®'s sales were $96 million. But where was IBM®? This question was on the minds of many. When would this sleeping giant awake? And, when it did, how would its entry change the face of the computer industry that was firmly under Apple®'s control?

IBM® Gets Personal

Some have considered IBM®'s entry into the market as the most important development in the history of personal computers. While the homebrew clubs (these were

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The invention of the floppy disk in the late 1970s made personal computers more convenient to use, and therefore, more popular. What methods of data storage have replaced the floppy disk today?

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clubs of computer hobbyists) and the early Apple® advocates would take exception to this statement, the IBM® PC was a significant moment in the history of computing. The original release took place in August 1981, and for $1,565, the first IBM® PC came with several nice features, including 64 KB of RAM memory and an external hard drive that could store 160 KB of data on a single‐sided disk. The monitor—which had a green‐and‐ white monochrome display—cost extra. The result was a huge commercial success. IBM® had hoped to sell 240,000 computers over a period of five years. Instead, they received that many orders in the first month alone. The first IBM® PC was not revolutionary in itself because Apple® and Altair had been there first, but what made it so important was that it came from IBM®. In a sense, what IBM® did was legitimize the personal computer and demonstrate that a personal PC had a role to play in a company long known for developing massive mainframes (New York Times, 2007, p. 449).

The IBM® PC

How did the IBM® PC come to be? The company had considered manufacturing the PC for years, but nothing transpired until July 1980, when John R. Opel and Frank T. Carey, the IBM® president and chairman, respectively, asked their managers for a report on how the company could enter the personal computer market within a year (Campbell‐Kelly & Aspray, 1996, p. 232). Just one month later, a plan was in place, and IBM® began working on the PC. Launching the first PC within a year was an ambitious plan for a large, slow‐ moving company that typically took up to four years to develop a new computer. One way it accomplished this ambitious goal was to delegate the development of some parts of the computer to third‐party vendors. One of these requirements was a software system, and instead of developing one internally, IBM® found a vendor that impressed them: Microsoft® (Wise, 1982, p. 23). For the central processor, IBM® selected the Intel® 8088 and 8086 chips. Although this strategy enabled IBM® to put the PC on the market in record time, partnering so closely with its vendors meant that IBM® lost a significant portion of its profit margin. The company achieved short‐term success, but jeopardized its long‐term strength.

Another Apple®—Macintosh®

Apple® Computer, still headed by Jobs and Wozniak, continued to push its brand of computer while IBM® worked on entering the market. However, Apple® began to encounter less consumer enthusiasm for its newer products. The first was the Apple® III, released in 1980. The main reason people did not rush out to purchase an Apple® III was its retail price, which ranged from $4,000 to nearly $8,000. These numbers have not been adjusted for inflation. Computers sold in 1980 cost a great deal more and were significantly less powerful than computers today. The high price compensated for the low demand and kept Apple® alive as it continued to push the limits of computer technology by offering a product that was unique and innovative. Apple® maintained this philosophy with its next major computer release, the LISA (Largely Integrated Systems Architecture), in 1983. The most significant feature of this computer was that it was the first personal computer to have a GUI (Graphical User Interface). This meant that users could manipulate the computer by clicking on icons instead of typing characters on a screen. When users turned on an IBM® PC, they saw a black screen with three lonely characters, C:\ (called the C prompt), and a blinking cursor. When a LISA was turned on, its screen showed icons representing applications and tasks the computer could perform. The LISA incorporated a mouse to let users navigate the menus and icons quickly and easily.

Despite the glamour of LISA, there were problems, including its price (initially $12,000), which was even more expensive than the Apple® III (Freiberger, 1983, p. 1). Apple® eventually lowered LISA's cost by $2,000, but sales were still slow. The company learned its lesson, but did not want to give up on the LISA features. In 1984, Apple® launched a new computer called the Macintosh® that maintained the GUI interface and mouse. This release, which included a remarkably futuristic Super Bowl commercial, established the major divisions in the personal computer wars. On one side was the IBM® PC; on the other was the Apple® Macintosh®. This division continues to this day, even though IBM® itself is no longer a major player.

Early sales of the Macintosh® were slow. Although it was the fastest‐selling $10,000 computer of all time, only 25,000 people bought it the year it was introduced (Mace, 1983, p. 65). It had no hard drive and had only limited memory, which made the computer operate slowly. IBM® remained the safer choice in the personal computer and small business environment (Wise & Steemers, 2000, pp. 49–50), while Apple® maintained and cultivated a small and loyal following.

One of the remarkable features of computers is that they decrease in price over time, while also getting more powerful. Table 2.1 shows the decrease in price, and increase in speed and capability.

Table 2.1: Macintosh® and iMac® comparison from 1984 and 2009

Computer Macintosh® iMac®

Year sold 1984 2009

Price in 2009 dollars $5,186.17 $3,849.00

CPU Motorola 68000 2.8 GHz quad‐core Intel® Core™ i7

Total CPU MHz 7.83 11,200

RAM (KB) 128 16,000,000

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Fixed Disk (MB) 0 2,000,000

Removable Drive 3.5" floppy 8x double‐layer SuperDrive

Removable Capacity (KB/media) 400 8,500,000

Operating System Apple® Macintosh® System Software 1.0 Apple® Mac® OS X® 10.6 Snow Leopard

Adapted from http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2010/04/computers‐just‐keep‐getting‐cheaper‐and‐better‐and‐we‐should‐eagerly‐await‐the‐days‐ahead/ (http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2010/04/computers‐just‐keep‐getting‐cheaper‐and‐better‐and‐we‐should‐eagerly‐await‐the‐days‐ahead/)

Enter the Clones

IBM® continued its domination of the market by introducing three new personal computers during the 1980s: the 80286 (in 1982), the 80386 (in 1985), and the 80486 (in 1989). These were the names that computer users called them, but in reality they were the names of the Intel® processor inside the machine. Higher numbers indicated a faster machine with more computing power, which was needed as applications became more graphically intensive and required greater amounts of memory. But IBM® was not the only company selling machines. A variety of clones hit the market almost as soon as the original IBM® PC did. This became a highly competitive field very quickly. Other companies duplicated the IBM® product and marketed their computers as being "100% compatible with IBM®." A host of IBM® compatibles flooded the market, and some of these companies have survived to this day, including Gateway® and Dell™ Computers (Compaq merged into Hewlett‐ Packard). Today, there are even more companies manufacturing desktop and portable computers and it remains a very competitive market.

Open the Windows

By 1991, the PC entered a new phase. Using Microsoft®'s new graphical operating system called 3.1 (to be covered in a later chapter), the PC was now "borrowing" the appearance and features of the Macintosh®. But ultimately, it was not IBM® that saw the lion's share of the profits. Companies that sold clones, such as Dell™ and Compaq, made more money than IBM® did. Microsoft® was the biggest winner during this period because it was able to sell its software for both the clones and IBM® (Ceruzzi, 2003, p. 272). Thus, much of the personal computer environment was established with the IBM® PC and clones on one side, the Apple® Macintosh® on the other, and Microsoft® in the enviable software position in the middle.

Questions to Consider

1.  Are computers a recent development? 2.  Who are considered "the Father and Mother of the Computer"? 3.  What are the five main components of the von Neumann computer architecture? 4.  What was the first computer to use a binary operating system? 5.  What did the number "360" represent in the name of the IBM® 360 computer? 6.  Who invented the processor, and what company did he work for? 7.  What was the name of the first personal computer? 8.  Who founded Apple®, and when did the company release its first computer? 9.  What were some of Apple®'s early competitors?

10.  When did IBM® first sell its PC? Who were some of the key vendors that created parts for the PC? 11.  What does GUI stand for, and what were the first personal computers to use GUI? 12.  Which was a faster processor: the 80286 or the 80386? 13.  What were two of the companies that manufactured IBM® clones?

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This interactive figure reviews the major parts of a computer, including typical peripheral devices such as a printer and scanner.

2.2 Looking Inside the Computer One of the ironies in writing a book about digital literacy for online students is that you clearly have some level of familiarity with the computer; otherwise, you would not be reading these electronic words. You know how to turn on a computer, identify a monitor, and how to use a keyboard and mouse to perform tasks online. With this in mind, let's skip over some of the most basic information and branch off into a discussion of how a computer works. The focus here will be on a standard desktop computer. Everything discussed also applies to a tablet, although the components are smaller and condensed into a single portable case. Both tablets and desktops work the same way though interaction with a tablet is with touch and with a desktop computer it is with a mouse (Miller, 2007). However, now with the new Windows® 8 operating system, Microsoft® is integrating touch into the desktop environment.

The Main Computer Box

Let's start with the large box to which the monitor, keyboard, printer, speakers, and mouse are connected. This is the computer itself. It can come in different shapes and sizes, including large (tower) and smaller (mini tower) options. In the early days, these boxes were either white or beige, but now they can be any color, although many are black. On the front is the on/off button, a blinking light that indicates when the hard drive is in operation, and options for external storage such as a DVD drive (more on this topic later). The back of the computer (or the front on many tower computer cases) is where you will find ports to connect other devices, such as stereo mini jacks for speakers or microphones, Ethernet for your Internet connection, and USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports for peripherals such as cameras or printers (again, more information on these topics will be provided later). The major components of a computer are shown in Figure 2.2. All the computer magic happens inside the box, but our goal in the next few paragraphs will be to dispel the notion that magic is involved. Instead, computers work by means of a relatively simple and direct process (Parsons & Oja, 2010).

Figure 2.2: Computer parts

Before you pull off your computer case, be sure to take the following precautions. First, unplug the power and press and hold the start button for 10 seconds. This drains power from the capacitors (a device similar to a battery in that it stores electrical energy). Second, eliminate any static electricity in your body that might have built up. We have all experienced what happens when we shuffle our feet on carpet when wearing socks and then touch someone. A small spark of static electricity is produced. This electrical charge is not strong enough to hurt you or anyone else, but it is powerful enough to destroy your computer. To eliminate any traces of static electricity, you can buy an antistatic wristband or an antistatic mat. The other way to do this is to touch the bare metal of the computer case the entire time you are working on anything inside.

After taking these safety precautions, when you open the computer you will find numerous colored wires, computer chips, and circuit boards. The most important of these is the largest one, which is usually located at the base of the computer. This is known as the motherboard, because it is the board that all the other circuit boards

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plug into and also because this is where the computer memory and processor reside. The nice thing about the motherboard is that you can add things to it in its open expansion slots, which allow you to customize your computer. If you are interested in playing Second Life or World of Warcraft, it would be a very good idea to add a more advanced video card (such as those manufactured by Nvidia, ATI, PNY, GeForce, or Radeon). This will make the graphical processing faster with more video memory, enable more detailed screen resolution, and also allow you to connect two or more monitors to the same computer.

Processor

What is the processor? This is the brain of the computer, and it is located on the motherboard. The processor is also sometimes called the central processing unit or the CPU. The CPU is like an orchestra conductor; it tells all the other parts how to act and when. A stored program in the CPU called the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the code that the processor follows when the computer is first turned on or booted. The BIOS helps initialize all the peripherals so the CPU can send data to and from them as needed. As you will see in the following sections, companies like Intel® have developed many different types of CPUs. CPUs are usually identified by a name or a number. For example, the earliest ones by Intel® were called the 8086 and 8088 during the 1970s. The 1980s brought the 80286, 80386, and 80486. Then, in the 1990s, the next generation was the Intel® Pentium® chips. Today, you might find options such as the Intel ®Celeron®, Intel ® Centrino®, or Intel® Core™ i5 or i7 processor when purchasing a new computer. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) also has a long history of developing processors since the 1970s.

What makes one processor better than another? One key factor is speed. The CPU's speed is not measured in miles per hour (mph) like the speed of a car. Instead, CPU speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz). If you see a CPU stating that it runs at 1 GHz, this means it operates at one billion cycles per second. The higher the number of GHz, the faster the processor. Older computers were much slower than this. For example, in the late 1980s, you would have been thrilled to own a computer that operated at 33 megahertz (MHz), or 33 million cycles per second. It is important to note that a computer cannot always execute an entire instruction in one cycle. The cycle is simply a measure of the smallest unit of time that exists for the processor. While some computer instructions can take place within the span of one cycle, others require many cycles. Another way to measure a processor is by the number of transistors it contains. Table 2.2 shows how far these processors have advanced over the past three decades.

Table 2.2: The evolution of the processor

Year Processor Transistor Speed

1978 8086 29,000 10 MHz

1989 80486 1.2 million 25 MHz

1999 Pentium® II 9.5 million 600 MHz

2006 Core™ 2 Extreme 585 million 3 GHz

2012 Intel® Core™ i7‐3770K 1.4 billion 3.5–3.9 GHz

Source: Compiled from http://download.intel.com/pressroom/kits/IntelProcessorHistory.pdf  (http://download.intel.com/pressroom/kits/IntelProcessorHistory.pdf)

In 2008, the processor entered the multi‐core era with a single processor actually containing multiple processor cores, allowing it to perform several different tasks at the same time.

A Look Further: Processor Names and Speeds

Processor names and speeds are changing all the time. One way to keep up with this is a website called CPU Benchmarks, which has now rated over 600,000 CPUs: http://cpubenchmark.net/ (http://cpubenchmark.net/) .

The Chips Are Everywhere

Computer chips are not just for computers anymore. Today, a majority of all household appliances have a computer chip in them. For example, your coffee maker likely has one. Even though it does not have a traditional input device like a QWERTY keyboard, you can still input your instructions into your coffee maker and tell it what you want it to do. You can program it to turn itself on 15 minutes before you wake up to have a hot pot ready. Or you can tell it to keep the pot warm for one hour or six. The computer chip receives these inputs from you and then controls various internal devices in order to follow your instructions. Advanced users can even connect that same coffee pot to the Internet and control it from anywhere in the world.

Chips can also be used for tracking. In other words, you can purchase a tracking chip, place it in your child's backpack, and in an emergency you can find out exactly where the backpack is located through satellite data. All cell phones and smartphones have this information, and while this is proprietary information controlled by wireless companies, like Verizon, there is a growing push to make the information available to law enforcement agencies to help find missing persons. Known as the Kelsey Law, as of August 2012, eight states have enacted it. It is named for Kelsey Smith, a Kansas teenager who was abducted in June 2007. Four days later, police found her body. Had they been able to gain tracking location from her cell phone, it is possible she would be alive today. Her parents have spearheaded the effort to make this a law in all states. We will see the use of tracking chips expand in the future. Some passports already have them embedded.

If you started taking apart your household appliances and other electronic devices you use on a daily basis (this is not recommended!), you would find lots of other computer chips hiding inside. You might find them in clocks, watches, printers, digital scales, smartphones, tablet computers, automobiles, televisions, refrigerators, microwaves, garage door openers, TV remote controls, and so on. Of course, they are found not just in the home but also in nearly every work site. Hospitals have

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computer chips embedded in every medical device. Technicians and mechanics use them to test and calibrate the equipment they service. Even though a traditional computer with a keyboard, mouse, and monitor may not be everywhere, computer chips essentially surround us in our daily lives at work and at home, whether we know it or not.

Technology Today: The Internet of Things

GE is working with a company called Tendril that specializes in energy management services to develop a software program that will allow consumers to control all of their household appliances through Web browsers on PCs or even on cell phones when they are away from home (LaMonica, 2009).

Three things are making these developments possible:

1.  The continuing increase in power—and simultaneous decrease in cost—of computer chips. 2.  The emergence of the Internet as a global communications platform. 3.  The advent of Wi‐Fi technology, which makes it easier to build home computing networks.

Computer chips are becoming so inexpensive to produce that some scientists expect soon to see smart chips that cost two dollars or less routinely placed in household appliances. If that happens, consumers will be able to connect all of their appliances to Wi‐Fi networks in their homes, and then link those networks—via the Internet.

Futurists have been predicting this exact scenario for years. They even have a name for the multitude of home networks that will connect all these smart appliances. They call it The Internet of Things.

Links to Additional Information

The Internet of Things http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/high_tech_telecoms_internet/the_internet_of_things (http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/high_tech_telecoms_internet/the_internet_of_things)

GE Appliances http://news.cnet.com/8301‐11128_3‐10281466‐54.html (http://news.cnet.com/8301‐11128_3‐10281466‐54.html)

Memory

An important part of the motherboard as well as the computer's overall effectiveness is its memory. Memory is a very important capability for humans. After all, this is where we store our knowledge, identity, and skills. The importance of memory for a computer is similarly significant. Random Access Memory (RAM) is the temporary memory that the CPU uses while performing calculations or running your programs. This means it is volatile, so if you lose power, all of the information stored in RAM will simply disappear. Another type of memory in your CPU is called Read Only Memory (ROM). These instructions are also called firmware because they are permanently encoded into ROM. The BIOS is an example of firmware.

Another type of memory is called the cache (pronounced "cash"). The computer uses this by putting data and programs into it that you frequently use so it can access them more quickly. One way you can test this is by turning on your computer and then opening Word. Time how long it takes for Word to open. Then exit and reopen the program and notice how much faster it has loaded. This is possible because the computer has "cached" much of the Word program to enable a faster response.

Storage

It is very important at this stage to differentiate between "memory" and "storage." Storage is for the permanent retention of data like your class papers, music, video, images, etc. This is typically kept on a "hard drive," or the long‐term internal storage device, which is typically denoted by the letter "C" in a computer. These letters were first used as way to name storage devices. In the 1970s and 1980s, hard drives were rare and most personal computers had external storage drives. The first one plugged in received the name A (this was usually a 5.25" drive). Next, were the 3.5" external drives that had a slightly larger capacity, and were often identified with the letter "B." At that point, hard drives became more popular, so they were designated with the letter C. Even today, while you click on the "Computer" option in a Windows® operating system, you will see the operating system and the hard drive denoted with the letter C. The DVD drive then has the letter D, and any other external devices or drives are assigned successive letters.

Keep in mind this important distinction between memory and storage. Again, memory is typically for the temporary storage of data that is used to perform current operations either from a program or a specific operation.

One example of storage is called flash, and it does not disappear when your computer loses power. USB jump drives are an example of this. Other examples include digital cameras and cell phones. When you lose the charge to these devices after the battery runs down, the photos or the phone numbers do not disappear. You can thank your flash memory for that.

Later in this book, we will be exploring a type of storage called cloud. This refers to personal data that you do not store in your home or on any of the devices you own. Instead, you store the data on computer servers hosted by companies throughout the world. You do not know where the data is, but you know how to access and modify it. The benefits are that the data is safe in case you have a fire in your home, you lose the device your data is stored on, or your computer malfunctions and crashes.

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Binary Data

Now, let's discuss how the computer stores information. The computer operates on a binary system of ones and zeros. Everything you see or hear on a computer— words, images, data, pictures, movies, and music—is represented inside the computer as a one or a zero. Each one or zero is represented by a single bit (a binary digit) of memory. (The computer can tell the difference between a one and a zero by a high or a low voltage.)

How does a one or a zero represent data? Let's look at a simple example involving numbers. If you wanted to count to 10 in the decimal system, the sequence would be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. In the binary system, this would be 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010.

Let's explore what these ones and zeros mean so that you can learn to count in binary. In binary, when the digit is a 0, it represents a zero (or the "off" position), and when it is a 1 (or the "on" position), it represents a power of 2 (2 to the zero power equals 1; 2 to the first power equals 2; 2 to the second power [or two squared] equals 4; 2 to the third power [or two cubed] equals 8; and so on). For example, 1110 in binary is 8 + 4 + 2 + 0, which is equal to 14 in the decimal system. While this 1110 looks more complex to us than 14 does, from the perspective of a computer, the binary system is a much simpler way to manipulate data. The use of binary, representing each unit of information as a sequence of either voltage on or off, allows a computer to perform tasks much more quickly and efficiently than the decimal system would. Table 2.3 lists how numbers are represented in binary code.

Table 2.3: Binary representation of decimals

Decimal Binary

0 0000

1 0001

2 0010

3 0011

4 0100

5 0101

6 0110

7 0111

8 1000

9 1001

10 1010

11 1011

12 1100

13 1101

14 1110

15 1111

For more information on data conversions and numbers greater than 15, see http://www.ascii.cl/conversion.htm (http://www.ascii.cl/conversion.htm) .

A Look Further: Time in Binary

You can even impress your friends and tell time in binary. To see the current time and the binary equivalent, visit: http://minkukel.com/scripts/binary‐clock/ (http://minkukel.com/scripts/binary‐clock/) .

Bits and Bytes

A single character or letter of the alphabet requires 8 bits, or 1 byte. This is an example of one byte in binary: 00000000. Each zero is a bit, and all eight zeros is the byte. There are several types of numbering systems (or binary coding schemes), called ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code). In ASCII, the letter "A" is 0100001, or as a decimal number it is 65. B is 66, C is 67, and so on. You will find EBCDIC used for mainframe computers, and ASCII in the PC (O'Leary & O'Leary, 2008). Another coding system is called Unicode and is currently supported by Apple®, HP, IBM®, Microsoft®, and others (see http://unicode.org/ (http://unicode.org/) ). To see more ASCII codes, visit: http://www.ascii.cl/ (http://www.ascii.cl/) .

We have a few more binary measurements to discuss. One thousand bytes (actually 1024) is called a kilobyte. We have seen an amazing exponential growth in

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Two essential aspects of computer memory are binary code and RAM— temporary storage of data on a chip like this one. If a computer has similarities to a brain, what characteristics of human thought could be compared to RAM?

S.T. Yiap/Purestock/SuperStock

Explore the interaction to learn more about the units of data presented in this section.

computer memory. During the 1970s, most computers had 48 kilobytes of memory—roughly 48,000 characters of data, or the number of words a 150‐page book might contain. Just the text from this digital literacy book would have been too large for these early computers, and no one even conceived of storing high‐resolution images on a computer at that time. During the 1990s, the storage unit increased to megabytes (MB), or millions of bytes of data, and today, the amount of RAM in a computer is measured in gigabytes (GB), or billions of bytes of data. You might have 4 GB of RAM on your motherboard. Today, there are terabyte (TB) hard drives. The following is the conversion of these terms to the amount of bytes of memory.

1 kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 bytes

1 megabyte (MB) = 1,048,576 bytes

1 gigabyte (GB) = 1,073,741,824 bytes

1 terabyte (TB) = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

Again, the more memory the better, because with it, your computer can run more programs simultaneously, and programs that require many calculations (like computer games) can run faster.

Let's consider a more visual real world example of what these mean. Remove some change from your pocket (or piggy bank) and find some pennies. Place 1 penny on your desk. Let's call that 1 bit. Now, find 7 more pennies and place them next to the first. All 8 now can be our visual representation of a byte. Now, unless you have millions of pennies lying around and lots of spare time, don't try this at home. Imagine if you wanted to represent a kilobyte in pennies. If the 8 pennies were 6 inches long, a kilobyte of pennies would stretch 512 feet. If you wanted to continue this down your street, you could put down over 1 million pennies and after 99 miles, you would have achieved a megabyte (MB). If you wanted to see a gigabyte (GB) in pennies, it would extend over 101,000 miles. This would wrap around the earth 4 times! Finally, a terabyte (TB) would stretch over 100 million miles—7 million miles further than the average distance of the earth to the sun. As you can see, these numbers are gigantic.

There is one more important measure for how quickly the CPU can access its memory, and this is its word size. We are not talking about Microsoft® Word here;

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instead, a "word" in this context means the number of bits a CPU can access simultaneously. For example, when you hear about something called a 32‐bit processor, this means that the CPU can access a string of 32 ones and zeros at once. A 64‐bit processor is able to access twice that amount at one time and therefore, results in a faster machine. Early computers were 8‐bit or 16‐bit and ran more slowly.

Much like the short‐term memory in a human, RAM is temporary storage. For items you want to save for longer periods of time, there is the internal hard drive, which is located inside the main computer box and attached to the motherboard with one of those colored wires. The hard drive is where your Word document might reside after you save it, or where all of your pictures from your camera are placed after you upload them. The hard drive typically has much more storage capacity than RAM does. Back in the 1980s, a hard drive might have been 20 MB. Today's hard drives are much larger—perhaps 500 GB. The largest ones are measured by the terabyte (TB), which is 1024 gigabytes of memory.

Parallel Processing

Amazing as it may seem, until recently, most computers could do only one thing at a time. It is only because they operate at high speeds that it appears to us that things are happening simultaneously. This is comparable to what happens when you watch a movie. In reality, you are seeing a series of still pictures flashed at a rate of 32 frames per second, which gives the appearance of motion. In a similar sense, the speed of the computer enables it to perform tasks so quickly that it looks as if they are happening all at once. This is what a serial processor means. The CPU reads each instruction sent to it, performs the action, and then moves on to the next instruction.

Parallel processing means that multiple processors work on different problems at the same time. Hyper‐threading is a way for software to simulate this parallel processing for each core to perform two tasks at the same time. Intel® has a short video that describes this technology: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture‐and‐technology/hyper‐threading/hyper‐threading‐technology‐video.html (http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture‐and‐technology/hyper‐threading/hyper‐threading‐technology‐video.html)

Newer computers have true parallel processing capability, which enables them to carry out more than one instruction simultaneously. Today, a single CPU might contain multiple cores. This enhances the computer's speed and performance and is sometimes known as dual‐core or quad‐core processing. Intel® is one of the leading manufacturers of processors. For desktop computers, the top‐of‐the‐line processors are the Intel® Core™ i5 (a dual core) and the Intel® Core™ i7 (a quad core). For laptop users, there are the Intel® Core™ i5 and Intel® Core™ i7 mobile processors.

Questions to Consider

1.  Why would you need to open a computer? 2.  What is the largest board inside the computer called? 3.  What is a processor? 4.  What does the acronym BIOS stand for? 5.  What are some names of different processors? 6.  What is the measure of the speed of a CPU? 7.  Which is faster, 33 GHz or 33 MHz? 8.  What is the difference between RAM and ROM? 9.  How many bits are in a byte? How many bytes are in a kilobyte?

10.  Which is more computer memory: 100 MB or 100 GB? 11.  What is the number 3 in binary? 12.  What is the importance of the word size of the CPU?

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2.3 Computer Peripherals Today In the previous section, you learned what is inside your computer, including the most important component—the motherboard. Now, let's turn to some of the devices, or peripherals, that you can connect to a computer. Many of these you will be familiar with, and perhaps the description of others might inspire a trip to Best Buy®. The main function of a peripheral device is to enable you to manipulate and control the computer in a specific way. These devices can be broken down into two main categories. The first are "input" devices, or tools you can use to send information into a computer. Various input devices might be a mouse, scanner, keyboard, or DVD disk. "Output" devices are the second type. These are tools for getting data from your computer, and they include the monitor, printer, speakers, or DVD drive. You will notice that the DVD drive (or USB drive) can be both an input or output device, depending on whether you want to store data from your computer (output) or transfer data to your computer (input).

Monitors

Today, many exciting peripherals can enhance the computing experience. Monitors, which provide a visual display for everything you do on a computer, come in a variety of sizes, but most of them have evolved from a square to a rectangular shape. While monitors used to display text‐only characters in either amber or green on a black background, now they are extremely high‐resolution devices that can display razor‐sharp images and video. Most current monitor screens are flat panel, which means they are very thin. This is achieved by using LCD (liquid crystal display), LED (light emitting diode) technology. The monitor's resolution conveys the sharpness of the image. The resolution numbers, such as 640x480 or 1920x1200, represent the size of the screen grid, with the first number indicating the number of horizontal pixels (the smallest point on a monitor that can be altered) and the second indicating the number of vertical pixels. The larger the number of pixels, the better the resolution. The monitors are connected to the computer through a variety of cables. A VGA (video graphics array) cable is for lower resolution, while HDMI (high‐ definition multimedia interface) delivers much better resolution (Rogers, 1983, p. 144).

In the future, we might be using bendable monitors. In March 2012, LG began producing bendable e‐paper displays. Where might we see such technology? In April 2012, USA Today speculated that it could be found on car dashboards, backpacks, coffee mugs and other items (Swartz, 2012).

Graphics cards (also known as display cards or video cards) are expansion cards on the motherboard, which can enhance and quicken the display of complex images on the computer monitor.

Printers and Scanners

Like the monitor, printers also come in a variety of styles. Laser printers operate by depositing toner (fine particles that look like black dust) on a piece of paper and then burning them into place with a laser. This is the printer of choice for printing a great deal of text (and black‐and‐white images) quickly and inexpensively. The inkjet is used when color is needed. It sprays tiny drops of colored ink on the paper. The drops combine to form an image. Inkjet printers use two cartridges: one for color that holds yellow, magenta, and cyan inks, and the other for black ink. Some inkjet printers enable you to replace individual colors, an economical option if you use one color significantly more than others. A more expensive though higher quality color option is a color laser printer. While color printing is slower and more expensive, these printers now can print with such quality that the results can barely be distinguished from professionally developed film. Often, these inkjet printers will also include a scanner. A scanner is similar to a photocopier in that you lay a document down and close the scanner cover over it. The scanner will then take an image of the document and convert it into ones and zeros to use in the computer. The user, of course, sees an exact image of the document on the monitor and can then manipulate the image. Some scanners will also use OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software to convert graphical words into computer‐searchable text. This is done by comparing the scanned images with known shapes of text characters. OCR is the attempt, which is not always accurate, to match the shapes to the text.

External Storage

One other vital peripheral is external storage, which is a way to preserve and maintain your information outside of the main computer. The earliest form of external storage for a PC was the common cassette recorder, but storage devices have evolved dramatically over time. The 5.25" floppy disk held 640 KB of data, and the 3.5" diskette held 1.44 MB of data. Next, came the Iomega Zip disk, which held 100 MB, and the CD‐ROM, which could store approximately 650 MB of information. When you purchase a computer today, you will likely get one with a DVD or Blu‐ray drive. Each DVD holds 4.7 to 17 GB, and a Blu‐ray stores 25 GB to 50 GB. These are storage amounts for single‐layer recording. A dual‐layer recording effectively doubles this storage capacity because a second layer of storage actually exists within the single disk. These are often noted by the acronym DL for dual layer.

You can also purchase external hard drives, like the popular Western Digital My Passport®, with three terabytes of memory or more. As we will learn in Chapter 9, the "cloud computing" is now replacing many of these external storage options.

Keyboard and Mouse

The keyboard and mouse also have become sophisticated devices over time. The mouse, which is the device that translates your physical hand movement to movement of a pointer on the monitor screen, used to incorporate a trackball (a rolling rubber ball on the bottom of the mouse) to register movement. Then, the mouse became optical, using a beam of light that reflected off a mirrored surface. The latest mice use infrared technology, like the "Dark Field" from Logitech. These mice usually have two buttons (called the left and right click) and a center wheel that is used for scrolling up or down on long Word documents or Web pages. Other buttons might include a page zoom or forward and backward buttons for Web pages. Most of today's mice and keyboards no longer have cables that physically attach them to the computer. They are wireless (we will discuss Bluetooth™ connectivity later).

Keyboards, which are used to type information into the computer, also come in various shapes and sizes. Some are curved to allow for a more ergonomic (comfortable for the user) positioning of the user's hands. Some have detachable number pads or special keys users can customize themselves. Another distinguishing feature is that

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Computers, cell phones, and other devices can (and in some states must) be recycled or donated for reuse. How have you disposed of used electronics in the past?

Ton Koene/age fotostock/SuperStock

they have a row of F or function keys at the top, which are used to perform special functions in different software packages. For example, press F1 in Word and the Help Menu appears. Remember, help is usually always close at hand with the F1 key.

On many modern laptop computers, you will find a square black surface below the keyboard. This is a "touch pad," which replaces the need for a mouse. Users literally touch it, and the heat sensitivity of the finger's movement replicates the movement of a pointer on the screen. With the advent of touch screens today and in the future, these touch pads may disappear. In fact, they already have on tablet computers.

Connections

Other peripheral devices can be connected to your computer, and not all of them are wireless. From the 1980s through the mid‐1990s, the most common types of connectors were called parallel and serial ports. Serial ports send data one bit at a time. You can differentiate a serial port from a parallel port because the serial port has fewer pins (for the "male" side) or holes (for the "female" end). Examples of serial connections include the mouse and keyboard connections. Parallel ports can send data much more quickly than serial ports. These multiple bits can be transferred at the same time, thus the term "parallel." Although printers were once commonly connected through a parallel port, today, they almost always have a USB connection.

In 1996, a new type of connection—the USB 1.0—emerged from a collaboration between Microsoft®, Intel®, IBM®, Compaq, Digital, and Northern Telecom. Version USB 3.0, which is now the standard, was first released in November 2008. One interesting use of this technology is the flash drive (also called a jump drive or thumb drive). This is a USB connection that contains storage (as high as 64 GB or more) for quickly storing files. Flash drives are very popular and some are so small they can even hang on a keychain. It is estimated that nearly 6 billion USB devices for flash drives, cameras, external hard drives, printers, keyboards, and related devices are sold each year.

New connectivity devices are on the horizon. One is the Intel® Thunderbolt™ data port that promises even faster data connection speeds. Appearing on Apple® MacBook® Pro laptop computers in May 2011, they promise to have a much wider integration in the future (http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/thunderbolt/thunderbolt‐overview‐brief.html (http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/thunderbolt/thunderbolt‐ overview‐brief.html) ).

This can be found in several places today, such as on Apple®'s MacBook® Air, MacBook®, Pro, iMac®, and Mac® mini (http://www.Apple.com/thunderbolt/ (http://www.Apple.com/thunderbolt/) ). The PC world is also slowly adopting the Thunderbolt™ technology. In July 2012, PCWorld magazine reported on the five most important Thunderbolt™ devices for transferring data with incredibly fast speeds. This article can be found here (http://www.pcworld.com/article/259593/use_speedy_thunderbolt_hardware_for_faster_data_transfers.html) .

Wireless and Bluetooth™

Another important connection type is Bluetooth™, which has contributed to the rise of wireless connectivity. Though this technology dates back to pioneering work done for the military in the 1940s, it has only recently become a popular connection option for devices like headsets, smartphones, and cameras to communicate with a host computer. In 1994, Swedish engineers at Ericsson were the first to incorporate this technology for personal computer use. Today, there is not a single company that owns the technology but it is shared among multiple organizations in the Bluetooth™ Special Interest Group (SIG). It works by transferring data through radio waves in a Personal Area Network (PAN), which typically extends up to 164 feet.

One frequent question is: Where does the name "Bluetooth" come from? It was initially a term the SIG members adopted and it has remained. They chose it for a 10th century Danish King Harald Blåtand, which translates to Harald Bluetooth in English. Why him? His legacy was in uniting warring groups throughout what are now Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. This "connectivity" is why the SIG chose his name as a symbol (http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/Fast‐Facts.aspx (http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/Fast‐ Facts.aspx) ).

eCycling

The more you use computers, the more you will find yourself beginning to accumulate old peripherals and hardware you no longer need. Current estimates are that every household in the United States contains 24 electronic devices. This is merely an average. It is important to recycle these devices when you are done with them, and not simply throw them away. In fact, in some states, it is illegal to dispose of certain kinds of computer equipment in a common trash bin (and of course it is also dangerous to dispose of any machine that contains personal data).

Questions to Consider

1.  Why are computer peripherals important? 2.  What are some examples of computer peripherals?

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3.  What were some of the key computer peripherals developed at Xerox® PARC? 4.  Which represents higher screen resolution: 640x480 or 1920x1200? A VGA cable or an HDMI cable? 5.  What is the difference between a laser printer and an inkjet printer? 6.  What are some of the companies that were involved in the development of USB ports? 7.  What does Bluetooth mean? 8.  What is eCycling?

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The portability of Ultrabooks™ has made them popular for use in mobile computing. Here, a representative from Intel® compares the size of an Ultrabook™ with an older laptop.

AP Photo/Intel/Bob Riha, Jr.

2.4 The New PC—Mobile Computing It is now common to walk around town with a computer in your pocket that is thousands of times more powerful than the room‐sized computer of the 1960s. Gordon Moore, a cofounder of Intel®, predicted in 1965 that every two years, the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit would double while decreasing in cost (Brock & Moore, 2006). Sometimes called Moore's Law, this trend has held true over the past four decades, and it means that over time computers keep getting smaller, more powerful, and less expensive. Today, that computer in your pocket can access a universe of information at the click of a button, pinpoint your exact position on earth, and even make phone calls. In this section, we will explore the exponential growth of mobile computing and consider where this technology may lead us in the future, including methods of augmenting our own reality.

Laptops or Notebooks

Portable computers take many forms. The original portable was called a laptop, and when these computers were first introduced during the 1980s, they were much less powerful than a desktop computer. Today, however, with the miniaturization of components, a laptop can rival the power of many desktops. They can run the same programs, such as Word, Excel®, and PowerPoint®, and are controlled by the same operating systems. These include Vista, Windows® 7, and Windows® 8 for the PCs. An Apple® laptop is called a MacBook®. All of them have Wi‐Fi connectivity (capability for a wireless connection to the Internet) so that when you are in a hot spot (a place with a strong Wi‐Fi signal), you can log onto an unsecured network. The term notebook is sometimes used interchangeably with laptop, but notebook computers are often slightly smaller in size than laptops.

Netbook

A netbook computer resembles a laptop, but is much smaller in size, thus making it easier to carry around or slip into a briefcase or backpack. As the name implies, netbooks are designed to quickly connect to the Internet for social networking, watching online videos, checking email, and getting important information updates. In addition to being smaller than laptops, netbooks give up some performance to maximize portability and efficiency.

A netbook typically has a 7" to 10" screen as compared with a 14" screen or larger for the laptop (screen size is always measured diagonally from corner to corner). Netbooks also connect to the Web with Wi‐Fi, but they boot up much more quickly than laptops because they have a less complicated operating system and fewer bulky applications. Many netbooks connect to the Internet through cell phone wireless networks, which makes getting online easier than with Wi‐Fi. While on the road with one of these portable computing devices, you may want to connect back to your home PC or a business network. One way to do this is through a VPN (Virtual Private Network). This is a way for authorized computers outside of the physical confines of a network to connect securely with each other via the Internet. This is increasingly important for the mobile workforce that needs to privately connect a laptop, tablet, or smartphone to a home or office computer. This remains one of the most secure ways to establish that connection and transfer data.

Ultrabook™

To add yet another "book" category to the hardware mix, at the end of 2011, the Ultrabook™ emerged. The Ultrabook™ is neither a brand nor a specific type of system. Instead, it is an Intel® trademarked term that defines specific features in a laptop. It is seen as a response to the success of MacBook® Air, which is an ultra thin laptop. With the Intel® Ivy Bridge Core processor, some of the newer devices have touch screens, which can turn and fold and transform into a tablet. One example is the Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga.

Though we have covered many types of hardware in this chapter, you will perhaps note that we have still not "touched" upon smartphones or tablet computing. This discussion is saved for our final chapter when we analyze the present and future of computing technologies.

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Summary In this chapter, our goal was to focus on the emergence of the personal computer, which is also known simply as a PC, and the ways in which its introduction has been a revolutionary development in our society. We focused on the hardware aspects of this revolution, which consist of desktops and various types of laptops. Though these are the physical computers, essential peripheral devices can also be connected to them. These include printers, scanners, data drives, and cameras. You also learned that not all PCs are created equal, and that since their introduction, a variety of different companies have developed their own models. Today, these are generally divided into two main types: the PC running a Microsoft® operating system, and the Apple® Macintosh®. But the PC revolution was and is also about software and the various tools and applications that allow you to solve real‐world problems. This software revolution will be our focus in the next chapter.

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Key Ideas

While sometimes we see the latest computing marvels and think of them as recent developments, the evolution of computing has been occurring for well over 100 years. This history is important to understanding present and future trends. Knowing how a computer works, and having a basic understanding of its components, is essential for helping you to evaluate your current and future devices in terms of required performance needs. The language of computing is 0s and 1s. This is called binary. Every bit of information (words, images, sounds, movies, etc.) that you see on a computer screen is in reality a series of these two numbers, represented by high or low voltage. Computer peripherals are the devices that you can connect to a computer to make it useful and to integrate it into your life. These include monitors, printers, scanners, storage devices, and input devices (like the mouse and keyboard). Mobile computing, as represented by laptops, notebooks, netbooks, and Ultrabooks™, enables us to move away from the desktop or office and have the power of computing wherever we go.

Critical Thinking Questions

1.  Reflect on the history of computing, taking as a starting point, your birth year. How has the technology changed over this period? Ask someone older than you to reflect on how computers have changed during their lifetime. Try to imagine what computing might be like for the next generation.

2.  Make a list of all the computer devices you or your family owns. This could be a desktop, laptop, smartphone, etc. Make a comparison chart of the main specifications of these devices (you can look them up online) in terms of processor, memory, and storage.

3.  As you go through your day, look at various computer systems that you encounter (perhaps a library terminal, a friend's desktop computer, or even your own computer devices). Based on what you have learned in this chapter, identify all of the components and mentally trace the way the input and output functions operate.

4.  Think about the many ways mobile computing has impacted your life. What devices do you use for specific tasks? Are there activities you used to do without a computer (like reading a book) that you now do with one? Can you envision any other tasks that you perform manually now for which you might use a computer in the future?

5.  If you could only own one computer device that we have covered in this chapter (desktop, laptop, tablet, or smartphone), which would it be and why? 6.  Compare and contrast the different ways to interact with a computer. The main ways are a physical keyboard, a mouse, and a touch screen. What are the

benefits and drawbacks of each? Will one become more predominant in the future?

Key Terms

Click on each key term to see the definition.

arithmetic logic unit (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The computer's internal calculator for performing mathematical functions.

ASCII (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

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Numerical system used by the computer to represent all information, including images and text, as a series of ones and zeros.

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A stored program in the CPU that provides the code the processor follows when the computer is first turned on or booted up.

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A binary digit of memory.

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To turn on the computer.

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A data path.

10/12/2015 Print

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Amount of memory (8 bits) that is required to represent a single character or letter of the alphabet.

C prompt (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The initial command line for DOS‐based computers.

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Data and programs used frequently and placed in memory for faster access.

capacitor (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

An electrical device, which can store an electric charge.

clones (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

PCs not made by IBM® but compatible with IBM® PCs.

control unit (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Part of the computer that brings one instruction through a data path (later called a bus) from its memory, performs the operation in the arithmetic component, and then either stores the result for further computations or outputs the data.

CPU (central processing unit) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Another name for the processor.

cursor (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Blinking symbol that marks the position on the screen where the typed words appear.

cycle (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A measure of the smallest unit of time that exists for the processor.

desktop (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Items displayed on the monitor screen, including the start button, program and file icons, wallpaper, and task bar.

dual‐core processing (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Use of two processors with two separate caches of memory.

EBCDIC (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.

EDVAC (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, which is significant because of John von Neumann's work on the logical operations of the machine.

ergonomics (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A science of equipment design often applied in the workplace to increase productivity while reducing user fatigue and discomfort.

expansion slots

10/12/2015 Print

https://content.ashford.edu/print/AUINF103.13.2?sections=cover,fm,acknowledgments,abouttheauthor,preface,ch01,ch01introduction,sec1.1,sec1.2,sec1.3,ch... 42/45

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Places on the motherboard to connect peripherals or upgrades.

external storage (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A way to preserve and maintain information outside of the main computer itself.

firmware (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Permanently encoded memory instructions.

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A type of memory that does not disappear when the computer loses power.

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Also called jump drive, this is a portable USB connection for external storage.

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Billions of bytes of data.

gigahertz (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Measure of a CPU speed; 1 GHz equals one billion cycles per second.

Graphical User Interface (GUI) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Computer functions initiated when the user aims the pointer at a menu item or a graphical image and then clicks a button.

HDMI (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

High‐definition multimedia interface.

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Location that has a strong Wi‐Fi signal.

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A way for software to simulate parallel processing.

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Printer that deposits droplets of colored ink on paper.

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Information coming into the computer.

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Input device used to type on a computer.

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Approximately 1,000 bytes of memory (actually 1,024).

10/12/2015 Print

https://content.ashford.edu/print/AUINF103.13.2?sections=cover,fm,acknowledgments,abouttheauthor,preface,ch01,ch01introduction,sec1.1,sec1.2,sec1.3,ch... 43/45

laptop (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Portable computer.

laser printer (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Printer that deposits toner (fine particles that look like black dust) on a piece of paper and then burns them into place with a laser.

LCD (liquid crystal display) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Technology used to create a thin computer monitor.

megabyte (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Millions of bytes of data.

megahertz (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

CPU speed measured in millions of cycles per second.

memory (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The computer's ability to store data internally.

monitor (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The visual display for everything done on a computer.

Moore's Law (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Principle stating that every two years, the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit doubles, reducing the cost of the circuit board.

motherboard (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The board that all the other boards plug into, and the place where the computer memory and processor reside.

mouse (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The device that translates physical hand movement to movement of a pointer in the monitor.

multi‐core (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A single processor containing multiple processor cores that allow it to perform several different tasks at the same time.

netbook (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Computer that resembles a laptop but is much smaller in size, making it easier to carry around or slip into a briefcase or backpack.

notebook (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Portable computer that resembles a laptop but usually is slightly smaller.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Software that converts graphical words into computer‐searchable text.

output (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

10/12/2015 Print

https://content.ashford.edu/print/AUINF103.13.2?sections=cover,fm,acknowledgments,abouttheauthor,preface,ch01,ch01introduction,sec1.1,sec1.2,sec1.3,ch... 44/45

Information that leaves the computer.

parallel port (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Connection that can send multiple bits of data at one time.

parallel processing (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Method that enables more than one instruction to be carried out at the same time.

peripheral device (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Input or output equipment that enables the user to manipulate and control the computer in a specific way.

peripherals (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

External devices that can be connected to a computer to enhance its capability, such as printers or storage devices.

pixel (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The smallest point on a monitor that can be altered.

processor (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The heart or brain of the computer, which is located on the motherboard.

program (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Set of instructions telling a computer what to do.

quad‐core processing (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Use of two processors with four separate caches of memory.

QWERTY (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Configuration of keys on a standard computer keyboard (the name is taken from the first six letters on a standard keyboard).

Random Access Memory (RAM) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The temporary memory that the CPU uses while performing calculations or running your programs.

Read Only Memory (ROM) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Permanent memory in the computer that cannot be changed by the user.

resistor (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A component designed to "resist" or restrict the flow of an electronic current.

resolution (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Measurement of the size of the screen grid on a monitor.

scanner (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Peripheral device that records an image of a document and converts it into ones and zeros for use in the computer.

serial port

10/12/2015 Print

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Connection that sends data one bit at a time.

serial processor (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Method in which the CPU reads each instruction sent to it, performs the action, and then moves on to the next instruction.

Silicon Valley (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Location in California with a high concentration of computer companies.

smartphones (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Phone that combines the features of a PDA with a cell phone and the ability to check email; it may also serve as a flash drive, media player for music and video, and picture viewer.

time sharing (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Renting time on a large mainframe.

trackball (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A rolling rubber ball on the bottom of a mouse.

transistor (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Small switch that can amplify a data signal to a computer.

Ultrabook™ (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

An Intel trademarked term that defines specific features in a laptop. It is seen as a response to the success of MacBook Air, which is an ultra thin laptop.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

A type of fast connection for peripheral devices.

VGA (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Video graphics array.

Virtual Private Network (VPN) (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Virtual Private Network is a private network that is secured, but built upon an infrastructure that is publicly accessible.

von Neumann architecture (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

Five "classic components" of a computer—memory, input, output, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit.

word size (http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover/books/AUINF103.13.2/sections/cover#)

The number of bits a CPU can access simultaneously.

Web Resources

For more information on these basic electrical components and how they are stored on an integrated circuit: http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/integrated_circuit/history/index.html (http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/integrated_circuit/history/index.html)

The following governmental website details important information on eCycling, which is the process of recycling electronic equipment: http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/ecycling/ (http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/ecycling/)