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Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition

4

Emotions

CHAPTER TOPICS

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

What Are Emotions?

  • Physiological Factors
  • When person has strong emotions, bodily changes occur
  • Increased heart rate
  • Rise in blood pressure
  • Increase in adrenalin
  • Elevated blood sugar
  • Slowing of digestion
  • Dilation of pupils
  • Flooding impedes problem solving

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

What Are Emotions?

  • Nonverbal Reactions
  • Feelings often apparent by observable changes
  • Appearance changes
  • Behavioral changes

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

What
Are Emotions?

  • Nonverbal Reactions
  • Easy to tell when someone is feeling strong emotion, more difficult to be certain what emotion might be
  • Sometimes nonverbal behavior may cause emotional state
  • Verbal and nonverbal expressions often interconnected

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

What Are Emotions?

  • Cognitive Interpretations
  • The mind plays an important role in determining emotional states
  • Experience comes primarily from label we give to physical symptoms
  • Reappraisal
  • Rethinking meaning of emotional charged events that alter emotional impact

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

What Are Emotions?

  • Verbal Expression
  • Sometimes words are necessary to express feelings
  • There isn’t much agreement about what emotions are, or about what makes them basic
  • It is important to use language that represents degree of intensity
  • Problems arise for people who aren’t able to talk about emotions constructively

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Influences on Emotional Expression

  • Personality
  • There is a clear relationship between personality and the way we experience and express emotions
  • Extroverts tend to report more positive emotions
  • Neurotic individuals tend to report more negative emotions
  • Personality doesn’t have to govern your communication satisfaction

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Influences on Emotional Expression

  • Culture
  • A significant factor that influences emotional expression in different cultures is whether that culture is:
  • Individualistic (United States and Canada)
  • These cultures feel comfortable revealing their emotions to people with whom they are close
  • Collectivistic (Japan and India)
  • These cultures prize harmony and discourage expressions of negative emotions which may upset relationships

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Influences on Emotional Expression

  • Gender
  • Biological sex is the best predictor of the ability to detect/interpret emotional expression
  • Research suggests that there is some truth to the unexpressive male
  • While men and women experience the same emotions, there are differences in the ways they express them

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Influences on Emotional Expression

  • Social Conventions
  • The unwritten rules of communication discourage the direct expression of emotion
  • Emotion labor
  • Managing or even suppressing emotions is both appropriate and necessary

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Influences on Emotional Expression

  • Fear of Self-Disclosure
  • In a society that discourages the expression of emotions, revealing them can seem risky
  • Someone who shares feelings risks unpleasant consequences

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Influences on Emotional Expression

  • Emotional Contagion
  • The process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another
  • Is it possible to catch someone’s mood?
  • Emotions become more infectious with prolonged contact

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Guidelines for Expressing Emotion

  • There is not a universal rule for expression of emotion
  • There will be times when you can benefit from communicating your feelings clearly and directly
  • Research supports value of expressing emotions appropriately
  • Chance to improve relationships
  • Isn’t a simple matter

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Guidelines for Expressing Emotion

  • Recognize your feelings
  • Recognize the difference between feeling, talking, and acting
  • Expand your emotional vocabulary
  • Share multiple feelings

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Guidelines for Expressing Emotion

  • Consider when and where to express your feelings
  • Accept responsibility for your feelings
  • Be mindful of the communication channel

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Managing Difficult Emotions

  • Facilitative and Debilitative Emotions
  • Facilitative Emotions
  • Emotions which contribute to effective functioning
  • Debilitative Emotions
  • Emotions which detract from effective functioning
  • Intensity
  • Duration
  • Rumination

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Managing Difficult Emotions

  • Sources of Debilitative Emotions
  • Physiology
  • Our genetic makeup
  • Emotional memory

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Managing Difficult Emotions

  • Self-Talk
  • Interpretations people make of an event, during the process of self-talk that determine their feelings

Event Thought Feeling

Being called names “I’ve done something wrong.” hurt, upset

Being called names “My friend must be sick.” concern, sympathy

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Managing Difficult Emotions

  • Irrational Thinking and Debilitative Emotions
  • The Fallacies
  • The Fallacy of Perfection
  • The belief that a worthwhile communication should be able to handle every situation
  • The Fallacy of Approval
  • That it is vital to gain the approval of virtually every person

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Managing Difficult Emotions

  • Irrational Thinking and Debilitative Emotions
  • The Fallacy of Shoulds
  • The inability to distinguish between what is and what should be
  • The Fallacy of Overgeneralization
  • Basing a decision on limited information
  • When we exaggerate shortcomings
  • The Fallacy of Causation
  • The irrational belief that emotions are caused by others rather than by one’s own self-talk

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Managing Difficult Emotions

  • Irrational Thinking
  • The Fallacy of Helplessness
  • Satisfaction in life is determined by forces beyond your control
  • The Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectations
  • The assumption that if something bad can happen, then it is going to happen

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Managing Difficult Emotions

  • Minimizing Debilitative Emotions
  • Monitor your emotional reactions
  • Note the activating event
  • Record your self-talk
  • Reappraise your irrational beliefs

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EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

Chapter Review

  • What Are Emotions?
  • Influences on Emotional Expression
  • Guidelines for Expressing Emotions
  • Managing Difficult Emotions