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Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition

5

Language

CHAPTER TOPICS

  • Language Is Symbolic
  • Understandings and Misunderstandings
  • The Impact of Language
  • Gender and Language
  • Culture and Language

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Language Is Symbolic

  • The Natural World
  • Smoke means something is burning
  • A fever means someone is ill
  • Language Is Symbolic
  • Connection between words and the ideas or things they represent is arbitrary

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Understanding and Misunderstanding

  • Understanding Words
  • Semantic rules
  • “Bikes” are for riding and “books” are for reading
  • Equivocation
  • Statements that have more than one commonly accepted definition

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Understanding and Misunderstanding

  • Relative Language
  • Words that gain their meaning by comparison
  • Static Evaluation
  • Statements that contain or imply the word is lead to mistaken assumptions about people

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Understandings and Misunderstandings

  • Abstraction
  • Is vague in nature
  • Behavioral language is specific to things people do or say
  • Abstraction Ladder
  • Highly abstract language can lead to blanket judgments

Figure 5.1

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Understandings and Misunderstandings

  • Syntactic Rules
  • Govern the grammar of language
  • Pragmatic Rules
  • Govern the way speech works in everyday interaction
  • Communication as a cooperative game
  • Coordination

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Understandings and Misunderstandings

  • Pragmatic Rules
  • Some rules shared by most people in a culture
  • People in their own individual relationships create their own sets of rules

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of Language

  • Naming and Identity
  • Names are more than just a simple means of identification
  • They shape the way others think of us
  • They shape the way we view ourselves
  • They shape the way we act

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of Language

  • Affiliation
  • Speech can build and demonstrate solidarity with others
  • Convergence
  • The process of adapting one’s speech style to match others
  • Divergence
  • Speaking in a way that emphasizes one’s differences from others

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of Language

  • Powerless Language
  • Hedges
  • Hesitations
  • Intensifiers
  • Polite forms
  • Tag questions
  • Disclaimers
  • Rising inflections

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of Language

  • Powerless Language
  • Powerful speech is culturally based
  • Language that is too powerful may intimidate
  • In some situations, polite forms of speech can enhance effectiveness

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of Language

  • Disruptive language
  • Three linguistic habits to avoid
  • Fact-Opinion Confusion
  • Fact-Inference Confusion
  • Emotive Language

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of Language

  • Language of Responsibility
  • “It” Statements
  • “But” Statements
  • “I” and “You” Language
  • “We” Language

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Gender and Language

  • Content
  • Female friends spent more time discussing:
  • Relationship problems, family, health
  • Male friends spent more time discussing:
  • Current events, music, sports, business
  • These differences can lead to frustration when men and women try to converse with one another

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Gender and Language

  • Reasons for Communicating
  • Men and women use language to build and maintain social relationships
  • How men and women accomplish these goals is different
  • Men more likely to make conversation fun
  • Women’s discussions tend to involve feelings, relationships, and personal problems

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Gender and Language

  • Conversational Style
  • The myth that women are more talkative than men does not hold up under scientific scrutiny
  • Women ask more questions in same-sex conversations
  • Men’s speech is more characteristically direct, succinct, task-oriented
  • Women’s speech is more typically indirect, elaborate, focused on relationships

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Gender and Language

  • Conversational Style
  • Women typically use statements showing support for the other person
  • The importance of nurturing a relationship explains why female speech is often tentative
  • Accommodating style isn’t always a disadvantage

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Gender and Language

  • Nongender Variables
  • Ways women and men communicate much more similar than different
  • Male and female supervisors behave the same way and are equally effective
  • Other factors influence language use
  • Social philosophy
  • Gender role

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Culture and Language

  • Verbal Communication Styles
  • Low-context cultures
  • Generally value language to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible.
  • High-context cultures
  • Generally value using language to maintain social harmony.
  • Learn to discover meaning from the context in which a message is delivered: nonverbal behaviors, history of the relationship, etc.

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Culture and Language

  • Verbal Communication Styles
  • Language styles can vary across culture
  • Elaborate - Succinct
  • Formality - Informality

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Culture and Language

  • Verbal Communication Styles
  • Language and Worldview
  • Linguistic relativism
  • The worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak.
  • Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Chapter Review

  • Language Is Symbolic
  • Understandings and Misunderstandings
  • The Impact of Language
  • Gender and Language
  • Culture and Language