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Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition

6

Nonverbal Communication

CHAPTER TOPICS

  • Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication
  • Influences on Nonverbal Communication
  • Types of Nonverbal Communication

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

  • Nonverbal Communication
  • Messages expressed by nonlinguistic terms
  • This rules out the written word and sign language
  • Includes all vocal means that do not involve language

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

  • Nonverbal Skills Are Vital
  • Nonverbal encoding and decoding skills are strong predictor of:
  • Popularity
  • Attractiveness
  • Socioemotional well-being
  • Nonverbal sensitivity is major part of emotional intelligence

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

  • All Behavior Has Communicative Value
  • Each of us is a transmitter that cannot be shut off
  • Unintentional behaviors differ from intentional ones

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

  • Nonverbal Communication Is Relational
  • Identity management
  • Reflects and shapes kinds of relationships we have with others
  • Conveying emotions we may be unwilling or unable to express
  • Increasing number of Internet and phone messages will include visual and vocal dimensions
  • Emoticons

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

  • Nonverbal Communication Serves Many Functions
  • Repeating
  • When someone asks for directions, you often repeat your answer with a gesture
  • Complementing
  • Expressions that match thoughts and emotions
  • Substituting
  • When someone asks, “What’s up?” you may just shrug your shoulders

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

  • Nonverbal Communication Serves Many Functions
  • Accenting
  • Nonverbal devices in oral messages
  • “It was your idea!”
  • Regulating
  • Influencing the flow of verbal communication
  • Contradicting
  • Sending mixed messages

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

  • Nonverbal Communicators Offer Deception Clues
  • Leakage
  • Inadvertent signals of deception
  • Facial expressions
  • Pupil dilation
  • Speech patterns

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

  • Nonverbal Communicators Offer Deceptions Clues
  • Three findings:
  • We are accurate in detecting deception only slightly more than half the time
  • We overestimate our ability to detect others’ lies
  • We have a strong tendency to judge others’ messages as truthful

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

  • Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous
  • Nonverbal behavior can have many possible meanings
  • Impossible to be certain which interpretation is correct
  • Courtship and sexuality
  • Some people have more difficulty decoding nonverbal signals
  • Perception checking can be a useful tool

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Influences on Nonverbal Communication

  • Gender
  • Some differences are physiological
  • Some differences are rooted in socialization
  • Females usually more nonverbally expressive and better at recognizing others’ nonverbal behaviors
  • More similar than different

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Influences on Nonverbal Communication

  • Culture
  • Cultures have different nonverbal languages
  • Some nonverbal behaviors have different meanings from culture to culture
  • Subtle differences can damage relationships
  • Distance and eye contact varies around the world

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Influences on Nonverbal Communication

  • Culture
  • The use of time depends greatly on culture
  • Monochronic
  • Emphasizing punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time
  • Polychronic
  • Flexible schedule in which multiple tasks are pursued at the same time

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Influences on Nonverbal Communication

  • Culture
  • Differences in cultural rules can lead to misunderstandings
  • Nonverbal convergence shows that skilled communicators can adapt their behavior
  • Some nonverbal behaviors have same meaning around the world

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Body Movement
  • Body Orientation
  • The degree to which we face toward or away from someone with our body, feet, and head
  • Posture
  • By paying attention to the postures around your own, you’ll find another channel of communication

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Body Movement
  • Gestures
  • Illustrators
  • Movements that accompany speech but do not stand on their own
  • Emblems
  • Deliberate nonverbal communication that has precise meaning
  • Adaptors
  • Unconscious body movements in response to the environment

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Body Movement
  • Face and Eyes
  • At least eight distinguishable positions of the eyebrows and forehead
  • Eight of the eyes and lids
  • Ten for the lower face
  • Multiplied together you can understand why it is nearly impossible to compile a dictionary of facial expressions

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Body Movement
  • Face and Eyes
  • Microexpressions
  • Expressions that happen quickly and are difficult to detect
  • Can be very effective in identifying emotion
  • Eyes
  • Communicate positive or negative attitude
  • Pupils grow larger based on the interest in the object

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Voice
  • Paralanguage
  • Describes nonverbal, vocal messages
  • Unintentional pause
  • Vocalized pause
  • Can affect behavior in many ways
  • Sarcasm
  • Some vocal factors perceived more positively than others

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Touch
  • Haptics
  • Touch can communicate many messages and signal a variety of relationships
  • Functional/professional
  • Social/polite
  • Friendship/warmth
  • Sexual arousal
  • Aggression

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Touch
  • Haptics
  • Several factors make a given touch more or less intense
  • Because nonverbal messages are ambiguous, this language can often be misunderstood
  • Plays a powerful role in how we respond to others
  • Increases liking
  • Increases compliance

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Appearance
  • Physical Attractiveness
  • Men and women whom others perceive as attractive are rated as:
  • Being more sensitive
  • Kind
  • Strong
  • Sociable
  • Interesting
  • Occasionally has a negative effect

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Appearance
  • Physical Attractiveness
  • Influence begins early in life
  • Something we can control

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Appearance
  • Clothing
  • One writer suggests that clothing can convey at least ten types of messages to others:

Economic background Level of success

Economic level Moral character

Educational level Social background

Educational background Social position

Level of sophistication Trustworthiness

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Physical Space
  • Proxemics - Distance
  • The study of the way people and animals use space.
  • We each carry an invisible bubble of personal space wherever we go
  • We feel uncomfortable when this bubble is violated
  • Different cultures develop different bubbles

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Proxemics - Distance
  • Hall’s Four Spatial Zones
  • Intimate distance
  • Ranges out about eighteen inches
  • Personal distance
  • Ranges from eighteen inches to four feet
  • Social distance
  • Four feet to twelve feet
  • Public distance
  • Distances beyond twelve feet

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Proxemics – Territoriality
  • Territory remains stationary
  • The way people use space can communicate power and status

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Physical Environment
  • Physical settings affect our communication
  • Can shape the kind of interaction that takes place in it

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Types of Nonverbal Communication

  • Time
  • Chronemics
  • The study of how humans structure time
  • In a culture that values time highly, waiting can be an indicator of status
  • Time can be a marker of power, status, relationships

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: MESSAGES BEYOND WORDS

Chapter Review

  • Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication
  • Influences on Nonverbal Communication
  • Types of Nonverbal Communication