Journal Entry
Introduction to Personality:
What is Personality Psychology? Personality Psychology explores the many aspects that reflect the richness and complexity of the phenomena to which the term refers.
Stable, Coherent Individual Differences: Different people react differently to same situations.
One goal of personality psychology is to FIND and DESCRIBE those individual differences between people that are psychologically meaningful and stable.
Personality: Refers to qualities of individuals that are relatively STABLE. Predicting and Understanding:
Personality usually implies continuity or consistency i the individual. Identifying consistent, stable individual DIFFERENCES is an important goal for
personality psychologists → allows for the possibility of describing people and predicting future behavior as well knowing what to expect from a person.
Personality Psychologists also try to understand what UNDERLIES these differences → the WHY.
Defining Personality: with the above knowledge we can try to define PERSONALITY ASSUMPTION: there are stable individual differences. Furthermore, these differences
reflect an underlying organization or structure. Definition: Personality psychology is the dynamic organization within the individual of
those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought.” Different theories evolve, come and go as different theorists and researchers that are
working at different levels of analysis, addressing different aspects of personality. Each level has its legitimacy and usefulness, and each has distinictive
methods and concepts. Findings do not necessarily conflict. Add to fuller understanding and clarification as a whole. Leads to a building a cumulative and coherent view of personality and human
nature. Levels of Analysis: Organization of this Book
What to expect:
Major theoretical approaches to personality Guided thinking and Research Demonstration of how research and theorybuilding is done at each
level of analysis. Consideration of concepts and findings that are central to diverse views
of human nature. Text organized into SIX MAJOR LEVELS of personality study. Page 7.
PART 1: The TraitDispositional Level: The Trait Dispositional Level seeks to identify the types of stable psychological qualities and behavioral dispositions that characterize different individuals and types consistently.
KEY QUESTIONS: What am I like as a person? How am I different from other people “on the whole”? In what general ways are people different from each other? Does what I usually do and think and feel depend mostly on myself or on the situation in which I find myself? When and how is my behavior influenced by the situation? How does my personality influence the situations I choose to be in? How does my personality influence the effects that different kinds of situations have on me?
Most vigorous and widely researched level analysis in recent years. PART 2: The Biological Level: An important goal of personality study at the biological level is
to try to specify the role of genetic determinants and of the social environment in shaping who and what we become.
KEY QUESTIONS: What in my personality comes from the genes I inherited? How is my personality a reflection of my life experiences? How does my personality reflect my basic biological predispositions? Can my experiences change my biology? For instance, does my brain change when I’m depressed? How do the same experiences affect people with different genetic predispositions? Why is my personality so different (or similar) to my siblings? How does my biology influence my pursuit of life goals? How does evolutionary theory help me understand dating and social behavior today?
This level of analysis addresses the fact that we are biological beings. Goal of this level of analysis: examine how aspects of personality may have evolved in
response to the evolutionary pressures and history that shaped our species over time. Example of questions: Will twins with the same biological data but raised in
different environments have similar personalities 30 years later?
PART 3: The PsychodynamicMotivational Level: probes the motivations, conflicts, and defenses, often without one’s awareness, that can help explain complex consistencies and inconsistencies. in personality.
KEY QUESTIONS: Does what I do sometimes puzzle me? How and why? What are the real motives that drive or underlie my behavior? How can I explain irrational fears and anxieties? How do I try to protect myself psychologically against getting hurt? How much of what I do is unconscious or done without awareness? What might be some unconscious influences on
my behavior? Do I have motives that make me uncomfortable? If yes what do I try to do about that? This level of analysis relevant for understanding many puzzles of personality. Much of the work at this level has been done in psychological therapy situations
beginning with SIGMUND FREUD a century ago. PART 4: The BehavioralConditioning Level: work at this level of analysis has asked
questions like: “How are important behavior patterns, including emotions and fears, learned? How does what I do and feel depend on my earlier experiences? How can my behavior and feelings be modified by new learning experiences?
Analyzes specific patterns of behavior that characterize individuals and the situations or conditions that seem to regulate their occurrence and strength.
Studies the determinants of learning and applies learning prinicples to modify problematic patterns of behavior and emotional reactions.
Behavioral analyses help understand conditions through which behaviors relevant to personality from stutters through poor selfconcepts, to troublesome behavior in interpersonal relationships are learned and can be modified.
Results have been applied to help people overcome a variety of serious personal difficulties, ranging from common but debilitating fears, to weight problems, to learning deficits and handicaps, to increasing personal assertiveness and selfesteem.
Part 5: The PhenomenologicalHumanistic Level: Workers at this level of analysis are genuinely interested in HEARING and EXPLORING fully the answers people GIVE to questions.
KEY QUESTIONS: Who am “I” really? Who do I want to become? How do I see myself? How do I see my parents? What do I feel about myself when I don’t meet my parents’ expectations? How is my real self different from the self I would ideally like to be? What is my ideal self? How am I different from my mother but similar to my father?
work at this level begins by listening closely and trying to understand the individual’s EXPERIENCE as he or she PERCEIVES it.
Focus is on SUBJECTIVE experience, feelings, the personal view of the world and the self.
Focus also on people’s positive strivings and their tendencies toward growth and selfactualization
Helps in understanding the processes through which each person develops a sense of self and identity a conception of who one is and wants to be.
Explores the link between the self and personality adjustment mental health and positive functioning.
PART 6: The Social Cognitive Level: The focus of personality research at this level includes the person’s social knowledge of the world, and how people make sense of other people and themselves and cope as they negotiate their interpersonal lives.
KEY QUESTIONS: What is the role in personality of what people know, think and feel? How does what I know, think, and feel about myself and the social world influence what I do and can become? What can I do to change how I think and feel? Will that change my personality and behavior? How much of who and what I am and do is “automatic”? How much is open to “willpower” and selfregulation? How do willpower and selfregulation work? How can I enhance my control over my life?
Examines individual differences in how SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE is used in dealing with the world, in construction of the self, in selfregulation and in selfcontrol.
Specific focus is on the individual’s characteristic ways of thinking and processing information, both cognitively and emotionally, as determinants of his or her distinctive and meaningful patterns of experience and social behavior.